泌尿系结石预防策略研究进展
Progress in the Study of Urinary Stone Prevention Strategies
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1472064, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 6  浏览: 10 
作者: 胡细恒*:成都中医药大学医学与生命科学学院,四川 成都;杨 宇#:宜宾市第一人民医院泌尿外科,四川 宜宾
关键词: 泌尿系结石防治药物生活习惯Urinary Stones Prevention and Treatment Medication Lifestyle Habits
摘要: 泌尿系结石是一种常见的泌尿系统疾病,是指在泌尿系统内形成的固体结晶体沉积,临床上最为常见的是肾结石和输尿管结石,具体形成机制尚不明确,其形成可能与多种因素有关,目前的主流学说主要有肾钙化斑、过饱和结晶、抑制物缺乏学说、基质学说等几种学说。因其形成机制尚未明确,临床上无法根据结石的形成机制进行有效的预防措施及治疗方法,使得泌尿系结石的发病率和复发率居高不下。本文旨在探讨泌尿系结石的预防策略,包括生活及运动习惯、饮食习惯、液体摄入、药物防治等几方面。通过了解这些措施,有助于预防泌尿系结石,降低患病率及复发率,从而提高患者的生活质量及减少相关支出。
Abstract: Urinary stones are a common urinary system disease, refers to the formation of solid crystalline deposits in the urinary system, the most common clinical kidney stones and ureteral stones. The specific formation mechanism of urinary stones is still unclear, and their formation may be related to a variety of factors. Currently, the mainstream doctrines mainly include renal calcified plaque, supersaturated crystals, inhibitor deficiency, and stromal theory. The formation mechanism is not yet clear. The clinic cannot be based on the formation mechanism of the stone for effective preventive measures and treatment methods, which further makes the incidence of urinary stones and recurrence rate remains high. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the preventive strategies of urinary stones, including living and exercise habits, dietary habits, fluid intake, drug prevention and treatment, and other aspects. By understanding these measures, it will help to prevent urinary stones and reduce the prevalence and recurrence rates, thus improving the quality of life of patients and reducing related expenditures.
文章引用:胡细恒, 杨宇. 泌尿系结石预防策略研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(7): 653-660. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1472064

1. 引言

泌尿系结石是由多种病理生理因素共同导致形成的,又称尿路结石、尿石症,超过80%的尿结石由草酸钙组成,磷酸盐及尿酸盐结石也较为常见,是泌尿系统常见的疾病之一,常表现为肾绞痛、排尿困难、尿频、血尿、发热、腰痛症状,该病一般预后良好,但严重时可以危及生命[1]。据有关研究表明,泌尿系结石整体呈现为上升趋势,且有着显著的地区差异,在中国的发病率大致为5.0%,在我国的南方地区甚至可以达到5.0%~10.0%,其死亡率也在不断上升[2]。国外有关研究发现,美国的泌尿系结石发病率从1964年到1972年翻了一番,过去的十年发病率达到8.8%,近期20岁以上人群的患病率达到11%且男性发病率略高于女性[3]。对于这种泌尿系统常见疾病来说治疗很重要,但是更为重要的是有效地预防,本文将整合近年来泌尿系结石预防策略相关研究进展,对相关预防措施进行综述。

2. 生活习惯与泌尿系结石

2.1. 生活方式及习惯

随着时代的发展,现代化推进,人民群众的生活水平不断提高,与之伴随而来的是饮食习惯、运动习惯、精神压力的改变。一项473,225名受试者参与的研究表明久坐不动与新发肾结石的患病风险呈显著正相关,每日总久坐时间 ≥ 3.5小时的参与者较其他参与者而言,患新发肾结石的风险显著更高,另一项研究也表明久坐可以增加肾结石的发病率[4] [5]。运动减少也可导致泌尿系结石的患病风险上升,多项研究表明每天适当的体育锻炼可减少结石的患病风险,泌尿系结石的患病率随着运动的增加而降低,当体力活动增加到每周2480代谢当量(MET-min week)时,总体人群中肾结石的发病率降低约33%,进一步增加体力活动并不会进一步明显降低肾结石患病风险,表明适当活动可降低肾结石发病率[6] [7]。此外一项来自马晓杰等人的研究发现,过度劳累、精神压力增加可能导致内分泌失调,影响尿液酸碱平衡,从而诱发泌尿系结石,是泌尿系结石的独立危险因素,但其具体机制暂未明确,仍需进一步研究[8]。除上述内容之外,某些疾病可能会导致泌尿系结石的发生,对于此类疾病(原发性高草酸尿症、高钙血症、甲状腺功能亢进、输尿管狭窄、前列腺增生、泌尿系感染、肾小管酸中毒等)应予以重视尽早诊治,从而减少泌尿系结石的发生[9]。综上所述,良好的作息习惯及适当运动可以预防肾结石等发病率,减少泌尿系结石的发生。

2.2. 吸烟

多项研究显示吸烟者可使得多种不同系统疾病的患病风险增加。同样的是吸烟也会增加泌尿系结石患病的风险,一项孟德尔随机化研究也表明吸烟会增加肾结石的发生率[5]。来自Zulfikar Ali等人的研究也揭示了在亚洲人群中吸烟与泌尿系结石风险增加之间的相关性[10]。但另一项研究发现,健康人群与结石复发者之间的吸烟习惯没有显著差异[11]。基于上述,尽管吸烟与泌尿系结石的相关性存在一定的争议,由于吸烟与多种疾病密切相关故仍建议避免吸烟,但就泌尿系结石与吸烟的相关性而言仍需要进一步研究。

2.3. 饮酒

饮酒与泌尿系结石的相关性存在一定的争议。来自Baian Wei等人的一项研究结果表明,在饮酒的美国成年人中,饮酒与泌尿系结石患病率之间存在负相关,与戒酒人群相比,大量研究人群患病率较低[12]。但另一项研究表明,饮酒习惯是泌尿系结石形成的一个危险因素[10]。许多研究并未直接阐述酒精与泌尿系结石的相关性,但其与糖尿病、代谢综合征等疾病密切相关,而上述疾病已被证实与泌尿系结石密切相关,故两者可能间接存在相关性[11] [13]。但就现状而言,酒的摄入与泌尿系结石相关性仍需进一步研究。

3. 饮食习惯与泌尿系结石

3.1. 脂肪的摄入

现代饮食习惯改变,肥胖率上升,随之而来的是代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome, Met S)患病率的迅速增加,有关研究表明其中在2021年度代谢综合征患病率高达20.54% [14]。有研究证实不良的生活习惯与糖尿病、高血压和肥胖等代谢综合征相关组分密切相关,代谢综合征的所属特征,如2型糖尿病、体重指数(BMI)升高、高血压和血脂异常,均被确定为泌尿系结石形成的独立因素[11] [15]。因此,减轻体重以维持正常体重指数,可以降低泌尿系结石的风险[7]。减少体重,可以通过控制饮食以及加强运动来实现。有趣的是油脂摄入可以增加患病风险,但并非所有油脂的摄入都会增加泌尿系结石患病风险,具体与不同油脂种类有关系,通常情况下建议多食用含单不饱和脂肪酸的植物性油脂(如橄榄油),减少从动物类食品(如红肉和加工肉类)中摄入的饱和脂肪,较高的单不饱和脂肪酸同时也代表着较高蔬菜量的摄入,更加有利于泌尿系结石的预防[16]。此外补充某些油脂也可以降低泌尿系结石的患病风险,例如习惯性补充鱼油、薄荷油等[16]-[18]

3.2. 草酸盐的摄入

泌尿系结石中超过80%的肾结石由草酸钙组成,尿草酸盐浓度与结石形成密切相关,高草酸尿症是泌尿系结石的公认的主要风险因素,降低尿草酸盐浓度可以有效地预防泌尿系结石[19]。高草酸尿症可分为外源性及内源性,外源性草酸盐主要来自富含草酸盐的食物,而内源性草酸盐则由肝脏和红细胞产生[20]。其也可分为原发性和继发性,前者属于罕见的遗传性疾病,后者则与食物摄入相关又称肠源性高草酸尿症[19]。研究显示大量摄入富含草酸盐的食物、每日钙摄入量不当、草酸盐分泌和吸收的肠道转运蛋白有缺陷,以及胃肠道吸收不良都会增强肠道对草酸盐的吸收,提高尿草酸盐水平进而增加泌尿系结石的患病风险[21]。在饮食上建议限制富含草酸盐的食物可以减少泌尿系结石患病风险,如菠菜、豆制品、坚果、杏仁等食物,除此之外还应适当钙的摄入减少草酸盐经肠道吸收[20] [22] [23]

3.3. 钙的摄入

高钙血症是肾结石的主要危险因素之一,过多地摄入钙剂及维生素D可能会导致高钙血症的发生。在肠道中,钙的存在会影响肠道对草酸的吸收,当钙适当摄入时,钙会与肠道草酸结合随粪便排出,导致肠道摄入草酸盐的量减少,也不会导致高钙血症的产生,如果减少钙供应则会增加草酸盐的吸收并增强草酸盐的尿饱和度,进而导致草酸钙结石的形成[11] [24]。一项为期五年的随机试验表明,在复发性草酸钙结石和高钙尿症的男性中,限制动物蛋白和草酸盐的摄入,结合正常的钙摄入,比传统的低钙饮食提供更大的保护[22]。有文献表明,建议钙摄入量调整为1000~1200毫克/天可减少草酸钙泌尿系结石的患病率[25]。综上所述,建议适当钙的摄入,不宜过多和过少。

3.4. 维生素C的摄入

人体内的维生素C主要来自膳食,尤其是新鲜水果和蔬菜[26]。维生素C在体内可以经复杂代谢最终可生成草酸盐,并经肾脏代谢随尿液排出体外[27]。一项来自Melissa Prier的前瞻性实验显示,通过静脉注射及口服等维生素C治疗并随访发现维生素C摄入与患者患泌尿系结石无关,但其结果可能与样本量和处理过程有关[28]。有研究显示维生素C补充剂与男性肾结石发病风险显著相关,但女性无相关性[29]。几项队列研究显示,维生素C摄入量与肾结石风险之间存在关联,但研究中缺乏饮食控制、研究时间和样本处理等问题可能对结石产生影响[30]。来自Yiwei Lin的研究显示,富含维生素C的新鲜水果摄入可显著降低肾结石和输尿管结石的风险,其可能与柠檬酸盐的摄入存在一定关联[31]。目前对于维生素C的摄入仍然存在争议,但研究表明摄入富含维生素C的蔬菜水果可降低患病风险,具体的补充性维生素C摄入与泌尿系结石的关系仍需要进一步研究。

3.5. 柠檬酸盐的摄入

柠檬酸盐是尿液中最重要的抑制结石形成化合物之一,对于防止结石的形成具有重要意义。摄入富含柠檬酸盐饮食如柠檬水,可以干扰结石的形成,柠檬酸盐可以通过与钙离子结合形成不可解离但可溶的复合物,从而抑制草酸钙的形成[32] [33]。其原理可能是来自柠檬中的细胞外囊泡样纳米颗粒,从肠道吸收并转移到肾小管细胞中,细胞外囊泡样纳米颗粒可以将草酸钙(CaOx)的结晶改变为不太稳定的亚型且可以抑制了CaOx诱导的肾小管细胞内质网应激反应,从而抑制结石形成[34]。此外有研究显示,酒石酸盐和柠檬酸盐两者作用原理相似,但酒石酸表现出与草酸钙一水合物晶体的顶端表面亲和力又区别于柠檬酸盐,是柠檬酸盐的潜在替代品[35]。综上所述,在日常生活中建议适当增减富含柠檬酸盐饮食的摄入。

3.6. 醋的摄入

适当的食用醋可以减少泌尿系结石的发生。一项动物实验表明,醋可以通过调节肠道菌群和增加血醋酸盐来恢复肾脏紧密连接,从而使得CaOx晶体黏附减少,进而减少肾结石形成[36] [37]。醋含有许多可能影响其抑制肾结石功效的成分,但主要的作用成分很可能是醋酸本身,来自Wei Zhu等人的研究中发现的结果表明,醋可以通过遗传调控使得增强尿柠檬酸盐的排泄以及减少尿钙的排泄来预防CaOx肾结石,其机理主要是通过醋酸盐增加启动子区域中的H3K9、H3K27乙酰化,增强肾小管细胞中组蛋白H3的乙酰化以及促进肾小管细胞中microRNAs-130a-3p、-148b-3p和-374b-5p这些miRNAs的表达,进而抑制Nadc1和Cldn14的表达,从而增强尿柠檬酸盐的排泄及减少尿钙的排泄,进而减少泌尿系结石的产生[38]。综上所述,相关研究表明食用醋可以减少泌尿系结石的发生,但就具体用量及种类而言仍需继续研究。

4. 液体摄入与泌尿系结石

4.1. 水的摄入

一般情况下相关指南建议每天饮水量应该达到2.0~2.5 L/天,对于某些泌尿系结石患者来说,有关研究甚至建议增加到3.5~4.0 L/天[39]。一项针对亚洲人群的研究的汇总分析表明,与饮用瓶装水或矿泉水的人相比,饮用开水的习惯对肾结石风险增加25% [10]。不同种类的水与泌尿系结石的相关性存在差异,但是提高水摄入量在临床工作中其对于预防泌尿系结石的效果得到证明,是目前临床上预防泌尿系结石的重要策略[40] [41]

4.2. 饮料的摄入

并非所有饮料对于降低肾结石患病风险来说都是有益的。一项来自194,095名参与者参与的研究结果表示,根据不同的饮料类型偏好,常饮用可乐、含糖苏打水等饮料与泌尿系结石患病风险呈正相关,而咖啡、茶、葡萄酒、啤酒等饮料使得患上泌尿系结石的风险不高[42]。来自Jiaxi Zhao等人的一项荟萃分析研究表明,较高的咖啡因摄入量可能与较低的肾结石患病风险相关[43]。一项孟德尔随机化研究表明咖啡及咖啡因的摄入可以降低肾结石的发生[5]。另一项Meta分析也表明较高的咖啡因摄入量可能降低肾结石发生风险[41] [43]。多个研究表明咖啡及咖啡因的摄入可以降低泌尿系结石患病风险。此外目前相关研究结果显示,高糖饮料可以导致肾结石患病率的提升是较为确切的[42] [44]。与单纯饮水不同的是,不同种类饮料的摄入所导致泌尿系结石的患病风险有所不同,这可能摄入量及其他因素有关,仍需进一步研究。

5. 药物与泌尿系结石

对于泌尿系结石高复发风险患者,特别是草酸钙结石类型来说,可能需要药物进行防治。许多类型的药物是疗效确切且在临床上广泛用于泌尿系结石的防治,如噻嗪类、柠檬酸钾、碳酸氢钾、碳酸氢钠、别嘌呤醇等药物,上述药物在临床工作中的防治作用也得到验证[45]。有研究显示某些草本植物及其提取物可能对泌尿系结石有着潜在的防治作用,如葫芦籽、奇亚籽、骆驼蓬、桃金娘等,但具体疗效及药理作用机制仍需进一步研究[46]-[48]。适当此外,补充维生素B1可减少维生素C代谢为草酸盐,可以减少尿结石的发生[49]。存在另一类药物,如维生素C、钙剂、头孢曲松、阿扎那韦、磺胺啶、含麻黄碱制剂等,可以导致药物性结石形成,占所有泌尿系结石的1%~2%,在临床工作中应当注意该类药物的合理使用,减少泌尿系结石的发生[29] [50] [51]

6. 益生菌与泌尿系结石

有研究表明,益生菌与泌尿系结石形成密切相关。在肠道中,某些菌群(如O. formigenes、甲酸杆菌、草酸杆菌等)可以减少泌尿系结石的形成,临床上可以通过、胶囊、粉剂等形式进行补充,其主要通过增加肠道草酸盐降解来减少肠道草酸盐的吸收进而减少尿草酸盐排泄和CaOx晶体沉着[21] [52]-[54]。天然菌群预防结石的实际效果可能存在争议,而通过基因工程重组形成的细菌可能可以更好地用于泌尿系结石的预防[53]。综上所述,补充益生菌可能会减少尿中草酸盐和尿酸的排泄,进而减少泌尿系结石的产生,但具体预防效果及临床应用仍需进一步研究。

7. 总结

泌尿系结石是泌尿系统常见疾病之一,在我国南方地区处于高发状态,当前泌尿系结石的治疗趋于完善,而行之有效地预防新发和复发结石是治疗泌尿系结石的终极目标。因此,继续探索泌尿系相关危险因素,通过各种策略减少泌尿系结石的危险因素,降低患病率及复发率是十分有必要的。泌尿系结石的形成原因复杂,影响因素多,到目前为止,一些预防策略存在些许争议,值得在更大规模的前瞻性队列中进一步阐明。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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