老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折医护联合干预研究进展
Research Progress on Integrated Medical and Nursing Interventions for Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures in the Elderly
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1461873, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 20  浏览: 43 
作者: 马红国*, 高永昌#:易县中医医院外科,河北 保定;王梦婷*:中国医学科学院北京协和医学院护理学院,北京
关键词: 骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折医护联合Osteoporosis Vertebral Compression Fracture Medical and Nursing Collaboration
摘要: 老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折是一种常见的骨科问题,其护理研究一直备受关注。本文通过对相关文献的检索整理,系统综述了老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折护理的研究进展。内容主要包括骨折的发病机制、临床表现、诊断方法以及目前医护联合干预的现状。
Abstract: Elderly osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures are a common orthopedic problem, and their nursing research has always been of great concern. This article systematically reviews the research progress of nursing care for elderly osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures by searching and organizing relevant literature. The content mainly includes the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and current status of nursing interventions for fractures.
文章引用:马红国, 王梦婷, 高永昌. 老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折医护联合干预研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(6): 1024-1029. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1461873

1. 引言

随着人口老龄化及人们对生活质量的重视,骨质疏松症日渐成为困扰老年人的一个社会问题[1]。老年性骨质疏松及其引起的骨折给医学及社会带来的难题也越来越受到重视。骨质疏松症的发病率已经跃居世界各种常见病的第7位。骨质疏松性骨折是骨质疏松症的严重后果,而骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折(OVCF)又是其中最常见的类型[2]。老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折是随着人口老龄化趋势逐渐凸显的一项健康问题,可导致患者慢性背痛、失眠、活动减少、意志消沉、甚至生活难以自理,严重危害人们的健康,被称为无声的流行病[3]。通常骨质疏松引起的压缩性骨折是指老年人的原发性骨质疏松,导致的这种胸腰段的骨折,主要表现是胸腰背疼痛,尤其是活动时的疼痛尤为严重[4] [5]

正常人的椎体主要由小梁骨构成,它们纵横交错形成椎体的初级结构[6]。当外力作用于脊柱时,产生压缩力通过椎间盘传导到椎体终板,由小梁骨中心向四周扩散,在椎体内部形成应力,一旦应力超过小梁骨能承受的强度,小梁骨的结构就会破坏,失去稳定性,局部的裂隙进一步发展就会发生椎体骨折[7]。腰背部疼痛为老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折最主要的临床表现,是患者就诊的主要原因。骨折后,大部分患者腰背部出现急性疼痛,疼痛部位即伤椎处,翻身时疼痛明显加重,以至不能翻身,不敢下床[2]。患者长期保持疼痛最小的体位,背部肌肉长时间痉挛,可发生抽搐[8]。除此之外,还有部分患者除了表现骨折部位的局限性疼痛外,常表现为沿骨折部位神经走行的放射痛。腰背部压痛的同时伴有胸前、腹前区及髋关节,大腿等部分疼痛。由于患者早期未制动,常导致骨折椎体继续压缩变扁,骨折愈合差,发生进展性脊柱后凸畸形[9]

影像学检查是诊断老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折的主要手段。目前,OVCF的治疗方法包括保守疗法和手术疗法[10]。手术疗法包括微创手术和开放手术。保守疗法包括卧床休息、药物镇痛、支具外固定等[11]。但是保守治疗无法纠正脊柱畸形,且患者常存在较长时间的腰背痛[12]。目前没有研究表明,保守治疗中各个方法的治疗时间与疗效的关系,如卧床时间与骨折愈合的关系等。与抗骨质疏松治疗相结合,才能从根本上提高骨量及骨强度,减少再次骨折的发生率。随着对老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折的关注日益增加,相关护理研究也取得了一系列的进展。本文拟系统回顾和总结当前老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折护理领域的研究成果,为未来护理实践和研究提供参考。

2. 老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折的发病机制

老年人骨质疏松是老化过程中骨密度减少的结果,椎体压缩性骨折通常与骨质疏松密切相关[12]。老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折的发病机制涉及多个因素,主要包括骨质疏松、椎体结构的改变和骨折的发生[13]。深入探讨老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折的发病机制,为护理干预提供理论基础。

骨质疏松是老年骨折的主要原因之一[14]。随着年龄的增长,骨组织的新陈代谢逐渐失衡,骨形成的速度逐渐减缓,而骨质吸收的速度相对较快,导致骨密度下降。骨质疏松使得骨骼变得脆弱,容易发生骨折[15]。随着年龄增长,椎体的结构也会发生改变。椎体逐渐失去密度和强度,椎间盘变得干燥、扁平,这使得脊椎整体变得更加脆弱,从而增加了发生椎体压缩性骨折的风险[16]。即使是轻微的创伤或微小的应力,如弯腰、提重物或突然的扭曲动作,都可能对已经脆弱的椎体产生过大的压力,导致椎体压缩性骨折的发生[17]

激素在骨骼的健康中扮演着重要的角色[18]。随着女性进入更年期,雌激素水平下降,可能导致骨质疏松的进一步发展[19]。男性在老年时睾丸激素水平下降也可能对骨密度产生不利影响[20]。缺乏足够的营养,特别是钙和维生素D,会影响骨骼的健康,可能导致骨质疏松和骨折的风险增加。遗传因素也可能对老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折的发病机制起到一定作用。天生骨骼结构较脆弱,容易受到外部刺激而发生骨折[21]。综合来看,老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折是多因素作用的结果,及时的预防和治疗对于减缓这一过程的发展至关重要。

3. 临床表现与诊断方法

老年患者的骨折症状可能不典型,容易被忽视,因此及时准确的诊断显得尤为重要[22] [23]。通过系统梳理临床症状和各种影像学检查手段,提供更全面的诊断工具。老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折的临床表现可以包括一系列症状和体征,而诊断通常依赖于临床症状、影像学检查和其他相关检查[24]

骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折可能引起剧烈的背部疼痛,疼痛通常集中在椎体骨折的区域[25]。多次发生椎体压缩性骨折可能导致脊椎的塌陷,从而使身高减小。疼痛和姿势的改变可能导致运动受限,尤其是在弯曲或扭转身体时。严重的椎体骨折可能导致神经受压,引起下肢感觉异常、无力或尿潴留等症状[26]

老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折的临床评估首先会通过病史询问和体格检查来评估患者的症状和体征,特别关注背部疼痛、身高变化和姿势改变等。X射线是最常用的影像学检查,能够显示椎体的形态和结构是否异常[27]。通过双能X射线吸收测定(DEXA)等方法测量骨密度,帮助评估骨质疏松的程度[28]。MRI能够更清晰地显示软组织,对于评估椎间盘状态和神经受压情况较为敏感[29]。对于复杂的椎体骨折或需要更详细的骨结构信息时,CT扫描可能被使用[30]

实验室检查,血液中的钙、磷和骨代谢标志物等可以提供一些关于骨代谢状况的信息。在一些情况下,可能需要通过椎体骨折的手术获取组织样本进行病理学检查,以明确病因。

4. 老年骨折的医护联合干预

护理干预是老年骨折治疗的重要组成部分[31]。老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折的医护联合干预旨在减轻疼痛、促进康复、防止骨折再次发生,并提高患者的生活质量[32]。对于疼痛症状,可由医生建议或开具适当的镇痛药物,如非甾体抗炎药。此外,在护理人员陪同下行避免激发疼痛的活动也是重要的。在初期,患者可能需要严格的卧床休息,以减轻椎体的压力,促使骨折愈合。但过度卧床也会导致肺部感染和肌肉萎缩,因此需在医生的建议下逐渐增加活动[33]。适当的姿势支持,如使用支持性枕头或床垫,有助于减轻患者的不适感。适度的康复运动对于恢复患者的肌肉力量和韧性非常重要,包括改善姿势、增强核心肌群等[34]。针对需要支持的患者,可能会使用助行器或支具,以减轻椎体的负担,改善行走的稳定性。确保患者摄取足够的钙和维生素D,对于骨骼健康至关重要[35]。骨折和骨质疏松可能对患者的心理健康造成影响,提供心理支持和教育,帮助患者理解和应对疾病,促进康复。定期随访医生,监测骨折的康复情况,并调整治疗计,医生可能会进行影像学检查,以确保骨折愈合并评估骨质疏松的状况[36] [37]。患者避免摔倒和其他可能导致骨折的危险行为,提高生活中的安全性。患者和医护团队之间的有效沟通和密切合作对于实施上述护理干预是至关重要的。综合的医护联合诊疗计划有助于提高患者的生活质量,减少并发症,促进骨折的愈合和预防未来的骨折[38]

5. 存在问题与展望

当前老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折的医护联合研究尚存在一些问题,涉及到患者的生活质量、医疗资源的利用以及社会成本,多学科协同工作不足、个体化治疗方案的不足等。随着人口老龄化,老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折的发病率呈上升趋势,给社会医疗系统带来压力。早期的骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折可能没有明显的症状,使得诊断变得困难,延缓了治疗的时机。患有一次骨折的老年人更容易再次发生骨折,进一步增加了患者的病症和治疗难度。疼痛、身高减小、运动受限等症状使患者的生活质量下降,尤其是对日常活动和社交生活的参与。长期的治疗、康复和护理对患者和家庭经济造成负担,并对医疗资源和社会保健体系提出了挑战。

对这些问题进行分析,并展望未来可能的研究方向,以期为老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折患者的医护联合研究提供更有针对性的方法和策略。加强对骨质疏松的早期预防和筛查工作,通过骨密度测量等手段,及早发现高风险群体,实施预防措施。更加个体化的治疗方案,根据患者的病情、骨质疏松的程度和其他健康状况,制定更精准的个体化治疗计划。持续研究和开发新型的药物,提高骨密度、减缓骨质流失的速度,以及促进骨折愈合。进一步创新康复治疗,包括物理治疗、康复运动等,以促进患者的康复和减轻疼痛。提供更多的社会支持和教育,帮助患者和家属更好地理解骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折,提高自我管理能力。利用科技手段,如远程医疗、智能康复设备等,提高患者的医疗服务水平。

6. 结语

老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折的护理研究是一个不断发展的领域,通过对现有研究的整理和总结,有助于深入了解这一问题,并为未来的临床实践提供科学的参考。综合来看,对老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折问题的解决需要多方面的综合干预,包括预防、诊断、治疗和康复等方面的努力。随着医学科技的不断进步和对该领域研究的深入,可以期待在未来能够更好地解决这一问题,提高患者的生活质量。

NOTES

*共同第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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