移动医疗服务失败的用户反应研究——服务失败类型的调节作用
Exploring Users’ Responses to mHealth Service Failure—The Moderating Role of Service Failure Type
DOI: 10.12677/MM.2023.134043, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 266  浏览: 534 
作者: 向宇婧:同济大学经济与管理学院,上海
关键词: 移动医疗服务失败服务失败类型行为期望mHealth Service Failure Service Failure Types Behavioral Expectation
摘要: 移动医疗(mHealth)是应对公共卫生资源分配不均和效率低下等挑战的有效工具,然而最近研究显示,即使在新冠疫情暴发后,移动医疗应用的用户数量大幅上升,用户往往在短期或长期内停止使用这些应用程序。为了探索该问题的成因,本文将移动医疗的研究领域拓展到服务失败角度,研究服务失败的严重性与用户行为期望减少之间的关系。此外,本文还基于移动医疗服务失败的情境,将移动医疗服务失败划分为界面设计问题、沟通响应问题、支付问题和信息安全问题,并研究服务失败类型在服务失败严重性和用户行为期望减少之间的调节作用。本文设计了在线情境实验来分析验证提出的模型和假设,结果显示:服务失败严重性正向显著影响行为期望减少;服务失败类型在两者的关系中起到调节作用,与支付问题相比,用户在遇到沟通响应问题和信息安全问题时,服务失败严重性会引起更大程度的行为期望的减少。本文提出了移动医疗服务失败的类型及其调节作用,为服务商提供了解决服务失败问题的优先级,在一定程度上有利于抑制用户行为期望的减少。
Abstract: Mobile health (mHealth) is an effective tool for addressing challenges, such as inequitable and inefficient distribution of public health resources, yet recent research shows that even after a significant increase in the number of users of mHealth apps during the COVID-19 pandemic, users often stop using these apps in the short or long term. To explore the causes of this problem, this paper extends the mHealth research domain to a service failure perspective, examining the relationship between the severity of service failure and the reduction in behavioral expectation. In addition, this paper classifies mHealth service failure into interface design problems, communication response problems, payment problems, and information security problems, based on mHealth service failure contexts, and investigates the moderating role of service failure types between service failure severity and behavior expectation reduction. This paper designs online scenario experiments to analyze and verify the proposed model and hypotheses. The results show that: service failure severity positively and significantly affects behavioral expectation reduction; service failure type plays a moderating role in the relationship between the above construct, and service failure severity causes a greater degree of behavioral expectation reduction when users encounter communication response problems and information security problems compared to payment problems. This paper presents the types of mHealth service failure and their moderating roles, which provide service providers with priorities for solving service failure problems, and to a certain extent help to inhibit the reduction of users’ behavioral expectation.
文章引用:向宇婧. 移动医疗服务失败的用户反应研究——服务失败类型的调节作用[J]. 现代管理, 2023, 13(4): 331-342. https://doi.org/10.12677/MM.2023.134043

1. 引言

随着互联网技术的飞速发展和人们对健康生活需求的增加,如何提供更好的医疗健康服务成为关注的焦点。目前,医疗卫生服务面临着不小的挑战,包括公共卫生资源分配不均匀、诊断效率低下、医患信息不对称等问题 [1] [2] ,特别是在具有破坏性的大流行病(如COVID-19)期间,这些问题显得更加严重 [3] 。移动医疗(mHealth)将医疗服务和移动技术结合起来,成为了解决这些挑战的有效手段 [4] ,世界卫生组织将其定义为“由移动设备支持的医疗和公共卫生实践,如移动电话、病人监测设备、个人数字助理和其他无线设备” [5] 。移动医疗是改善医疗服务和提供低成本干预的有效工具 [6] ,也是能够提高病人满意度 [7] 、提升幸福感的新兴领域 [7] 。全球至少有318,000个移动医疗应用用于持续的健康监测、反馈、在线咨询和行为预测等 [8] 。此外,在全球新冠疫情大暴发期间,移动医疗应用的下载数量急剧增加 [9] 。

尽管移动医疗平台具有潜在价值,但用户往往在短期或长期内就停止使用这些应用程序。据统计,我国移动医疗平台的使用者活跃度较低,高达42%的移动医疗平台在市场上并未获得用户的好评,且近45%的用户在下载了移动医疗应用后就不再使用该应用 [10] 。针对用户“停止使用”移动医疗平台的情况,以往的学者从大量信息输入的负担、隐私和安全问题、信任问题等角度探索了原因 [11] [12] [13] ,然而,很少有研究讨论移动医疗的服务失败问题,或者仅仅碎片化地研究了属于服务失败的几个方面(如,客户信息泄露)。事实上,由于移动医疗平台功能的快速发展和频繁使用,移动医疗的服务失败很常见。例如,用户期望移动医疗应用提供相关的、有针对性的、及时的信息反馈 [14] ,但由于服务系统的错误或者应用界面的不清晰,用户通常得不到期望的服务。同时,这种服务失败会引起用户的不满和负面口碑 [15] [16] ,进而导致用户的流失和企业形象损失 [17] [18] 。因此,研究移动医疗服务失败的影响因素很有必要。

服务失败在信息系统的运行过程中是不可避免的 [19] ,为了补偿服务失败造成的损失,评估其严重程度是一种重要的方式 [20] 。在服务失败的情境下,服务失败严重性是衡量用户经历服务失败时所面临的损失的程度 [21] 。尽管服务失败严重性在服务失败的领域中已经被广泛研究,但很少有研究课题考虑移动医疗服务失败的情境。因此,本文将在移动医疗的框架下把服务失败严重性作为重要的影响因素,探索其是否会影响用户的行为期望。此外,服务失败的分类在服务失败领域中是重要的研究内容之一,以往文献根据研究情境的不同给服务失败分成不同的类别。由于缺少移动医疗情境的服务失败类型探讨,本研究将根据移动医疗的独特属性将移动医疗服务失败进行系统的分类。更重要的是,本研究还将讨论不同类型的服务失败是否会调节服务失败严重性和用户行为期望的关系。通过研究在移动医疗平台中服务失败严重性对用户行为期望的影响,识别移动医疗服务失败的类型,探索服务失败类型的调节作用,我们可以更加深入地理解移动医疗服务失败的成因,进而帮助运营商做好服务补救措施,实现社会价值。

2. 文献综述

2.1. 移动医疗服务失败

移动医疗(mHealth)是指以移动终端为载体,通过远程医疗监控和医疗咨询途径提供医疗信息的一种服务方式。以前的研究通常关注的是移动医疗成功的决定性因素,如用户满意度、对移动医疗的积极态度、积极行为、效率等等 [22] [23] [24] 。从服务的角度,服务质量在信息系统领域已经被广泛用于评估信息系统的成功,移动医疗领域的许多研究也注重考察服务质量 [25] 。然而,与移动医疗成功的丰富研究成果相比起来,建立在移动医疗服务失败场景上的研究却凤毛麟角。

基于服务质量的概念,服务失败被定义为“只要电子商务网站无法提供完成交易活动或目标所必需的技术能力,就会引发负面事件” [26] 。由于服务失败很有可能引发用户的不满和负面口碑,进而导致用户流失和企业形象的损失,服务失败在信息系统研究领域是极受关注的话题之一。研究表明,随着消费者和web技术之间接触点的增加,电子商务服务失败的机会也相应增加 [27] 。同样地,不同类型的移动医疗服务失败在日常生活中经常发生,但仍旧很少有人系统地探究移动医疗服务失败的现象。以往研究中仅涉及了服务失败的几个方面,并没有全面地阐述移动医疗服务失败。例如,Malhotra和Kubowicz在移动医疗的场景下认定客户的信息泄露为服务失败而非信息系统失败,因为其引起用户反感、负面宣传和责任风险的可能性更大 [28] 。之后,Huckvale等人评估了高信用度的移动医疗应用的不同方面(包括输入的数据、是否加密、是否传输到在线服务、隐私政策以及操作系统的权限),并指出其中的数据泄露风险较大 [29] 。Mense等人在研究移动医疗平台时也发现了类似的问题,即我们并不清楚敏感数据(如健康相关数据、心率、个人信息和GPS坐标等)是否以加密的方式存储 [30] 。Gabel等人也提出,移动医疗应用具有相当大的隐私风险和安全威胁,并给移动医疗平台提供了收集数据的友好方式 [31] 。因此,移动医疗服务失败的研究空缺有待被填补。

2.2. 服务失败严重性

服务失败严重性被定义为用户对服务问题的感知强度,即服务失败强度越大或越严重,用户对服务失败的感知就越大;服务失败越激烈或严重,用户的感知损失就越大 [21] 。由于服务失败的严重性主要基于个人感知 [32] ,Bhandari等人提出,服务提供商能够基于服务失败严重程度来探索用户反应的前因和结果 [33] 。以往的文献指出,服务失败的严重程度越高,就会降低服务失败恢复工作的有效性 [34] 、对解释的满意度 [35] ,以及用户承诺。Kelly和Davis提出,服务失败越严重,用户越有可能转换服务提供商 [36] 。

2.3. 服务失败类型

服务失败类型在服务失败领域是重要的研究内容之一。因为服务失败的原因在不同情境下各不相同,先前的研究根据不同的情况确定了不同的服务失败类型。Smith和Bolton将服务失败识别为过程失败和结果失败,过程失败指的是核心服务的传递过程存在失误,而结果失败表示服务提供者无法提供期望的核心服务 [37] 。Tan等人以一种新颖的方式将电子商务服务失败划分为信息失败、功能失败和系统失败,信息失败是指电子商务网站提供的信息阻碍了消费者完成它们的交易活动或目标,功能失败指的是电子商务网站提供的功能无法支持消费者完成交易活动或目标的情况,而系统失败是指电子商务网站提供的服务内容(即信息和功能)没有以一种有利的方式交付,从而影响消费者完成他们的交易活动或目标 [26] 。Xing等人探讨了聊天机器人服务失败的类型给用户反应机制带来的影响,基于消费者功能和情感需求将机器人服务失败分为功能性失败和非功能性失败 [38] 。此外,Forbes等人分析了从81名学生那里收集到的377个在线购物体验的事件,并将服务失败分为五类:配送失败、质量不佳、过程失败、客户服务信息失败和网站设计不佳 [39] 。Holloway和Beatty指出,在线服务失败的类型多种多样,但都基于以下六种失败类型之一:配送失误、网页设计问题、支付问题、安全问题、产品质量问题和客户服务问题 [27] 。表1总结了电子商务服务失败类型的相关研究结论。

Table 1. Summary of e-commerce service failure types

表1. 电子商务服务失败类型总结

本研究决定采用Holloway和Beatty所确定的服务失败类型并根据移动医疗的属性进行缩减和重命名,一方面该服务失败类型较为具体,概念清晰且易理解,另一方面较为契合移动医疗平台的服务场景。因此,我们将移动医疗服务失败的类型划分为界面设计问题、沟通响应问题、支付问题和信息安全问题四类。

2.4. 行为期望

行为期望(behavioral expectation)是指用户基于对自己的意志性和非意志性行为决定因素的认知评估而给出的他们做出特定行为的概率 [40] ,此概念的提出克服了行为意图(behavioral intention)的局限性。行为期望的优势在于它能够捕捉和解释行为预测中的不确定性,而且研究表明,该变量同样适用于对系统使用的预测 [41] 。除此之外,行为期望的形成考虑到了变化的存在,包括行为意图、能力限制、环境抑制因素或促进因素等 [40] 。许多研究提出了影响信息系统的行为期望的不同前因,主要可以分为积极和消极两种不同的体验。具体来说,研究指出积极的体验直接影响行为期望,例如快乐、感知乐趣、心流体验等 [42] [43] ;以往文献表示负面的体验也直接影响行为期望,例如抱怨、挫折等 [44] [45] 。在移动医疗的背景下,最近的研究主要从积极的角度广泛探索了行为期望的前因,包括用户满意度、服务质量、可信度等 [46] [47] 。然而,很少有研究调查负面的体验(如服务失败)给用户行为期望带来的直接影响,因此我们认为将行为期望作为因变量来研究移动医疗服务失败能够弥补这一研究缺口。

此外,在移动医疗服务失败的情况下,很少有方法能够更好地理解用户行为期望的变化。以往研究中,Légaré等人指出行为意向变化的测量很重要,因此通过混合方法研究设计了CPD-Reaction问卷,用于测量持续职业发展(CPD)活动后用户的行为意向变化的响应度,以及临床实践中实际行为变化的预测效力 [48] 。Webb和Sheeran通过元分析研究了改变意向情况下的意向和行为关系 [49] 。虽然很多研究证实了意图改变和行为改变之间的显著关系,但是关于意图改变的因素的研究却很少。因此,我们希望测量用户在经历服务失败前后的行为期望,并通过计算此变化量来减少其他因素的影响。

3. 研究假设

基于理论背景和文献综述,本文提出如图1所示的研究模型和对应的研究假设。在模型中,本文首先讨论了服务失败严重性和行为期望之间的关系,接着分组讨论四个不同的服务失败类型对上述关系的调节作用,即研究用户在面对不同服务失败类型时,服务失败严重性和行为期望之间的关系是否有所不同。

3.1. 服务失败严重性对行为期望减少量的影响

服务失败严重性是评估服务失败带来的潜在伤害或其他利益损失的方式,是衡量用户所感知的服务失败的严重性。服务失败越严重,顾客对损失的感知就越强烈 [50] 。服务失败会引起用户不满意,进而引起负面口碑。Bearden和Oliver指出,服务失败的严重性与用户不满意息息相关,这种负面的影响将会导致用户的负面行为,例如中止使用意图或行为等 [51] 。Swanson和Hsu也指出,服务失败的程度会影响用户之后的态度、情绪和行为 [52] 。另外,研究还表明,服务失败是客户转换行为的一个重要的动机 [53] [54] ,用户的使用意图和行为部分取决于服务体验中的感知服务质量 [55] ,因此用户的使用意图很有可能会因为服务失败而降低。而在移动医疗应用的背景下,由于可替代性和较低的使用频率,用户经历的服务失败越严重,越有可能降低用户的行为期望。据此,我们提出以下假设:

H1:移动医疗服务失败的严重性正向影响用户行为期望的减少量。

3.2. 服务失败类型的调节作用

本研究确定了四种不同类型的移动医疗服务失败(界面设计问题、沟通响应问题、支付问题和信息安全问题)。信息系统(如移动医疗应用)的用户追求美观和清晰的服务界面,并且希望操作简单明了,然而界面设计中的错误数量却被公认为是最多的,增加了用户的时间成本。沟通响应是移动医疗应用的核心功能之一,因此沟通响应服务失败可能会引起更高程度的重视。此外,支付服务在信息系统中同样起着至关重要的作用,支付失败会增加用户对于服务失败严重程度的感知。而据研究,移动医疗应用具有相当大的隐私和安全风险,重视隐私的用户可能会避免使用它们。由于用户对该四类服务失败类型的感知程度各不相同,我们提出用户面对不同的移动医疗服务失败类型时,服务失败严重性与用户行为期望减少量之间的关系强度会有所不同。因此,我们提出以下假设:

H2:移动医疗服务失败类型对服务失败严重性与用户行为期望减少量的关系起到调节作用。

研究模型如图1所示。

4. 问卷调研

为了验证我们提出的研究模型和假设,我们设计了在线情境实验。该实验要求参与者身临其境地将自己置于给出的类似于现实生活的情境中 [56] [57] ,然后接受他们对于该实验的反馈。情境实验可以增加参与者给出反馈的真实性,获得可靠且有效的测量结果 [58] [59] 。该实验方法已经广泛运用于社会学、犯罪学、安全研究和信息系统研究等领域 [57] [60] [61] 。本研究根据四类不同的服务失败设计了八个场景,每个类型的服务失败分别对应着两个基于过程和结果的服务失败情境。实验要求参与者阅读随机给出的一个情境并将自己代入到其中去,通过这种方式我们可以得到参与者给出的测量结果,以进一步验证所提出的假设。

Figure 1. Research model

图1. 研究模型

本研究基于先前的研究改编并调整了测量方法,使其与我们的研究背景更加契合。问卷首先让参与者以自己常用的移动医疗APP为例,识别他们目前的行为期望,接着参与者将根据给定的一个移动医疗服务失败的真实场景识别出该服务失败的类型(界面设计问题、沟通响应问题、支付问题和信息安全问题),然后使用Obeidat等人提出的量表对服务失败严重性进行评估 [62] 。最后,参与者需要第二次回答他们“经历”服务失败后使用该应用的期望,该测量方法取自Venkatesh等人的研究 [41] 。所有的测量题项都采用李克特五点量表,每一级都描述了题项与实际情况的一致性程度(1 = 非常不同意,5 = 非常同意)。问卷完成后,我们进行了预测试以确保问卷内容的可靠性,并根据结果进一步修改了问卷的内容。我们将问卷发放在“问卷星”平台上,在剔除了回答速度较快(N = 12)和所有问题答案相同(N = 18)的问卷后,我们收回了332份有效问卷,有效率为91.71%。表2给出了问卷描述性统计的分析结果。

Table 2. Sample feature statistics

表2. 样本特征统计信息

本研究采用路径分析验证服务失败严重性与行为期望减少之间的关系假设,接着运用分组分析方法验证服务失败类型的调节作用。路径分析结果如表3所示。研究结果显示,在移动医疗服务失败的情境下,服务失败严重性与行为期望减少变量之间的路径系数为0.280,且p值小于0.05,表示服务失败严重性正向显著影响行为期望减少,即用户所感知到的服务失败越严重,对于移动医疗应用的行为期望就会更大程度的下降,该结果支持H1。分组分析的结果如表4表5所示。按服务失败类型分组进行路径分析之后,结果表明,移动医疗应用的用户在遇到界面设计问题、沟通响应问题和信息安全问题时,服务失败严重性会正向显著影响行为期望减少,而在遇到支付问题时,服务失败严重性与行为期望减少的关系不显著(路径系数 = −0.163,p > 0.05)。接着,我们使用分组分析的方法进一步研究不同服务失败类型下,服务失败严重性和行为期望减少的路径系数是否有差异。如表5所示,支付和信息安全两组不同的服务失败类型下,服务失败严重性和行为期望减少的路径系数差值为−0.557,且p值小于0.05,表示这两类不同的服务失败类型下,服务失败严重性与行为期望减少的路径系数显著不同。换句话说,如果移动医疗服务失败涉及到信息安全问题,(与支付问题相比)服务失败严重性会引起更大程度的行为期望的减少。此外,沟通响应和支付两组不同的服务失败类型下,服务失败严重性和行为期望减少的路径系数差值为0.487,且p值小于0.05,表示这两类不同的服务失败类型下,服务失败严重性与行为期望减少的路径系数显著不同。具体而言,与支付问题相比,用户遇到沟通响应问题时,服务失败严重性与行为期望减少之间的正向关系会更强,即服务失败严重性会引起更大程度的行为期望的减少。因此,服务失败类型存在显著的调节作用,分析结果支持H2。

Table 3. Path analysis results

表3. 路径分析结果

Table 4. Group path analysis results (service failure severity → behavioral expectation reduction)

表4. 分组路径分析结果(服务失败严重性→行为期望减少)

Table 5. Group analysis results (service failure severity → behavioral expectation reduction)

表5. 分组分析结果(服务失败严重性→行为期望减少)

5. 总结与讨论

本研究验证了在移动医疗服务失败的背景下,服务失败严重性会引起行为期望的减少,即用户在经历服务失败后,在接下来一段时间内使用此应用的意愿将会减少。此外,本研究识别了移动医疗服务失败的不同类型(界面设计问题、沟通响应问题、支付问题和信息安全问题),且验证了服务失败类型在服务失败严重性和行为期望减少之间的调节作用,即用户遇到不同的移动医疗服务失败类型时,服务失败严重性与行为期望减少之间的关系也有显著差异。具体来说,与支付问题相比,如果移动医疗服务失败涉及信息安全问题或沟通响应问题时,服务失败严重性会引起更大程度的行为期望的减少。

本研究的理论意义为:首先,以往的研究多注重移动医疗背景下的成功要素,而本研究将移动医疗的文献扩展到了服务失败领域,从服务失败严重性的角度进一步研究了用户使用移动医疗的意愿下降的原因;其次,本研究将前人的研究结果拓展到了移动医疗情境下,识别了移动医疗服务失败的类型,分别为界面设计问题、沟通响应问题、支付问题和信息安全问题,拓展了服务失败研究的场景;接着,本研究新颖地使用行为期望减少这一变量来作为结果变量,有效避免了其他因素的影响,研究还表明,移动医疗服务失败的严重性会正向显著影响行为期望的减少;最后,本文将服务失败类型作为调节变量,并验证了在不同的服务失败类型下,服务失败严重性引起的行为期望减少也不同。

本研究的实践意义为:首先,我们的研究表明,用户在遇到沟通响应问题和信息安全问题时,可能会引起更大程度的使用意愿的减少。因此,移动医疗应用的运营商应该更加关注解决沟通响应和信息安全的问题,在一定程度上避免行为期望的减少。此外,运营商还可以制定长期的问题解决措施,有助于高效地解决服务失败问题。例如,可以制定一个高效的隐私政策和服务失败弥补措施,旨在提高可读性、公开、透明,并且有对应的补偿措施。除此之外,运营商可以进一步建立服务失败评估和预测模型,将服务失败严重性作为预测移动医疗服务失败用户行为的主要因素。

本研究还具有一些局限性和未来展望:首先,本研究仅仅基于移动医疗应用的某些属性沿用和改进了以往研究给出的服务失败类型,未来的研究可以从其他侧重点提出其他可能的移动医疗服务失败类型;其次,本研究只关注了服务失败严重性这一变量,未来可以从更多维度来表现服务失败的特性;最后,本研究只预测了用户的行为期望,未来研究可以囊括更多可能的前因和用户行为,更深入地研究移动医疗服务失败的机制。

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