纯中药治疗雄激素抵抗的复发难治性前列腺癌1例
Efficacy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment Alone for Recurrent and Refractory Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: A Case Report and Literature Review
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1461914, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 11  浏览: 25 
作者: 杨 琴*:成都中医药大学临床医学院,四川 成都;熊绍权#:成都中医药大学附属医院肿瘤科,四川 成都
关键词: 中药替代疗法雄激素抵抗Traditional Chinese Medicine Alternative Therapy Castration-Resistance
摘要: 前列腺癌发生远处转移的概率可高达70%,骨转移是最常见的。目前,转移性前列腺癌的治疗主要是内分泌治疗,但几乎所有患者都会出现激素抵抗,使疾病复发且治疗难度大幅提升。本文通过单纯中药治疗一例复发难治性前列腺癌,旨在为雄激素抵抗的复发难治性前列腺癌的治疗提供了新的治疗思路和转机。
Abstract: The probability of distant metastasis of prostate cancer can be as high as 70%, with bone metastasis being the most common. Currently, the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer is mainly endocrine therapy, but almost all patients develop hormone resistance, which makes the disease recurrent and the difficulty of treatment substantially increased. This paper aims to provide a new therapeutic idea and turnaround for the treatment of castration-resistance relapsed refractory prostate cancer through the treatment of a case of relapsed refractory prostate cancer by simple traditional Chinese medicine.
文章引用:杨琴, 熊绍权. 纯中药治疗雄激素抵抗的复发难治性前列腺癌1例[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(6): 1310-1315. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1461914

1. 背景

前列腺癌(PCa)是发生于前列腺上皮性的恶性肿瘤,其骨转移比例高达66.3% [1]。目前转移性前列腺癌(mPCa)的主要治疗仍是以雄激素剥夺疗法(ADT)为基础[2],主要包括双侧睾丸切除术或服用促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)激动剂去势,多个实验支持一线使用ADT联合雄激素通路阻滞,如阿帕鲁胺、恩扎鲁胺等。对于90%的初治mPCa可能对ADT有反应,但在发生远处转移的患者中约57%会在不到2年时间内发生激素抵抗[3] [4],进展为转移性雄激素抵抗型前列腺癌(mCRPC)。后续治疗除继续ADT外,还可选用阿比特龙、恩扎鲁胺等药物,但这些药物临床获益有限且易耐药。在二线治疗后若见更广泛的骨转移,甚至内脏转移时,虽然还可选择激素疗法、免疫疗法或化疗等,但是现有研究效果证实都不尽人意。例如化疗作为疾病进展后的后续治疗,中位PFS仅3个月[5]。此外,化疗所引起的严重毒性作用也会影响正常细胞的代谢增殖,且容易耐药。根据前列腺癌最新NCCN指南,针对mCRPC患者尚缺乏确实有效药物的治疗。

2. 案例

廖某某,男,85岁,在2016年7月无明显诱因出现排尿困难、双下肢疼痛,经临床检查、前列腺活检确诊为前列腺癌(T3,Gleason-8级),发病时PSA > 100 ng/ml,骨扫描提示骨转移征象(见图1)。于2016-08开始比卡鲁胺联合醋酸戈舍瑞林完全雄激素阻断后,血清PSA下降,这一趋势持续到2018年6月,患者骨相关疼痛加重,PSA倍增,在予“醋酸阿比特龙 + 泼尼松”、“恩扎鲁胺”等序贯治疗后骨相关疼痛未见缓解,血清PSA仍然居高不下,骨扫描提示多支肋骨、多段脊柱、骨盆多处新发骨转移灶,广泛骨转移征象(见图2)。根据前列腺癌NCCN指南已经没有确实可靠的治疗手段,患者期望寻求中医治疗。遂于2018年07月至我院寻求中药治疗,中药治疗前患者因骨疼痛不能自主行动,血清PSA:128.91 ng/ml,疼痛NRS评分7分,骨扫描提示广泛骨转移征象。结合患者目前疼痛不适,不能行走,失眠纳差等症状,按中医痹症辨证论治,以当归六黄汤为主方加减运用,主药用:羌活15 g、粉葛15 g、白芍30 g、防风15 g、姜黄15 g、黄芪60 g、甘草3 g、盐杜仲30 g、熟地黄15 g、麸炒白术15 g、盐菟丝子30 g、生晒参30 g、茯苓15 g、麸炒苍术15 g、白附片15 g和黄连片5 g;用法:上述中药,以水2升,大火煮沸后转小火煮半小时左右,每服中药煎煮2次后混合分2天服用,一日3次,一次30~50 ml,饭后1小时服用。

Figure 1. July 2016, bone scan suggested signs of bone metastasis

1. 2016年7月,骨扫描显示有骨转移迹象

Figure 2. June 2018, bone scan suggested new bone metastases in multiple ribs, multiple segments of the spine and pelvis

2. 2018年6月,骨扫描示多根肋骨、脊柱多节段和骨盆有新的骨转移灶

服药四周后患者疼痛明显缓解,乏力纳差、失眠症状明显好转,可在工具帮助下短暂站立行走,疼痛NRS评分4分,血清PSA降至69 ng/ml。持续服药4个月后,患者能不依靠工具自行行走,可进行简单的运动,疼痛NRS评分2分,生活质量显著改善,血清PSA降至49.7 ng/ml。在之后的每三个月一次的随访中,患者一般症状及生活质量逐步改善,最新骨扫描提示骨转移病灶明显减少约95% (见图3),血清PSA逐渐降至正常(见图4),且在随访过程中未发现肝肾功损伤等不良事件的发生。

Figure 3. Bone scan in July 2021 suggested that the number of foci was significantly reduced compared with the previous bone scan in June 2018

3. 2021年7月骨扫描提示病灶数量较2018年6月骨扫描明显减少

Figure 4. PSA response to TCM

4. 中药对PSA值的影响

3. 讨论

前列腺癌是男性中第二常见的恶性肿瘤,在中国的发病率逐年提高[1]。约2/3的患者在初诊时就发生了远处转移,mPCa的5年OS率为30% [5]。目前,ADT仍是转移性前列腺癌的治疗基石,专家建议一线使用ADT联合抗雄激素治疗,可将疾病死亡风险降低33% [6]。通过手术或药物去势实现ADT的肿瘤学结果是相似的,目前药物去势已经基本取代手术去势,但长期ADT治疗会导致性腺功能减退,引起骨质疏松症、性功能障碍等一系列不良事件,严重影响生活质量,甚至造成死亡[7]。超过50%的mPCa患者,在开始内分泌治疗不到2年就会进展为mCRPC,中位OS仅14个月[8]

mCRPC患者的首选治疗为阿比特龙、恩扎鲁胺、Sipuleucel-T、多西他赛[9]。阿比特龙是一种CYP17抑制剂且临床常用,但结果也并不是很理想,尤其是此前已经接受过化疗的患者。在一项醋酸阿比特龙用于经化疗后的mCRPC的临床研究中,其中位OS为14.8个月,PSA进展的中位时间仅5.6个月[10]。若疾病再次进展,虽然后续治疗的临床获益十分有限。激素抵抗、化疗耐药、疾病进展等诸多因素,驱使我们去寻找更优的选择。

在我们的临床实践中,一例mPCa患者在多线内分泌治疗失败后,选择了纯中药治疗,经治疗后患者骨相关疼痛在短时间内显著改善,与之对应的血清PSA迅速降低,生活质量极大改善,尤其值得注意的是患者最新骨扫描提示骨转移病灶明显减少,且在长期随访中,未见不良事件的发生。中药作为辅助疗法在术前控制肿瘤进展,术后恢复及防复发[11],放化疗过程中减轻毒副作用[12]等方面疗效确切,但单纯运用中药疗法控制肿瘤的报道甚少。虽然此前我们已有纯中药作为单一疗法治疗晚期HCC的实践,且疗效显著,安全性高[13]。但关于中药治疗mCRPC:我们查阅了国内外中医药治疗前列腺癌的相关文献,发现均是以单味中药、中药提取物、中成药、针灸、贴敷、灌肠等中医治疗方式联合内分泌治疗、化疗或放疗来治疗前列腺癌,且均以减轻相关治疗所带来的毒副作用为主要目的。此次我们所报道的单纯中药治疗雄激素抵抗性复发难治性前列腺癌尚属全球首例。

中药的抗肿瘤作用也在诸多研究中被证实:① 中药的直接抗肿瘤作用,例如姜黄、穿心莲等中药提取物都可以抑制细胞活性,诱导细胞凋亡从而抑制肿瘤的生长[14] [15];② 中药在改善肿瘤微环境方面的作用,如转化生长因子-β (TGF-β)的过分表达会导致肿瘤微环境失衡进而肿瘤进展[16];③ 中药可以提高机体免疫力,有研究报导人参提取物人参皂苷抑制了肿瘤细胞的增殖,却不影响正常的胃上皮细胞的活力,在抗癌同时兼顾了扶助正气[17];④ 复方中药的协同效应,复方药中的单味药中有多种抗肿瘤活性成分,而中药在煎煮的过程中,不仅有单味中药的多活性成分的相互作用,还有多味中药的多种活性成分之间的相互作用[18]。因其中药煎剂的复杂性,中药汤剂抗肿瘤的机制仍需进一步研究明确,以期在临床中获得更大的利益。

这是世界首例纯中药治疗雄激素抵抗性复发难治性前列腺癌取得显著疗效的案例,为mCRPC的治疗提供了新的出路,也为前列腺肿瘤的各个治疗阶段及其他种类恶性肿瘤的治疗方案的选择上提供了新的思考。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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