乳房Paget病的相关研究进展
Research Progress of Paget Disease of Breast
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1472145, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 11  浏览: 16  科研立项经费支持
作者: 舒文军, 吴姝涵, 祝旭龙, 郝佳晖, 李建辉*:西安医学院附属陕西省人民医院,陕西 西安;彭 星, 姚 璐, 刘鑫淼:延安大学医学院,陕西 延安
关键词: 乳房Paget病乳腺癌综述Paget Disease of the Breast Breast Cancer Review
摘要: 近年来,乳腺癌的发病率居高不下,其中乳房Paget病(Mammary Paget disease, MPD)为一种相对罕见的乳腺癌。MPD是一种以乳头鳞状上皮内出现恶性腺上皮细胞(佩吉特细胞)为特征的乳腺癌,可能累及乳晕和邻近的皮肤,通常和乳房深部的癌相关。MPD根据有无乳房深部恶性病变,可分为3种类型:(1) 乳头乳晕区湿疹样改变合并乳腺浸润性癌成分(约56%);(2) 乳头乳晕区的湿疹样改变合并导管内癌(约32%);(3) 不伴有任何乳腺深部病灶的单纯乳头乳晕区湿疹样改变(约12%)。因目前MPD发病机制尚不完全清楚、最佳手术治疗的共识仍然存在争议以及综合治疗指南很少,所以MPD也逐渐引起了诸多学者的关注。因此,在本文中,我们将讨论MPD的发病机制以及治疗方案,为临床更好地诊治MPD提供依据。
Abstract: In recent years, the incidence of breast cancer has remained high, among which Mammary Paget disease (MPD) is a relatively rare breast cancer. MPD is a type of breast cancer characterized by the presence of malignant glandular epithelial cells (Paget cells) within the papillary squamous epithelium, which may involve the areola and adjacent skin, and is usually associated with deep breast cancer. According to the presence or absence of deep breast malignant lesions, MPD could be divided into three types: (1) eczema-like changes in the nipple areola combined with breast invasive carcinoma components (about 56%); (2) eczema-like changes in the nipple areola combined with intraductal carcinoma (about 32%); (3) Simple eczema-like changes in the nipple areola region without any deep breast lesions (about 12%). At present, the pathogenesis of MPD is not fully understood, the consensus of the best surgical treatment is still controversial, and the comprehensive treatment guidelines are few, so MPD has gradually attracted the attention of many scholars. Therefore, in this paper, we will discuss the pathogenesis and treatment of MPD, so as to provide a basis for better clinical diagnosis and treatment of MPD.
文章引用:舒文军, 吴姝涵, 祝旭龙, 彭星, 姚璐, 刘鑫淼, 郝佳晖, 李建辉. 乳房Paget病的相关研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(7): 1288-1292. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1472145

1. 引言

乳房Paget病(MPD)是一种罕见的乳腺癌,占所有乳腺癌患者中的发病率约为1%~3% [1]。其临床表现为乳头出现类湿疹样病变,可延伸至乳晕,还可能会伴有皮肤瘙痒、红斑、乳头糜烂或溃疡、乳头溢血和乳头内缩等征象[2]-[5]。乳头表皮内的大表皮腺癌细胞(称为Paget细胞)浸润是MPD的主要组织病理学特征[6]。MPD根据其潜在的恶性程度可分为三类,并与预后相关。大约50%~60%的MPD患者并发浸润性导管癌(PD-idc),30%~40%的患者伴有导管原位癌(PD-dcis),只有10%的患者仅伴有皮肤改变[7]。93%~100%的MPD病例与潜在的乳腺癌有关,通常是中枢性和多灶性肿瘤,主要位于乳晕附近[8]。临床中单纯的MPD患者较少,多合并原位癌和/或浸润癌[1]。目前,MPD发病机制尚不完全清楚、最佳治疗的共识仍然存在争议以及缺乏相关综合治疗指南。因此,在本文我们将讨论MPD的发病机制以及治疗方案,为临床更好地诊治MPD提供依据。

2. MPD的发病机制

关于MPD的发病机制,目前提出了两种主要理论:嗜表皮迁移理论(移行学说)和表皮内转化理论。嗜表皮迁移理论认为,Paget细胞是来自于沿基底膜迁移至乳头的导管内癌细胞,这一理论得到了MPD合并导管原位癌(DCIS)的高发病率的支持,支持嗜表皮迁移理论的进一步证据是Paget细胞中HER2/neu癌基因的高水平表达,这反映了DCIS基底细胞中HER2/neu的表达水平[8]。表皮内转化理论认为,Paget细胞是在没有潜在癌细胞的情况下由多能角化干细胞或大汗腺导管细胞的恶变转化而来,这也解释了乳头不受影响的MPD病例的存在。这一理论得到了Paget细胞和Toker细胞形态相似性的支持,后者是源自皮脂腺的非恶性、细胞质丰富的上皮细胞,可在10%的女性乳晕皮肤中检测到[9]。然而,与通常高表达HER2/neu和Ki-67的Paget细胞不同,Toker细胞一致为HER2/neu阴性,并且表达非常低的Ki-67水平。但还有一种理论提出,Paget细胞可以起源于表皮滋养层或表皮内,这也受环境和局部条件的影响[8]

3. MPD的治疗方案

MPD患者的治疗过程应由多学科团队成员根据具体情况确定[10]。在决定最佳治疗方案时,应考虑多重评估结果,以及可能预测任何共存的乳腺癌对不同治疗方法的反应情况。乳腺癌多学科团队的基本成员包括乳房和肿瘤整形外科医生、放射科医生、乳房护理专家、肿瘤学家、医学遗传学家、临床心理学家和姑息治疗专家。MPD的治疗包括以外科手术为主的局部治疗,对伴有乳腺浸润性癌的患者,还需要依据浸润性癌的分期和生物学特征进行系统辅助治疗等。在非MPD相关乳腺癌治疗的基础上,手术治疗仍然是MPD的主要干预措施[11]

3.1. 手术治疗

MPD的外科治疗通常是乳房切除术或保乳手术。虽然从历史上看,乳房切除术一直是首选的治疗选择,但乳房保留手术配合辅助治疗也是一种有效的治疗方法,而且在患者满意度方面也具有更好的结果[12]。这与MPD合并浸润性导管癌或原位导管癌的病例尤其相关,特别是在单纯导管原位癌的情况下[12]。保乳手术的局限性是可能存在手术切缘阳性的风险,需要返回手术室再次切除边缘或乳房切除术。有证据表明,保乳手术治疗的存活率与乳房切除手术治疗相似。一项研究发现,接受保乳治疗的患者10年疾病特异性生存率为67%,接受乳房切除术的患者为79%。保守治疗(n = 12)与乳房切除术(n = 92)的患者数量存在很大差异,因此无法在本研究中进行统计比较[13]。Helme等人[14]的一项系统综述试图分析了保乳手术在MPD治疗中的作用,他们得出结论,保乳手术是一种可行的方式,其中潜在的恶性肿瘤可以切除,边缘清晰,并使用辅助放疗。但他们并没有直接比较乳房切除术和保乳手术对MPD的治疗效果,而是强调了术前影像学的应用,以确定哪些患者可能在保乳手术中治疗不足,从而确定哪些患者可能需要将乳房切除术作为初始手术。2014年一项包括685名MPD患者的荟萃分析比较了乳房切除术和保乳手术治疗,他们发现乳房切除术和保乳手术的局部复发率分别为5.6%和13.2%。虽然这似乎表明乳房切除术优于保乳手术,但作者强调,在他们的分析中使用和包括的诊断(磁共振成像)和治疗(辅助放疗,他莫昔芬)选择的差异性意味着,对于每个患者而言,如果都认为乳房切除术优于保乳手术的话,这是武断的[15]

此外,肿瘤整形技术的发展为中心位置的乳腺癌(如MPD)提供了肿瘤学和美学上令人满意的治疗结果。Grisotti皮瓣技术是一种乳房部分切除术和立即体积置换的技术,它包括使用乳房下部的曲线皮瓣,然后向上旋转以填补中心的缺陷,并同时立即切除乳房的病变[16]。该技术是通用的,并且通过添加带皮肤的带蒂皮瓣进一步改进,用于治疗乳房尺寸不适合原始皮瓣的中心位置乳腺癌和MPD的女性[17]

不推荐单独乳头锥形切除术治疗MPD,单独乳头锥形切除术会导致75%的研究参与者不完全切除[18]。另一项研究发现锥形切除术的效果不如乳房切除术,接受乳头锥形切除术治疗MPD的患者中有40%在随访中出现局部复发(随访中位时间为56个月),而接受乳房切除术治疗的患者中只有5%在随访中出现局部区域复发[19]。乳头–乳晕复合体深处的淋巴血管丛的致密性可能解释了MPD患者的腋窝淋巴结转移率比单纯浸润性导管癌患者高的原因[7]。鉴于腋窝淋巴结普遍容易受累,建议对所有诊断为MPD的患者进行前哨淋巴结活检以检查腋窝淋巴结[20]。这也表明了当MPD患者首次就诊时如果发现有乳房皮肤变化,对其腋窝淋巴结进行彻底的临床检查是极其重要的。

3.2. 辅助治疗

目前,还没有证据支持使用辅助全身治疗,如内分泌治疗(如他莫昔芬或芳香酶抑制剂)、化疗和曲妥珠单抗(赫赛汀)治疗MPD本身。这些疗法仅推荐用于治疗任何共存的浸润性癌或导管原位癌。在完全没有合并乳腺肿瘤的情况下,单独放疗是根治性手术的有效替代方法[21]。尽管如此,大多数关于保守治疗MPD的研究都主张在保乳手术后使用辅助放疗[22] [23]

3.3. 放射治疗

放射治疗与显着较差的美容效果相关[24]。受辐射的乳房组织会变厚和色素沉着,导致乳房变小,或者变形。在初次手术前必须与患者讨论放疗对乳房的影响,以确保她们充分了解情况并控制她们的期望。改善放射治疗后乳房外观变化的技术包括使用自体皮瓣以及脂肪移植或脂肪填充[24]。或者当癌症治疗完成后,可以考虑对侧对称化手术。

3.4. 心理管理

在乳腺癌的治疗中,全乳房切除术和保乳手术对心理的影响是有据可查的,保乳手术与术后身体形象的满意率显著相关[25]。保留乳头的乳房切除术与乳腺癌女性术后社会心理和性心理健康的比率有着更高的相关性[26]。在MPD患者中,行手术治疗时普遍情况下是需要切除乳头的,因此使用像Grisotti皮瓣这样的技术不仅可以获得肿瘤学上的安全性,并且该技术也是一种易于重复的手术,没有重大并发症,因其可纠正中央腺体缺损,重建新的乳晕,所以还可以获得令患者满意的中央型乳腺肿瘤切除术的术后乳房外观感受[27]。在MPD患者中,手术后的延期乳头重建或三维乳头纹身可以获得令人满意的乳头乳晕重建复合体,并改善患者的社会心理和性满意度[28] [29]

4. 总结

乳腺癌多学科团队对于指导MPD治疗至关重要,治疗也是根据具体情况进行的。MPD治疗通常是手术治疗,包括乳头乳晕复合体的广泛局部切除或全乳房切除术并进行前哨淋巴结活检,伴或不伴腋窝淋巴结清扫。现随着肿瘤整形技术的发展,特别是Grisotti皮瓣,为中心位置乳腺癌患者提供了更令人满意的美容结果。患者的手术选择取决于潜在恶性肿瘤的存在、疾病的位置和程度、乳房大小和相关合并症等。化疗、放疗和内分泌治疗等辅助疗法通常用于治疗共存的浸润性乳腺癌和导管原位癌。

基金项目

陕西省科技厅重点研发项目:载抗肿瘤活性成分可降解止血材料的研发及应用研究(项目编号:2019ZDLSF03-05)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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