癫痫发作:三例神经型布氏杆菌病的不典型临床表现
Seizure Onset: Three Cases of Atypical Clinical Presentations of Neurological Brucellosis
DOI: 10.12677/acrem.2024.123011, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 36  浏览: 42 
作者: 祁维民*, 李海宁#:宁夏医科大学总医院神经内科,宁夏 银川
关键词: 神经布鲁氏菌病癫痫脑脊液布鲁氏菌脑电图Neurological Brucellosis Seizure Cerebrospinal Fluid Brucella Electroencephalogram
摘要: 背景:神经型布氏杆菌病(NB)是由布氏杆菌引起的一种累及中枢神经系统的感染性疾病,它的临床表现多变,包括脑炎、脑膜炎、脑膜脑炎、神经根炎、脊髓炎、外周神经和颅神经病变等,癫痫是NB较为少见的临床表现。结果:本文报道了三例NB伴癫痫的病例。他们均出现头痛、发热等神经系统表现,布氏杆菌凝集试验均为阳性,且均有癫痫发作表现或脑电图有异常癫痫放电表现,经过利福平、多西环素等抗布氏杆菌治疗后症状均好转。结论:在布氏杆菌病流行的地区出现精神行为异常的患者应及时考虑癫痫发作的可能,并积极完善动态脑电图等相关检查,及时给予抗癫痫等相应治疗。
Abstract: Background: Neurological brucellosis (NB) is an infectious disease affecting the central nervous system caused by Brucella. Its clinical manifestations vary widely, including encephalitis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, radiculitis, myelitis, peripheral nerve, and cranial nerve involvement. Seizure is a rare clinical manifestation of NB. Results: This article reports three cases of NB accompanied by seizures. All patients presented with neurological symptoms such as headache and fever. Brucella agglutination test was positive in all cases, and they exhibited seizure episodes or abnormal epileptic discharges on electroencephalogram (EEG). Symptoms improved after treatment with antibiotics effective against Brucella such as rifampicin and doxycycline. Conclusion: Patients with psychiatric abnormalities in areas endemic for brucellosis should be promptly evaluated for the possibility of seizures. It is essential to conduct comprehensive evaluations including dynamic EEG and initiate appropriate anti-epileptic therapy in a timely manner.
文章引用:祁维民, 李海宁. 癫痫发作:三例神经型布氏杆菌病的不典型临床表现[J]. 亚洲急诊医学病例研究, 2024, 12(3): 76-81. https://doi.org/10.12677/acrem.2024.123011

1. 前言

布氏杆菌是世界上最常见的人畜共患的传染病,在非洲、中东、中亚等部分地区流行,患病率约为0~17.2% [1] [2]。约有5%的布氏杆菌患者会被侵入中枢神经系统,引起NB [3],表现为脑炎、脑膜炎、脑膜脑炎、神经根炎、脊髓炎、外周神经和颅神经病变等[4],癫痫是NB较为少见的临床表现[5]

本文报道了三例伴有癫痫的NB患者,为今后NB伴癫痫发作的患者的诊断和治疗提供一些帮助。

2. 方法

本文回顾分析了于2018.08~2021.11在我院住院的3例NB伴癫痫发作的患者的一般资料、临床表现和实验室检查,并对其结果进行讨论和分析。

NB的诊断标准:(1) 患者临床表现与神经布鲁氏菌病的依从性;(2) 实验室检测典型脑脊液所见;(3) 血和/或脑脊液布鲁氏菌标准凝集试验阳性,血和/或脑脊液Coombs试验 ≥ 1/80滴度阳性;(4) 在血液和/或脑脊液培养中检测布鲁氏菌,缺乏更合适的替代诊断。本文收集的三例NB伴癫痫的患者均有癫痫发作表现或由专业的神经内科医师根据脑电图结果和其临床表现诊断为癫痫。

3. 例1

一位36岁的男性患者因突发头痛、发热伴抽搐3天被收入我院接收治疗。患者两年前曾因感染布氏杆菌而导致的脊髓炎入院接收治疗,口服利福平及多西环素4个月治疗好转后停药。出院后继续养殖牛羊。此次入院数小时前无明显诱因突然出现一过性的癫痫发作表现,伴发热、头痛。入院后最高体温38.7℃,脑压170 mm H2O,脑脊液生化示脑脊液蛋白增高、糖和氯化物正常;脑脊液细胞学检查:白细胞17个/mm3,以淋巴细胞反应为主。脑脊液常规:潘氏试验++。完善颈椎MRI可见颈4~5、颈5~6及颈6~7椎间盘突出。胸椎MRI可见胸椎段脊髓炎(图1)。布氏杆菌凝集试验及布氏杆菌血培养均阳性。脑电图检查阴性;住院期间再无癫痫发作表现。经过多西环素联合利福平及美罗培南治疗布氏杆菌、左乙拉西坦篇抗癫痫等对症处理,患者病情好转后出院。

Figure 1. Cervicothoracic MRI showing spinal cord thickening from the 7th cervical vertebra to the 1st lumbar vertebra, abnormal signal of the spinal cord at the 5th-6th thoracic vertebrae, and extensive linear enhancement of the meninges

1. 颈胸部MRI显示,第7颈椎至第1腰椎段脊髓增厚,第5~6胸椎段脊髓信号异常,以及脊膜广泛线性强化

4. 例2

一位49岁的女性入院前20天无明显诱因出现发热,体温不详,自服退热药后仍间断发热,同时伴双下肢行走障碍,就诊于当地医院治疗后病情未见明显好转,随后就诊于我院。家中既往有牛羊养殖史,查体可见双下肢腱反射减弱,双侧深浅感觉查体不配合,双上肢指鼻试验欠稳准,双下肢跟膝胫试验较差,双下肢babinski征、chaddock征阳性。入院后监测体温正常。布氏杆菌凝集试验阳性。完善脑脊液检查示白细胞数78/mm3,以淋巴细胞反应为主,其余暂无明显异常。询问家属后得知患者2年前开始出现间断性无故哭泣、自言自语等精神行为异常的表现,完善动态脑电图可见期右侧枕区为主棘慢、尖慢波发放,考虑为癫痫(单纯部分性发作)。颅脑MRI可见左侧额叶脑软化灶、左侧颞叶深部蛛网膜囊肿、双侧放射冠及双侧侧脑室前后角旁脑白质脱髓鞘以及左侧颞叶、枕叶皮层下、左侧侧脑室后角旁腔隙性脑梗塞。布氏杆菌凝集试验阳性。治疗上给予静脉滴注利福平及头孢曲松钠,口服多西环素治疗布氏杆菌病,卡马西平抗癫痫治疗19天病情好转后出院。

5. 例3

一位34岁的男性受凉后出现头痛,伴头晕,恶心、呕吐及言语不清,遂于当地医院就诊治疗4天,给予对症治疗后症状未见明显好转。随后转入我院治疗。入院后完善布氏杆菌凝集试验阳性。脑压 > 330 mm H2O,脑脊液细胞学提示白细胞数轻度增高,以淋巴细胞为主,脑脊液生化提示蛋白升高,糖及氯化物轻度降低;颅脑CT和MRI未见明显异常;查体可见颈抵抗4横指,定向力障碍,其余查体不合作或未见明显异常。患者既往养殖牛羊1年。24小时动态脑电图可见醒睡期右额极、前颞区多量尖慢复合波散发及簇发,考虑为感染所致的症状性癫痫。给予利福平、多西环素及头孢曲松钠抗感染治疗以及丙戊酸钠抗癫痫治疗34天后,患者病情好转出院。

6. 讨论

布氏杆菌病作为一种常见的人畜共患疾病,常发生在畜牧业地区,感染者多为牧民或家中养殖牛羊的农民[6]。我们的三例患者均有牛羊接触史。布氏杆菌侵入神经系统后,最常见的临床表现是发热和头痛[7],此外还有恶心呕吐、关节疼痛、尿便障碍、听力下降、视物模糊、四肢肌力下降以及周围神经受损等临床表现[8]。脑脊液检查主要有脑脊液蛋白增高、糖和氯化物降低以及以淋巴细胞反应为主的脑脊液白细胞增高等表现[9],NB的颅脑MRI表现一般被分为正常、炎症、白质改变及血管炎症改变等4类[10] [11],这些检查的结果和其他中枢神经系统感染疾病相比一般并无特殊的表现[9]-[11]

在临床上常常难以区分结核性脑膜炎和布氏杆菌导致的脑膜脑炎[9] [12]。它们均有相似的临床表现,如发热、头痛,恶心呕吐等脑膜刺激症状,脑脊液检查结果也往往相似[12]。脑脊液和血液的细菌学培养周期较长,且敏感性较低,在疾病早期往往很难鉴别[13]。如果不能及时对NB进行准确诊断,往往会因为治疗方案不够优化,导致NB的病程复杂化,加重患者的病情[14]

目前对NB的诊断主要依赖其累及神经系统的临床表现和血液/脑脊液布氏杆菌凝集试验/虎红平板试验阳性,尤其是在一些医疗资源缺乏的不发达地区[13] [15],但其敏感性为94%,特异性为96%,仍存在少部分患者存在阴性的情况,以及在NB感染早期难以发现的缺点[16]。目前脑脊液的新一代测序(NGS)具有诊断快速、敏感性和特异性高等优点,有望改变NB早期诊断困难的局面,但也存在费用较高、对医疗条件要求较高等缺点[17] [18]。感染是导致癫痫发作的重要病因之一,布氏杆菌侵入神经系统后引起的癫痫发作较为少见[19],既往较少报道相关方面的病例。本文的三例NB伴癫痫发作的病有两例有明确的动态脑电图检查结果,有一例脑电图阴性,但存在双下肢抽搐、双上肢屈曲、口吐白沫、神志不清等癫痫发作的临床表现,这三例NB患者的癫痫诊断明确,给予抗布氏杆菌对症治疗和抗癫痫治疗后,症状均有所好转,与Arefeh等人报道的治疗结局一致[20]

第一例患者的癫痫可能是由于NB的再次复发而导致的。该患者此前有过NB导致的脊髓炎病史,但在两年后再次复发。可能是由于治疗不彻底导致的复发。Hakan等人于2011年进行了一次临床药物试验,发现肠外头孢曲松联合多西环素和利福平治疗一个月后,再继续口服多西环素和利福平5个月,是目前后遗症最少、复发率最低的治疗方案[21]。第一例患者的肠外头孢曲松使用时间以及口服药物的治疗时间均小于Hakan等人所述。该患者NB的复发也可能与其第一次治愈后继续接触牛羊有关,牛羊是布氏杆菌传染人类的重要途径[6]。该患者家中长期养殖了大量牛羊,这很可能是NB再次感染的重要病因之一。

第二例患者的精神行为异常在入院前2年就存在,由于慢性NB的潜伏期一般为数周至1年[16],且颅脑MRI显示的病灶部位与动态脑电图显示的病灶部位不一致,所以关于其精神行为异常的原因目前尚不明确,但经过治疗布氏杆菌感染和抗癫痫治疗后,患者的精神行为异常得到了明显的好转。

第三例患者存在言语不清、定向力障碍等精神行为异常的表现,完善脑电图后考虑癫痫可能性大。同时该患者脑压入院时大于330 mm H2O,有发生脑疝的风险。在予以抗感染、抗癫痫及降颅压等对症治疗后患者症状明显好转。

癫痫由于在NB的临床表现中较为少见,因此在NB的诊断和治疗中经常被忽视。我们建议当NB患者出现精神行为异常时,能够考虑到伴有癫痫发作的可能,同时能够给予相应的抗癫痫药物的治疗。尤其是在布氏杆菌病流行地区出现精神行为异常的患者要考虑到NB伴发癫痫的可能[22]。但注意抗癫痫药物的使用规范,Fardin等人报道了一例由于服用了大量卡马西平治疗癫痫而导致了无法控制的癫痫的NB患者,但其发生的机制仍有待进一步研究[23]

7. 结论

癫痫作为NB较为罕见的并发症,在布氏杆菌流行的地区一定要得到重视。当患者出现精神行为异常的可能时,及时完善动态脑电图等相关检验检查,积极予以相关的对症治疗,减轻NB并发症对患者的损害。同时及时足量长期的抗生素治疗能够避免癫痫等后遗症的发生。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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