自体输血与消化道肿瘤的相关研究
Research on the Correlation between Autologous Blood Transfusion and Gastrointestinal Tumors
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1461907, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 9  浏览: 15 
作者: 包雪伟:青海省人民医院输血科,青海 西宁
关键词: 自体输血消化道肿瘤血液安全异体输血Autologous Blood Transfusion Gastrointestinal Tumors Blood Safety Allogeneic Blood Transfusion
摘要: 成分输血已成为急性大失血、慢性贫血、恶性血液病等疾病的重要治疗手段,对改善病情、提高疗效和减少死亡有重要意义。成分输血方式包括自体输血和异体输血,异体输血的弊端随着临床的广泛应用不断显现,比如血制品资源稀缺、输血传播传染病、炎性反应等风险。自体输血相对于异体输血的优势在临床上逐渐显现,本文将对自体输血与消化道肿瘤的相关研究进行综述。
Abstract: Component blood transfusion has become an important treatment method for diseases such as acute major blood loss, chronic anemia, and malignant blood diseases, which is of great significance in improving the condition, enhancing efficacy, and reducing mortality. The methods of component blood transfusion include autologous and allogeneic blood transfusions. The drawbacks of allogeneic blood transfusions have become increasingly apparent with the widespread clinical application, such as the scarcity of blood product resources, the risk of transfusion transmitted infectious diseases, inflammatory reactions, and so on. The advantages of autologous blood transfusion over allogeneic blood transfusion are gradually emerging in clinical practice. This article will review the relevant research on autologous blood transfusion and gastrointestinal tumors.
文章引用:包雪伟. 自体输血与消化道肿瘤的相关研究[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(6): 1265-1269. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1461907

1. 引言

随着输血技术的不断发展,临床输血以成分输血为主,但异体输血的不良反应日益凸显,为了解决这一问题和血液资源稀缺的问题,临床上开始通过自体输血来满足用血的需要,国内外大量的研究资料表明,自体输血是一种更加安全,更加有效的输血策略[1]-[3],已逐步成为发达国家的一种临床常规治疗技术。在我国,自体输血也逐渐得到发展,并得到推广和应用。

消化道肿瘤术中应用的自体输血的方式主要有两种:一是储存式自体输血,主要用于择期手术或稀有血型的患者,指在术前对患者进行血液或成分血的采集并储存,术中或术后输注;二是回收式自体输血,患者在手术过程中流失的血液由特定的自动化设备收集和处理,允许在同一时间内重新输注给患者[4]。在消化道手术中,比如肿瘤切除和移植,使用异体输血存在一定的风险,如感染性疾病的传播、免疫调节、肿瘤复发、过敏反应、溶血反应和输血相关的急性肺损伤,因此,利用各种形式的自体输血来减少异体输血带来的风险[5]成为消化道肿瘤术中输血的研究热点之一。现就自体输血与消化道肿瘤的相关研究综述如下。

2. 储存式自体输血与消化道肿瘤的相关研究

一项针对646例接受肝大部分切除和肝外胆管切除术的胆道癌患者的研究中,选择血红蛋白(Hb) ≥ 110 g/L不合并感染或严重心脑血管疾病的患者,术前1个月采血1~2次,采血后每日补铁,若采血总容量为800 mL,则给予重组人促红细胞生成素促进造血,研究结果表明自体输血与异体输血相比,可降低术后总胆红素水平,但不降低发病率和死亡率风险,且在肝功能衰竭发生率和总生存率方面无显著差异[6]。另一项回顾性研究表明,进行活体肝脏移植术的患者,术前半月采集200 mL自体血,观察到采血后患者血红蛋白水平下降,导致手术当天的血红蛋白数值较低,在该项研究中,42.2%的患者接受了术中自体输血,术前血红蛋白的水平是评估是否术中输血的预测指标(平均117 g/L),研究表明术前采血可以刺激红细胞生成,但刺激红细胞生成的时间较长,导致手术当天的血红蛋白较低[7]。也有研究表明,在接受胰十二指肠切除术的患者中,术中输血的比例异体输血小于自体输血,表明术前采集自身血液后,术中输血的比例升高,因此,并非所有患者都能从储存式自体输血中获益,手术时间、手术方式、采血前的血红蛋白水平等其他因素都是影响储存式自体输血的因素[8]

3. 回收式自体输血与消化道肿瘤的相关研究

一项在15名成年肝细胞癌患者中观察到,仅使用一种白细胞滤过方式处理回收的血液即可降低肿瘤细胞再输入的风险[5],尽管有证据表明围手术期自体输血会导致免疫抑制并促进肿瘤生长因子的生成,可能会增加术后死亡率和肿瘤复发率,但在该项研究的模型中并未出现这种情况。同样也有研究表明,在51例接受肝细胞癌移植的患者中,回收的血液在手术室中进行辐照,从辐照开始到输入患者体内的时间少于20分钟,结果表明回收式自体输血与肿瘤的复发无关,即使在91%~93%的病例中发现肿瘤细胞,与异体输血相比,回收式自体输血的5年内肿瘤复发率仍明显降低[9]

在一项125例腹腔镜肝切除术患者的回顾性研究中,比较了自体输血与普林格尔法(一种广泛使用的防止出血的方法)对术后肝功能恢复和预后的影响,结果提示异体输血的患者手术时间更长,出血量更大,总胆红素、间接胆红素、天冬氨酸转氨酶和丙氨酸转氨酶水平明显降低,但自体输血的患者可以减低术后死亡率,也可减少普林格尔法引起的缺血再灌注损伤,促进肝功能更快恢复[10]。也有一项研究因结直肠癌转移而行部分肝切除术的患者,对术中的血液进行回收过滤,回收达到200 mL时进行回输,结果表明与未进行自体输血组相比,自体输血组的手术持续时间较长、出血量较多和切除范围较广,但其存活时间延长了5个月(总计59个月) [4]。由此可知,回收式自体输血没有毒性作用,也不会增加肿瘤的转移率和复发率。

4. 自体输血在消化道肿瘤中应用的优点

研究表明自体输血的平均住院费用和住院时间比单纯应用普林格尔法治疗肝切除的患者低,并且与良性肝脏切除的并发症无相关性[10]。自体输血可能也会合并一些并发症,比如与手术创伤相关的免疫抑制、污染,当大量输血时,除了维持液体过载和大量输血的不良反应外,还可能使患者发生稀释性凝血功能障碍和低体温的风险。关于异体输血,研究发现也存在与采血相关的并发症,如低血压、头晕、寒战和发烧[8],回收式自体输血减少了异体输血的需求,降低了过敏反应、溶血反应、输血相关急性肺损伤、免疫调节和肿瘤复发的风险,并提高了成本效益比[5]

5. 自体输血在消化道肿瘤中应用的缺点

自体输血的血液采集和处理成本可能比同种异体输血高,而且自体血液呈现出较高的感染率和不严格的选择标准,因此无法纳入一般的献血员信息库中,此外,并非所有患者都倾向于选择自体输血,因为术前采集血液增加了本不需要输血的患者术中输血的可能[6]-[8]。也有研究提示术中回收的血液需要经过处理才能回输,这导致患者不能及时输血纠正相关缺氧等情况[11],使得异体输血成为术中输血的一个优先选择。

6. 自体输血与消化道肿瘤的相关研究

储存式自体输血的研究表明,与异体输血相比,自体输血可以降低术后胆红素的水平,但尚未发现两者在降低发病率、死亡率和生存率方面的差异[6],此外,术前采血后血红蛋白下降,是评估是否术中输血的预测指标,也有其他研究指出,术前采血后,术后血红蛋白水平和红细胞压积均有下降,且这种下降时间较早,同时接受自体输血的患者血清促红细胞生成素水平也较低,因此,贫血或非贫血患者应考虑补充铁和重组人促红细胞生成素,以预防术前贫血并减少对异体输血的需求[12]-[14]

在对回收式自体输血肿瘤复发的分析研究中,即使围手术期输注回收的自身血液,虽然产生了免疫抑制和肿瘤生长因子的生成,但没有发现肝细胞癌或结直肠癌的转移或复发的增加,也有研究进一步指出,只有对血液进行辐照,才有可能减少肿瘤的复发率[9]。Busch等[15]曾在1995年指出,输血与结直肠癌局部复发率增加(但不包括转移)之间存在关系,自体和异体血液之间没有区别。已有研究表明,自体输血能够抑制手术创伤引起的免疫抑制,其他研究同样表明,接受自体血液的患者血浆中IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、IFN-γ和T淋巴细胞的浓度更高,自体输血可能对免疫功能低下的患者更有益[16]-[18]

针对自体输血和异体输血传播传染病风险的研究表明,手术后传染病的感染率随输血单位数的增加而增加,与异体输血的相关性更显著[19] [20]。在2007年,英国血液学标准委员会不建议使用手术前采集的血液,除非在特殊的临床情况下,例如罕见血型难以获得同种异体血液,以及异体输血未征得患者同意[20]。虽然过去的几年中,由于异体输血传播疾病风险降低,术前自体采血的成本较高,使得储存式自体输血的患者减少,有研究建议对于自体输血的使用,除了上述情况外,自体输血的患者在术前应该多采集血液,可将采集时间提前,建议最后一次采集时间在手术前3至4周左右[21]

7. 结语与展望

在消化道系统肿瘤手术中使用自体输血仍然存在许多问题,因为对肿瘤生长相关因素的关注主要集中在肿瘤的大小和死亡率等方面,对患者的术前采血和是否选择自体输血仍然缺乏客观一致的标准。但是,有确凿的证据表明自体输血与消化系统肿瘤的复发率之间有密切的关系,可能降低患者的发病率和死亡率,以及减少异体输血带来的溶血、过敏等不良反应,缓解临床用血的压力,特别是稀有血型及疑难血型的临床用血问题,在临床上有较高的应用价值,自体输血值得更深入的探讨研究。

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