眼部超声标记物作为非侵入性检测颅内压增高指标的研究进展
Advances in Ocular Ultrasound Markers as Non-Invasive Indicators of Increased Intracranial Pressure
摘要: 颅内压(ICP)监测一直是神经及重症医学领域的临床治疗中不可或缺的一部分,ICP测量的金标准通常认为是有创颅内压监测,但此方法易导致感染和出血。近年来通过测量视神经鞘直径(ONSD)、视盘高度(ODH)、视神经鞘直径与眼球横径比(OER)等眼部超声标记物作为一种新的非侵入性监测ICP的方式进入大众视野,这种方式具有床旁操作性强、测量方法相对简单,无创且安全等优点。考虑到对这种监测技术日益增加的重视程度及其在临床实践中的高利用价值,本文旨在评估目前临床使用的几种眼部超声标记物反应颅内压的可能性,并讨论各标记物的临床应用价值。
Abstract: Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring has always been an integral part of clinical care in the field of neurology and critical care medicine. The gold standard for ICP measurement is usually considered to be invasive intracranial pressure monitoring, but this method is prone to infection and hemorrhage. In recent years, the measurement of ocular ultrasound markers, such as the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), optic disc height (ODH), and the ratio of the diameter of the optic nerve sheath to the cross-sectional diameter of the eye (OER), has come into the public eye as a new, non-invasive way to monitor ICP, which has the advantages of being highly maneuverable at the bedside, relatively simple to measure, non-invasive and safe. Considering the increasing emphasis on this monitoring technique and its high utilization value in clinical practice, the purpose of this article is to evaluate the potential of several ocular ultrasound markers currently in clinical use to respond to intracranial pressure and to discuss the clinical value of each marker.
文章引用:贾皓月, 韩彬. 眼部超声标记物作为非侵入性检测颅内压增高指标的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(9): 1513-1519. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1592651

1. 引言

颅内压(ICP)监测是神经和重症患者监护管理的重要一环,ICP升高可能导致严重的后果。因此,掌握ICP升高的各项病理及生理因素、正确识别ICP升高不但对进一步的治疗有指导意义,而且对减少死亡率有益。安全、准确且高效的ICP监测仍然是有待进一步研究的迫切考虑事项,研究者一直在努力探索和开发眼部超声标记物以诊断ICP升高。这些标志物包括视神经鞘直径(ONSD)、视盘高度(ODH)、视神经鞘直径与眼球横径比(OER)、动态指数(DI)及新月征等。这些标志物需在排除眼外伤、青光眼或既往视神经萎缩等[1]一些眼部疾病及外部干扰因素的情况下才能更具意义,因此,这些技术的预测性和准确性仍是近年来关注热点。本综述的主要目的是探讨ONSD反映ICP的可能性,并就其他一些眼部超声标记物与ONSD结合的临床可利用价值等问题展开分析。

2. ICP与ONSD

2.1. 测量原理

视神经由硬脑膜,软脑膜以及蛛网膜延伸而来的三层被膜包裹,这种被膜结构被称为视神经鞘(ONS)。ONS通过蛛网膜下腔与颅腔相连,因此ICP变化可通过蛛网膜下腔中的脑脊液传递给ONS,视神经、蛛网膜下腔和鞘内直径随ICP的增大而扩大,这是ONSD变化的基础[2]。有研究表明,ICP降低也将导致ONSD的缩小[3]。且在一定压力范围内(22 mmHg ≤ CSF ≤ 30 mmHg),ONSD大部分变异性由蛛网膜下腔压决定,超过该范围可能导致ONSD不再随颅内压变化或仅产生微小的变化[4]。可见,ONSD对ICP的监测是一个连续、动态的过程,可减少ICP测量不及时导致的病情延误。

2.2. ICP与ONSD的相关性,特异性与准确性

ONSD已在不同临床情况下进行了研究,结果表明ONSD测量结果与侵入性ICP测量有良好的相关性,在一项评价ONSD超声诊断TBI患者颅内高压(IH)的荟萃性分析中,合并10项研究共512名患者,结果显示与侵入性ICP检测相比,ONSD诊断IH的准确性为85%,特异性88%,可见ONSD是ICP升高的强预测因子,对疾病的进展具有指导意义[5]。因此ONSD检查可用于成人颅脑损伤中ICP升高的敏感筛查,有助于在早期就对可能发生的ICP升高作出预防,有望成为创伤性脑损伤患者院前急救中重要工具,亦对患者入院后的早期治疗与管理具有指导意义[6]

2.3. ONSD最佳临界值

ONSD的正常限度尚未明确,可能受多种因素影响而难以作统一划分。有研究表明,当ICP > 20 cmHg时若将ONSD > 5 mm作为阈值,与脑室内压测量的金标准进行比较,测量结果在特异性(93%)和敏感性(88%)方面都具有良好表现,若将ONSD > 4.5 mm作为阈值,则灵敏度可达100%,特异性降至63% [7]。Sahu S等将测得的ONSD数据与脑室内压相比,认为将ONSD临界值定为5.5 mm以预测ICP > 20 mm Hg更加合适。此外,Sahu S等还分别预测了当ICP > 25 mmHg、30 mmHg和35 mmHg时的ONSD最佳临界值,所得结果分别为6.3 mm、6.5 mm和6.7 mm [8]。尽管已有多项研究试图确定ONSD最佳临界值,也得到了大致范围内的结果,Wang等考虑到不同人种可能带来的差异,并试图界定中国人群ONSD的升高标准,他们使用腰椎穿刺(LP)开放压力与ONSD进行比较,结果表明在中国人群中,识别LP开放压力升高的ONSD最佳临界点为4.1 mm (该值显著低于白种人群最佳临界点),该临界值的敏感性为95%,特异性为92% [9],是一项在中国具有极大研究意义的预测指标。鉴于成年人与儿童之间可能存在的生理差异,在一项涉及25项研究共1591例患者的荟萃性分析中,通过超声测量ONSD预测儿童颅内压升高的汇总敏感性和特异性分别为92%和89% [10],提示ONSD对监测儿科患者的颅内压升高亦有良好表现。

2.4. ONSD的临床应用

ONSD可能具有预测作用,Cho等证明ONSD/ETD比值可用于预测院外心脏骤停(OHCA)幸存者的神经系统结局[11],且比单独使用ONSD更可靠。颅内压增高是子痫前期恶化的体现,Da Mota等通过对比健康产妇与子痫产妇的ONSD,发现子痫妇女的ONSD更大,且较大ONSD与危重孕产妇急症和产妇入ICU相关,可作为妊娠期高血压患者的一项风险评估工具[12]。ICP升高作为一项急性肝衰竭后的重要死因,一直受到广泛重视,但Rajajee等认为,ONSD对急性肝衰竭并发的ICP升高并未做到有效监测,亦未能预测死亡率[13]。在一些腔镜手术中,由于受到头低脚高位以及二氧化碳气腹的影响,患者较其他手术更易发生颅内压升高,ONSD可有效监测到这一情况,且患者术后出现恶心呕吐、头痛等不良反应与术中发生ONSD增加显著相关[14],有研究证实瑞马唑仑和右美托咪定能够在妇科腹腔镜手术中减轻颅内压增幅,并有效减少术后恶心、呕吐及头痛的发生[15]。此外,在一项患者样本平均BMI为28.69 ± 4.38的研究中,ONSD随手术时间持续增加,存在神经系统损伤风险[16],可能预示在腔镜手术中肥胖患者的ONSD较非肥胖患者更易升高,因此,术中及时监测到ICP增加,并给予适当预防措施,可增加腔镜患者的术中安全及术后舒适度和满意度。

2.5. ONSD与DI的结合

DI的原理是假设ICP的升高会增加ONS的僵硬程度,两侧ONS随心血管搏动而横向搏动的幅度将更加对称。DI由Padayachy等提出,他们发现与ICP < 20 mmHg的患者相比,ICP ≥ 20 mmHg的患者两侧ONS横向运动更均匀,这意味着变形程度更小且与颅内压增高成反比[17]。Netteland等首次评估了成年颅脑创伤患者的DI,表明DI与ICP相关,且DI与ONSD的结合可能具有更高的准确性[18]

2.6. ONSD测量的局限性

ONSD反映ICP的准确性存在一定争议,就ONSD本身而言,有研究认为平均ONSD值与平均ICP之间的相关性较差,de Moraes等的实验结果表明当ONSD > 5.2 mm时,预测ICP灵敏度为71.4%,特异性为70.4% [19]。而Strumwasser等则证实ONSD预测ICP的总体灵敏度、特异性为36%、38%,认为其结果并不足以反应颅内压的变化[20],提示将ONSD与其他眼部超声标记物结合以反映ICP更为可靠;除此之外,ONSD的测量误差可能与不同测量方式相关,同一健康受试者所得视轴与冠状轴测量结果亦有区别,这可能与视轴方向测量值易受“伪影”干扰有关,因此使用冠状轴测量更具一致性[21];鉴于不同医师测量结果受手法、熟练度等影响,需多次测量的研究中应尽量确保为同一人操作,并重复测量取平均值以减少误差;Joseph Betcher等通过实验指出新手医师在经过短暂训练后,即可测量出较准确的ONSD数据[22],且Samuel Gerber等提出了一种自动估计ONSD的算法,可能提高测量准确度及测量效率[23]。在一项有关ONSD成像和测量的国际共识中提及采用标准化体位对于减少测量误差的重要性,此外,使用超声多普勒探测视网膜中央动脉(CRA)可判断受试者眼球位置是否符合测量要求,从而减少测量误差[24]

3. OER预测ICP升高

考虑到单纯使用ONSD不足以准确反映ICP的状况,Vaiman等提出了OER的概念。他们发现眼球横径(ETD)与ONSD之间存在很强的相关性,这种相关性可以用一个比值表示,即ONSD/ETD [25],且该比值与性别、种族、年龄和BMI无显著相关性,因此在反映ICP时更加精确。Singh等测得OER大于0.21可预测ICP升高,当ICP在15至30 mmHg时最为准确[26]。有研究表明ONSD/ETD的准确性(灵敏度为90%,特异度为82.3%)要大于单纯使用ONSD (灵敏度为80%,特异度为79.3%)测量[27],有望成为预测创伤性脑损伤(TBI)患者ICP升高的可靠指标,此外也有一些不同的结论存在,Breedt等用CT扫描TBI患者的ONSD和EDT并进行分析后认为ICP与OER之间没有显著相关性,但该项研究CT测量OER的时间远远滞后于初始ICP的测量,因此可能产生潜在的误差[28]

4. ODH预测ICP升高

ICP升高导致视盘水肿的机制一直都有大量研究假设,Hayreh等通过对恒河猴的研究,确定鞘中CSFP的增加是视盘水肿发展的必要先决条件,这是由神经纤维肿胀和细胞外液积聚共同引起的[29],考虑到ODH反应颅内压变化的可能性,Ghanem等筛选汇总了共29篇文章中的实验数据并进行了META分析,得出视水肿患者平均ODE范围在0.6 mm到1.2 mm之间的结论。至于ODE敏感性,大多数报告在70%至90%之间,特异性大多在69%至100% (其中100%居多) [30]。Yu等的实验结果亦在此数据范围内,此外,Yu等表明ONSD与ODH的结合可提高ICP监测的准确性,二者联合应用可有更大的临床意义[31]。儿童视水肿较成人通常更加难以察觉,Tessaro等的实验可证实ODE测量能够准确反映儿童ICP增高[32],可见ODH的临床应用前景广阔,值得更深层次的发掘。

5. 新月征

ICP升高可引起视水肿,这一现象的早期发现对于减少颅内压增高可能带来的严重后果是至关重要的。Bhosale等在一项研究中发现,在诊断为视水肿的患者检查眼部超声时,有92%在视神经周围、鞘内看到一种形似新月形的低回声液体区域,即“新月征”,可提示视水肿的存在[33]。Marchese等在儿童患者身上也应证了这一点[34]。经报道一例特发性颅内压增高患者经超声检查后发现视盘抬高并具有新月征,同时存在视力模糊的情况,进一步证明了新月征与ICP之间存在相关性。

6. ONSD及其他眼部超声标记物的相关讨论及发展前景

Cecilia等提出,ICP的安全水平限值或许会随着机体调节功能损伤程度而变化,单纯将大于某一数值定义为ICP升高也许并不适合,且随着ICP升高的持续时间增加,预后将会更差[35],因此动态识别已发生或可能发生的ICP升高尤具意义,且Samuel等提出了一种自动估计ONSD的算法,可能提高测量准确度及测量效率[23]。眼部超声标记物的应用涉及广泛,有研究注意到戴颈托的患者ONSD值更大,可能提示ICP增高,需注重患者对颈托是否有实际需求[36],航天时的太空飞行相关神经眼综合征(SANS)是一项太空医学的重要研究内容,而ONSD可能监测到这一神经变化,作为SANS的一项评估工具[37],此外,有研究指出ONSD可有效监测到重症冠状病毒病(COVID-19)患者的ICP升高频率,这种增加亦与患者发生急性呼吸衰竭并接受机械通气高度相关[38]

7. 结论

ICP的监测对于颅脑外伤、术中安全、颅内病变等尤有意义,ICP的变化不仅帮助了解病情轻重、疾病进展、疾病预后,亦对治疗决策有重要指导意义,且可能对尚未发生的ICP变化进行预测,帮助医师尽早预防。近年来对ONSD评估ICP变化的研究广泛展开,表明ONSD对测量ICP有意义,且这种测量是无创、便捷、动态而低成本的,对ICP的院前、术中、神经重症科室的监测均有较高的应用价值。一些可能引起测量误差的因素亦受到重视,单纯的ONSD测量可能因人种、性别、年龄等因素产生差异,从而难以确立统一测量标准,因此有多项研究将注意力转移到ONSD与其他眼部超声标记物的结合,有望排除各项差异因素并提高ICP测量特异性和准确性,在未来的ICP临床监测中发挥重要意义。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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