超声引导血肿阻滞联合近端骨膜神经阻滞在桡骨远端骨折急诊无痛复位中的临床疗效观察
The Clinical Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Hematoma Block Combined with Proximal Periosteal Nerve Block in the Emergency Painless Reduction of Distal Radius Fractures
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1461954, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 4  浏览: 9  科研立项经费支持
作者: 陈斯昭, 何俊杰, 陈建昌, 肖章武*:福建中医药大学附属第二人民医院急诊科,福建 福州
关键词: 桡骨远端骨折血肿阻滞骨膜阻滞超声引导闭合复位Distal Radius Fracture Hematoma Block Periosteal Block Ultrasound Guidance Closed Reduction
摘要: 目的:研究超声引导血肿阻滞联合近端骨膜神经阻滞在桡骨远端骨折急诊无痛复位中的临床疗效。方法:纳入2022年09月~2023年12月就诊于福建中医药大学附属第二人民医院急诊外科、急诊骨科的60例桡骨远端骨折病人分为两组,其中观察组使用骨折断端血肿阻滞手法复位,实验组使用超声引导血肿阻滞联合近端骨膜神经阻滞手法复位。记录围复位期间情况比较2组麻醉操作时间、麻醉前后疼痛VAS评分、复位失败转手术率,复位8周后使用Gartland和Werley腕关节评分评估腕关节恢复情况。结果:观察组剔除病例1例,因随访丢失退出。两组基线数据均无统计差异(p > 0.05),实验组VAS评分麻醉前8.00 (7.00, 9.00),麻醉后2.00 (2.00, 2.00),石膏固定后1.00 (0.00, 1.00)。观察组VAS评分麻醉前8.00 (7.75, 9.00),麻醉后3.00 (2.00, 4.00),石膏固定后1.00 (1.00, 2.00)。实验组在各时间点VAS评分均低于对照组(p < 0.05)。实验组麻醉操作时间156.70 ± 3.302 s,观察组为51.86 ± 2.333,两组统计学存在差异(p < 0.05)。复位后8周Gartland和Werley腕关节评分实验组优19例(32.2%),良7例(11.9%),可4例(6.8%),差0例,观察组优17例(28.8%),良6例(10.2%),可6例(10.2%),差0例,两组差异无统计学意义(p = 0.752 > 0.05)。结论:超声引导下桡骨远端骨折血肿阻滞和桡骨骨膜阻滞能够在复位过程中提供良好的镇痛效果,特别是对于骨折断端定位困难的患者,同时实时床旁超声引导有助于实时提供初次复位及调整复位时图像提高复位质量。
Abstract: Objective: To study the clinical efficacy of ultrasound-guided hematoma block combined with proximal periosteal nerve block in emergency painless reduction of distal radius fractures. Methods: From September 2022 to December 2023, 60 patients with distal radius fractures who were treated in the emergency surgery and emergency orthopedics department of the Second People’s Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine were divided into two groups. The observation group was treated with fracture end hematoma block manual reduction, and the experimental group was treated with ultrasound-guided hematoma block combined with proximal periosteal nerve block manual reduction. The anesthesia operation time, pain VAS score before and after anesthesia, and the rate of conversion to surgery after reduction failure were compared between the two groups. After 8 weeks of reduction, Gartland and Werley wrist scores were used to evaluate the recovery of wrist joint. Results: One case was excluded from the observation group and withdrew due to loss of follow-up. There was no statistical difference in baseline data between the two groups (p > 0.05). The VAS score of the experimental group was 8.00 (7.00, 9.00) before anesthesia, 2.00 (2.00, 2.00) after anesthesia, and 1.00 (0.00, 1.00) after plaster fixation. The VAS score of the observation group was 8.00 (7.75, 9.00) before anesthesia, 3.00 (2.00, 4.00) after anesthesia, and 1.00 (1.00, 2.00) after plaster fixation. The VAS scores of the experimental group were lower than those of the control group at each time point (p < 0.05). The anesthesia operation time of the experimental group was 156.70 ± 3.302 s, and that of the observation group was 51.86 ± 2.333. There was a statistical difference between the two groups (p < 0.05). At 8 weeks after reduction, Gartland and Werley wrist joint scores were excellent in 19 cases (32.2%), good in 7 cases (11.9%), fair in 4 cases (6.8%) and poor in 0 cases in the experimental group, and excellent in 17 cases (28.8%), good in 6 cases (10.2%), fair in 6 cases (10.2%) and poor in 0 cases in the observation group. There was no significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.752 > 0.05). Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided hematoma block and radial periosteal block for distal radius fracture can provide good analgesic effect during reduction, especially for patients with difficult positioning of fracture ends. At the same time, real-time bedside ultrasound guidance is helpful to provide real-time initial reduction and adjust the image during reduction to improve the quality of reduction.
文章引用:陈斯昭, 何俊杰, 陈建昌, 肖章武. 超声引导血肿阻滞联合近端骨膜神经阻滞在桡骨远端骨折急诊无痛复位中的临床疗效观察[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(6): 1603-1611. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1461954

1. 引言

桡骨远端骨折在全身肌肉骨骼损伤中占有一个重要比例,其中在儿童和老年妇女中发病率最高,而随着人口老龄化的进展这一比例正逐年上升[1]。在丹麦的一项1997年至2018年的成人桡骨远端骨折流行病学调查中显示在20年内桡骨远端骨折患者数增加了31%,发病率为228人/10万人/年,发病率增加了20% [2]

目前桡骨远端骨折治疗方法多样,近年来随着骨折内固定及快速康复理念的推广应用,以及内固定在解剖复位、握力及腕关节功能恢复等方面优于保守治疗[3],手术率从8.75%增加到20.02% [4]。但仍有44%是患者在门诊接受治疗[5],特别在年轻和老年骨质疏松患者间仍占有一定的比重[6] [7],目前桡骨远端骨折的保守治疗多采用小夹板、石膏及支具等固定方式[8] [9]

桡骨远端骨折后患处疼痛导致局部肌肉收缩、加重应激反应,同时骨折端局部肿胀.严重影响骨折手法复位以及患者就医体验[10]。因此在手法复位时采用易操作、并发症少、效果确切的镇痛方式至关重要。血肿阻滞、骨膜神经阻滞是因为操作简单,是在骨折复位前提供镇痛的有效且安全的方法[11] [12]。血肿阻滞可能会因局部软组织肿胀、骨折碎片等因素导致对血肿定位的不准确而影响镇痛效果,肌骨超声不仅可以明确骨折部位、移位情况[13]。同时在穿刺过程中行实时引导可以直接引导穿刺针到血肿、骨膜部位,从而最大限度地将麻醉剂注射到骨折断端、骨膜提高镇痛效果[11] [14] [15],并降低意外血管内注射、神经、肌腱损伤的风险[16]。基于以上研究,本研究探讨超声引导下血肿阻滞与骨膜神经阻滞在桡骨远端骨折手法复位过程中的镇痛效果及对远期腕关节功能的影响,现将结果报告如下。

2. 资料与⽅法

2.1. 一般资料

经医院伦理委员会研究审核通过后,将2022年09月~2023年12月就诊于福建中医药大学附属第二人民医院急诊外科、急诊骨科的60例桡骨远端骨折病人分为两组,观察组30例,对照组29例均符合相关诊断、纳入标准及排除标准。其中实验组30例,男13例,女17例;年龄8~93岁,37.50 (13.00~60.50)岁;呼吸13~24次/分,18.00 (16.00~20.00)次/分;心率53~90次/分,平均(75.63 ± 1.73)次/分;收缩压90~150 mmHg,平均(118.87 ± 2.82) mmHg;舒张压57~89 mmHg,75.00 (64.50~80.00) mmHg;血氧饱和度99.00 (98.00~100.00)%,平均(98.67 ± 0.25)%。对照组29例,男12例,女17例;年龄8~97岁,53.00 (16.00~67.50)岁;呼吸12~20次/分,18.00 (17.00~19.50)次/分;心率63~92次/分,平均(77.59 ± 1.46)次/分;收缩压98~190 mmHg,平均(129.76 ± 3.60) mmHg;舒张压62~109 mmHg,76.00 (68.00~81.00) mmHg;血氧饱和度96%~100%,98.00 (98.00~100.00)%。两组以上资料对比差异均无统计学意义(p > 0.05),所有参与本试验者均行知情同意告知并获得患者及家属同意后入选本试验。

2.2. 纳入标准

1) 结合临床相关检查与体征表现符合桡骨远端骨折的诊断标准;

2) 受损部位为单侧;

3) 除尺骨茎突骨折外无其他合并骨折;

4) 知晓并自愿同意参加研究。

2.3. 排除标准(符合以下条件之一者)

1) 拒绝手法复位的患者;

2) 开放性桡骨远端骨折者;

3) 合并有肢体其他部位骨折者;

4) 对麻醉药物过敏者;

5) 基础疾病多不耐受手法复位者。

2.4. 治疗方法

对照组:骨折断端血肿阻滞手法复位

1) 血肿阻滞:对骨折断端进行触诊,触及骨折断端阶梯感,做穿刺标记。常规行皮肤消毒,穿刺、缓慢进针,回抽血肿判断是否活动性动脉出血,抽出血肿5 ml后注入麻醉药物;适当调整针尖位置及方向(调整至桡侧和尺侧),确保麻醉药物作用于目标血肿周围。

2) 根据骨折损伤机制、移位情况选择不同的复位手法进行复位。

3) 行肘下石膏外固定,观察患肢肿胀、末梢血运情况;每周复查患肢腕关节正侧位X线片,根据情况调整石膏。根据X线片显示骨折愈合情况不同固定4~6周后拆除石膏行患肢功能锻炼,随访至第8周。

实验组:超声引导血肿阻滞联合近端骨膜神经阻滞手法复位

1) 超声引导下骨折断端血肿 + 桡骨骨膜神经阻滞:患者坐位患肢上臂自然下垂,屈肘90度、前臂旋后位放在操作台上;以肱二头肌肘窝处肌腱及桡骨茎突两点画一直线即桡动脉走形线;采用索诺声便携式彩色多普勒超声检测系统(美国索诺声公司),使用线阵探头频率6~13 MHz;探头紧贴桡骨骨折处桡侧、掌侧、背侧保持探头与桡骨骨面垂直,获取最佳骨折部位图像。确定移位情况并标记骨折体表模拟线;在骨折线近侧2 cm前臂桡动脉走形线外侧确定穿刺点,超声下预观察穿刺路径肌腱、血管情况。建立无菌环境,超声实时引导下穿刺进针,确保针尖到达目标血肿处,回抽血肿判断是否活动性动脉出血,抽出血肿5 ml后注入麻醉药物;超声监测下适当调整针尖位置及方向(调整至掌侧和背侧),确保麻醉药物作用于目标血肿周围;骨折近端骨膜神经阻滞:回退至皮下向骨折近端桡骨骨膜垂直进针,边进针边回抽有无回血边注射利多卡因,直至骨面,通过内外拉动皮肤在骨膜周围充分阻滞,总共注射5 ml。

2) 其余步骤同对照组步骤2、3桡骨超声图像如下图1

(a):桡骨背侧,(b):桡骨桡侧,(c):桡骨掌侧,(d)~(f):桡骨远端骨折超声图像((d):桡骨背侧,(e):桡骨桡侧,(f):桡骨掌侧),(g)~(h):复位前腕关节正侧位X线图,(i):体表定位线,(j):超声穿刺引导血肿阻滞(箭头所示穿刺针路径),(k):首次复位后超声探查复位效果制定二次复位方案,(l)~(n)复位后超声图像((l):桡骨背侧,(m):桡骨桡侧,(n):桡骨掌侧),(o)~(p):复位后腕关节正侧位X线。

Figure 1. (a)~(c) normal radial ultrasound images

1. (a)~(c)正常桡骨超声图像

2.5. 疗效观察

2.5.1. 观察项目

记录围复位期间情况、腕关节功能情况、并发症。围复位期间情况包括:比较2组麻醉操作时间、麻醉前后疼痛VAS评分、复位失败转手术率。腕关节功能情况为治疗8周后Gartland和Werley腕关节评分。其中麻醉操作时间是指从麻醉定位开始到麻醉操作结束的时间;麻醉阻滞起效时间是指麻醉药物注射结束至疼痛开始减退的时间。

2.5.2. 疗效评价标准

在复位8周后使用改良Gartland-Werley腕关节评分评估愈合后腕关节功能:包括残余畸形、主客观评价、并发症四个方面,总分为24分,根据最终评分分为优、良、可、差四个等级。优为0~2分,良为3~8分,中为9~20分,差为≥20分,分值越高提示腕关节功能越差。

2.6. 统计学方法

使用SPSS 29.0统计软件进行统计学分析,其中符合正态分布的计量资料以均数 ± 标准差表示,两组患者治疗前后VAS评分的比较采用重复测量方差分析;复位8周后使用改良Gartland-Werley腕关节评分的比较采用非参数多样本秩和检验;非正态分布计量资料用中位数(四分位数)表示,组间比较采用非参数秩和检验;p < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 实验组与对照组基础数据比较

实验组与对照组基础数据如下表1

Table 1. Comparison of basic data between the experimental group and the control group

1. 实验组与对照组基础数据比较

项目

实验组(n = 30)

对照组(n = 29)

χ2/z/t

p

性别

男13 (43.3%)

男12 (41.4%)

0.023a

0.879

女17 (56.7%)

女17 (58.6%)

年龄(岁)

37.50 (13.00~60.50)

53.00 (16.00~67.50)

−1.434b

0.152

呼吸(次/分)

18.00 (16.00~20.00)

18.00 (17.00~19.50)

−0.468b

0.640

心率(次/分)

75.63 ± 1.73

77.59 ± 1.46

−0.859c

0.394

收缩压(mmHg)

118.87 ± 2.82

129.76 ± 3.60

−2.389c

0.357

舒张压(mmHg)

75.00 (64.50~80.00)

76.00 (68.00~81.00)

−0.744b

0.457

血氧饱和度(%)

99.00 (98.00~100.00)

98.00 (98.00~100.00)

−0.754b

0.243

注:a = χ2;b = z;b = t

不同年龄分组性别、年龄如下表2

Table 2. Comparison of gender and age in different age groups

2. 不同年龄分组性别、年龄比较


性别

例数

z

p

年龄(岁)

z/t

p

全部

25

0.379

0.000

16 (13, 32.50)

−4.008a

0.000

34

58 (52.75, 69.25)

儿童组

17

0.492

0.000

13.35 ± 0.62

2.035b

0.056

4

10.50 ± 1.19

成人组

8

0.482

0.000

50.25 ± 6.63

−1.649a

0.099

29

60 (54.50, 69.50)

老年组

3

0.460

0.000

71.67 ± 2.33

−0.561a

0.575

9

71 (69.50, 90.00)

注:a = zb = t

3.2. 实验组与对照组VAS评分数据比较

实验组与对照组VAS评分如下表3

Table 3. Comparison of VAS scores between the experimental group and the control group

3. 实验组与对照组VAS评分比较


麻醉前

麻醉后

石膏固定后

z

p

实验组

8.00 (7.00, 9.00)

2.00 (2.00, 2.00)

1.00 (0.00, 1.00)

75.734

<0.001

对照组

8.00 (7.75, 9.00)

3.00 (2.00, 4.00)

1.00 (1.00, 2.00)

71.573

<0.001

z

−0.284

−3.497

1.461

-

-

p

0.777

<0.001

<0.001

-

-

3.3. 实验组与对照组麻醉操作时间比较

实验组与对照组麻醉操作时间如下表4

Table 4. Comparison of anesthesia operation time between the experimental group and the control group (S)

4. 实验组与对照组麻醉操作时间比较(S)

组别

实验组

对照组

t

p

时间(S)

156.70 ± 0.302

51.86 ± 2.333

51.813

<0.001

3.4. 实验组与对照组Gartland和Werley腕关节评分比较

实验组与对照组Gartland和Werley腕关节评分如下表5

Table 5. Comparison of Gartland and Werley wrist joint scores between the experimental group and the control group

5. 实验组与对照组Gartland和Werley腕关节评分比较


总计

χ2

p

实验组

19

7

4

0

30

0.571

0.752

32.20%

11.90%

6.80%

0

50.80%

对照组

17

6

6

0

29

28.80%

10.20%

10.20%

0

49.20%

总计

36

13

10

0

59

61%

22%

16.90%

0

100%

4. 讨论

因桡骨解剖特点与受伤机制的特殊,在流行病学上有显著的特点,多项国内外的桡骨远端骨折流行病学统计报告显示在年龄分布上儿童和老年患者发病率最高,性别上在儿童男性与老年女性占比更高[1] [2] [4] [17]。在本研究中男性25例女性34例,差异有统计学意义,在儿童组男性多于女性,成人组女性多于男性,老年组女性多于男性。在年龄上男性年龄16 (13, 32.50)岁,女性58 (52.75, 69.25)岁,在不同年龄组男女年龄无明显差异。

对于桡骨远端骨折后保守治疗的患者,选择合适的镇痛方案至关重要,复位过程中良好的镇痛增加了复位过程中的依从性,对于基础疾病多的老年患者也减少了疼痛刺激增加了复位过程的安全性。Biers 阻滞通过将患侧肢体近端上止血带,由远端静脉注入局麻药以阻滞止血带以下肢体[18]。Bier阻滞相较于其他阻滞存在更高的局部麻醉剂渗漏到循环中的风险,特别是对于基础疾病多的老年患者这可能导致心律失常、低血压和中枢神经系统影响,包括耳鸣、头晕、嗜睡和抽搐等[19]。臂丛神经阻滞麻醉多采用体表标志及针刺神经产生的“麻痛感”进行定位,定位效果受患者配合情况、麻醉医师操作熟练程度、神经解剖结构变异等多种因素的影响[20]。常见的并发症如穿刺部位血肿、血管损伤,短暂的神经功能损伤、症状性膈肌麻痹、气胸等[21]。因为急诊就诊环境的特殊性,臂丛神经阻滞的特殊体位要求及部分患者对颈部穿刺操作的恐惧感进一步限制了其在急诊科的常规应用。本研究中两组在穿刺过程中出现心悸、头晕,实验组与对照组无明显差异。

虽然血肿阻滞相对于其他方案并发症较少,但既往有少数个案报道了血肿阻滞期间由于用于注入局部麻醉剂的针头在外部环境和内部骨折环境之间形成了一条通道,这条通道理论上可能导致骨折部位感染、药物性癫痫的发生[22]。近期多篇临床回顾性研究表明血肿阻滞、骨膜神经阻滞与其他方法在并发症发生率没有差异,其在桡骨远端骨折闭合复位期间进行镇痛是一种安全的方法[11] [12] [23]。如果急诊人员接受过良好的培训并且可以确保无菌条件,则该方法应优于传统的静脉镇静[24]。本方案中在严格无菌操作下选择骨折肿胀部位外选择穿刺点,已避开穿刺点在复位过程中因复位操作的挤压,减少感染机会,肌骨超声提供了穿刺实时引导提高穿刺准确性。同时选择同一穿刺点调整针刺方向行骨膜穿刺避免了多次多部位穿刺,在本研究中两组均无发生穿刺部位感染、骨折部位感染。

血肿阻滞与骨膜神经阻滞相比于其他麻醉阻滞方法更易操作、学习周期短,既往传统的血肿阻滞为了提高阻滞效果通过触诊直接在骨折断端肿胀部位穿刺,由于骨折后局部软组织肿胀导致阻滞效果无法达到最大化。相比于超声引导臂丛神经阻滞,血肿阻滞与桡骨骨膜阻滞学习周期短,穿刺部位无大的血管、神经结构安全性高。本研究中实验组VAS评分麻醉前为8.00 (7.00, 9.00),麻醉后2.00 (2.00, 2.00)石膏固定后为1.00 (0.00, 1.00),对照组VAS评分麻醉前为8.00 (7.75, 9.00),麻醉后3.00 (2.00, 4.00)麻醉后2.00 (2.00, 2.00)石膏固定后为1.00 (1.00, 2.00),两种方案均获得较好的镇痛效果,不同时间点超声引导血肿阻滞与桡骨骨膜阻滞方案的VAS评分均低于单纯血肿阻滞,镇痛效果更佳。实验组对既往骨折部位直接血肿穿刺进行了改良,通过一次注射使用不同阻滞方法,同时超声实时引导提高了精准度,该方法简单易行、学习周期短。

肌骨超声与X线一样能够对骨折进行诊断,同时能够在无辐射影响的条件下提供实时影像[25]。Brian C. [26]的研究表示超声诊断桡骨远端骨折的敏感性为100%,特异性为90%~95%,超声相比于X线能够临床所需要的复位前后的图像。超声在桡骨远端骨折复位中不仅能提供骨折的移位情况同时在复位过程中能实时的提供复位情况以便于直接调整[27] [28]。本研究中使用超声以患侧桡骨为中心行掌侧、桡侧至背侧连续扫查,结合X线片获得骨折移位情况,制定复位方案。在第一次牵引复位过程后维持牵引,再次使用超声以患侧桡骨为中心行掌侧、桡侧至背侧连续扫查,再次对复位不足的位置进行调整复位。使用超声引导下桡骨远端复位提高了复位质量,减少多次拍片、复位、减少住院率、手术率。同时也应强调超声在复位前后对复位方案制定和提高复位成功率具有一些价值,但是应该认识到标准的X线片仍是确认复位后效果的最佳方法,不能作为替代[29]

两组患者在伤后8周均达到了骨性愈合标准,虽然超声引导在复位过程中可提高断端复位质量,然而两组均使用同样的固定方法、固定时间、康复锻炼。虽实验组有部分病例获得更好的功能恢复,但两组腕关节功能恢复情况无明显差异,部分老年患者后期腕关节x线片未获得较好的解剖学复位效果,但对远期功能无明显影响。

5. 总结

超声引导下桡骨远端骨折血肿阻滞和桡骨骨膜阻滞能够在复位过程中提供良好的镇痛效果,特别是对于骨折断端定位困难的患者,同时实时床旁超声引导有助于帮助初次复位及调整复位时复位质量。

基金项目

福建中医药大学校管课题临床专项资助(项目编号:XB2022021)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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