子宫内膜异位症相关性卵巢癌的研究进展与治疗现状
Research Progress and Treatment Status of Endometriosis-Related Ovarian Cancer
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1461815, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 8  浏览: 20 
作者: 朱 静*, 翁誉文, 余平月:暨南大学第二临床医学院,广东 深圳
关键词: 子宫内膜异位症相关性卵巢癌研究进展治疗Endometriosis Associated Ovarian Cancer Research Progress Treatment
摘要: 近年来,子宫内膜异位症相关性卵巢癌的研究取得了重大进展。本文全面回顾了EAOC的发病机制、风险因素、诊断方法和治疗策略的最新研究成果。研究显示,遗传突变如ARID1A和PI3K/AKT通路的异常活化是EAOC发病的重要因素。此外,患者的遗传背景、生活方式和环境因素也与EAOC的风险密切相关。在诊断方面,新型生物标志物和先进的成像技术正在被开发以提高早期诊断的准确性。治疗方面,除了传统的手术和化疗,靶向疗法和免疫治疗显示了良好的治疗前景。特别是,PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在提高某些EAOC患者的生存率方面表现出较大潜力。未来研究需要进一步探索EAOC的病理机制,优化诊断策略,并发展更加个性化的治疗方案。
Abstract: Recent years have seen significant advancements in the study of endometriosis associated ovarian cancer (EAOC). This article provides a comprehensive review of the latest research findings on the pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic strategies for EAOC. Studies indicate that genetic mutations such as ARID1A and aberrant activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway are crucial factors in the development of EAOC. Additionally, the genetic background, lifestyle, and environmental factors of patients are closely associated with the risk of EAOC. In terms of diagnosis, novel biomarkers and advanced imaging techniques are being developed to enhance the accuracy of early detection. Therapeutically, beyond traditional surgery and chemotherapy, targeted therapies and immunotherapies have shown promising prospects. Particularly, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have demonstrated substantial potential in improving survival rates for certain EAOC patients. Future research needs to further explore the pathological mechanisms of EAOC, optimize diagnostic strategies, and develop more personalized treatment plans.
文章引用:朱静, 翁誉文, 余平月. 子宫内膜异位症相关性卵巢癌的研究进展与治疗现状[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(6): 594-601. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1461815

1. 引言

子宫内膜异位症是育龄妇女常见的一种良性慢性疾病,子宫内膜组织生长在子宫腔以外的整个腹腔和盆腔内。这些异位组织的生长受到雌激素的调控,并遵循激素周期的规律,从而引起周期性的症状,例如痛经、经期延长及月经量增多。此外,子宫内膜异位症还可能引起局部症状,如排尿障碍、排便困难及性交疼痛[1]。除了引起慢性疼痛,子宫内膜异位症还与不孕症及增加某些癌症风险相关,其中包括子宫内膜异位症相关性卵巢癌(Endometriosis Associated Ovarian Cancer, EAOC) [2]

2. EAOC的流行病学特点

约有0.5%~1%的子宫内膜异位症患者受到不同类型卵巢肿瘤的影响,而0.14%~2.9%的子宫内膜异位症患者会发生EAOC [3] [4]。在EAOC中,最常见的组织类型是透明细胞卵巢癌(Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma, OCCC)、子宫内膜样癌(Endometrioid Ovarian Carcinomas, EOC)和低级别浆液性卵巢癌[5]。一些研究表明,非典型子宫内膜异位症(Atypical Endometriosis, AE)——即组织学上发现的细胞学不典型性和结构不典型性或增生,是这些特定肿瘤组织型的直接前兆:12%~35%的卵巢子宫内膜异位症病例中存在AE,约60%~80%的EAOC伴随AE发生[6]

3. EAOC的发病机制

在探讨子宫内膜异位症向EAOC的恶性转化过程中,两种潜在机制备受关注。首先,子宫内膜异位囊肿中的周期性出血可导致血液成分如细胞外血红蛋白、铁和血红素的积聚,这些成分通过增加活性氧的生成,引发细胞的氧化损伤。这种氧化应激不仅可能诱发DNA损伤,还可触发肿瘤相关基因突变,从而增加了EAOC的发生风险。其次,子宫内膜异位细胞在巨噬细胞的帮助下,可能会增强其抗氧化防御能力,以适应氧化应激,这种增强的抗氧化能力可能影响氧化还原信号转导、能量代谢和肿瘤免疫微环境,进一步可能导致肿瘤的恶性转化[7]。此外,还观察到特定的分子改变,包括ARID1A/BAF250a、PIK3CA、CTNNB1和PTEN基因的突变,以及微卫星不稳定性和杂合性缺失,这些变化进一步揭示了EAOC发展的分子机制[8]-[11]。这些机制的深入理解对于发展针对性的治疗策略和改善患者的临床管理具有重要意义。

4. EAOC的风险因素及诊断标准

4.1. EAOC的风险因素

在研究子宫内膜异位症向卵巢癌转变的过程中,一些关键的风险因素被广泛关注。例如,增加的排卵次数(月经初潮早或绝经晚) [12]、较少的怀孕次数(包括不孕或无排卵情况) [13]以及较短的哺乳期[14]都与卵巢癌的发生密切相关[15]。这些因素通常与雌激素过多和孕激素不足的内分泌失衡有关,这种失衡状态促进了内膜异位相关卵巢癌(EOAC)的发展[16]

此外,与荷尔蒙和生殖相关的其他因素,如口服避孕药的使用[17]、输卵管结扎[18]、多囊卵巢综合征[19]、参与休闲体育活动[20]、激素治疗[21]以及肥胖[22],均对子宫内膜异位症和卵巢癌的风险产生影响。特别是子宫内膜囊肿,作为发展为卵巢癌的一个重要风险因素,需要持续监测[23]。在临床上,使用超声技术区分良性的子宫内膜异位症(俗称“巧克力囊肿”)与早期卵巢癌仍然是一大挑战[24]

除了高水平的雌激素和子宫内膜囊肿之外,环境毒素的暴露,如二恶英、邻苯二甲酸盐、酒精、咖啡、吸烟以及不良的饮食习惯也被认为对疾病的发展有潜在影响[25]-[28]。最后,遗传易感性在从良性子宫内膜异位症到恶性卵巢癌的转变中起着决定性的作用。

4.2. EAOC的临床症状及诊断标准

EAOC作为一种独特的卵巢癌亚型,展现出与子宫内膜异位症密切相关的多种临床特征。EAOC患者通常表现出腹痛、腹部膨胀、尿频以及不规则出血等症状,与传统卵巢癌的临床表现相似,但往往在更年轻的患者群体中被诊断,这与子宫内膜异位症的发病年龄相关。EAOC的肿瘤通常呈囊性结构,内部可能充满血性或“巧克力样”积液,源于子宫内膜异位囊肿的破裂和慢性出血。在诊断EAOC时,影像学检查与血液标记物CA-125的监测是常用的方法,而详细的病史调查和症状描述对早期诊断尤为重要,为了有效区分EAOC与良性子宫内膜异位囊肿或交界性肿瘤,目前采用了Sampson和Scott的诊断标准。这些标准包括:1) 癌症和子宫内膜异位症必须在同一卵巢中共存;2) 肿瘤的组织结构需与子宫内膜间质相似;3) 需要排除任何可能导致卵巢受影响的转移性肿瘤;4) 必须有明确的组织病理学证据显示从良性子宫内膜异位症到恶性肿瘤的转变[29] [30]。这一系列标准帮助临床医生在诊断过程中作出准确判断,以区分EAOC与其他类似病变。

5. EAOC的治疗

5.1. 手术治疗

在治疗上皮性卵巢癌和子宫内膜异位症相关性卵巢癌时,初级治疗通常包括首次手术剥除,随后接受基于铂类药物的化疗。手术治疗的主要目标是尽可能彻底地切除肿瘤肿块,对于EAOC患者,手术还包括切除子宫内膜异位症病灶及其相关的卵巢肿块。考虑到EAOC患者通常年龄较小,尤其是对于有生育需求的女性,保留卵巢功能是治疗中的一个重要考量。虽然与非EAOC患者相比,子宫内膜异位症相关的卵巢癌在卵巢剥除手术的成功率较高[31],但研究表明,无论是EAOC还是非EAOC患者,在经历标准的细胞剥除手术及基于紫杉类和铂类药物的化疗后,治疗效果并无显著差异[32]。因此,EAOC较好的预后很可能与其疾病的早期发现和低恶性程度有关[33]

5.2. 化疗

在治疗卵巢癌(包括EAOC)的过程中,除手术外,辅助化疗作为标准治疗方案对于晚期卵巢癌尤其重要[34]。常用的化疗药物包括铂类药物(如顺铂、卡铂)和紫杉醇等类固醇类药物[35]。然而,对于卵巢透明细胞癌(OCCC)这一亚型,化疗的反应率较低[36],主要原因可能是其基因的稳定性和生长速度较慢。目前,尽管铂基化疗是治疗这类癌症的主要方法,但尚无更有效的替代疗法。研究表明,对于卵巢透明细胞癌,全腹部放射治疗在手术后可能比单纯化疗更为有效,在1996~2004年间16名OCCC患者接受了初次剥离手术,并在术后接受了全服放射治疗,与12名接受术后铂类化疗的患者相比,他们的五年OS和DFS分别为81.8%、33.3%和81.2%、25.0% (P = 0.031和P = 0.006) [37]。也有研究发现,接受放疗和化疗的患者预后更好,尤其是在早期卵巢透明细胞癌患者中,联合治疗方案能显著降低复发率,尽管这种治疗并没有显著改善总生存期[38]。对于晚期OCCC患者,由于她们对常规化疗的耐药性[39],放疗在提高生存率方面显示出潜在的优势。综上所述,对于卵巢癌,尤其是卵巢透明细胞癌,切除手术后的以铂类和紫杉类为基础的化疗仍是首选治疗方法[40]。然而,对于化疗表现出耐药性的晚期CCC患者,考虑联合放疗可能会提供更好的治疗效果。

5.3. 激素治疗

在子宫内膜样卵巢癌治疗中,激素治疗是有效的全身治疗选项之一[41]。黄体酮受体(PR)的高表达与良好的预后相关,表明其作为治疗靶点的潜力。而雌激素受体α的表达丧失及雌激素受体βγ的高表达则可能与较差的生存率相关[42] [43],这反映了激素受体在子宫内膜样卵巢癌预后中的重要角色。此外,通过分子建模开发的新型雌二醇–三唑类似物,可针对表皮生长因子受体/介原激活蛋白激酶通路[44],展现了卵巢癌治疗的新途径。这些发现强调了激素受体表达水平在疾病管理和治疗选择中的重要性,也指出了继续探索新治疗药物的必要性。

5.4. 靶向治疗

在子宫内膜异位症相关性卵巢癌(EAOC)中,靶向治疗的使用是一个不断发展的领域,涉及多种治疗策略来干预肿瘤的分子病理进程。

贝伐单抗(Bevacizumab)是一种针对血管内皮生长因子的抗体,通过抑制肿瘤血管生成,从而限制肿瘤的生长和扩散。在卵巢癌治疗中,贝伐单抗通常与化疗联合使用,以增强治疗效果,并有助于改善患者的生存率。这种联合疗法已被证实可以在卵巢癌治疗中产生协同效应,改善药物敏感性。

PARP抑制剂包括奥拉帕利(Olaparib)、尼拉帕利(Niraparib)和鲁卡帕利(Rucaparib)等,这些药物针对具有BRCA1/2基因突变的肿瘤细胞,利用合成致死原理,通过抑制PARP酶的活性来阻断DNA单链断裂的修复机制。这导致DNA损伤的积累,进而引起肿瘤细胞的死亡。对于BRCA突变的EAOC患者,PARP抑制剂已成为一种有效的一线治疗选择。

其他靶向治疗包括使用酪氨酸激酶抑制剂、MEK抑制剂和PI3K/mTOR/Akt抑制剂等。这些药物针对特定的信号通路,尝试抑制肿瘤的生长和存活。例如,mTOR/AKT抑制剂temsirolimus已在动物模型中显示出减少子宫内膜异位细胞增殖的潜力。尽管这些治疗的临床疗效可能有限,但它们为EAOC提供了潜在的新治疗策略。

5.5. 免疫治疗

免疫疗法正在成为治疗卵巢癌的一种前景广阔的方法,其作用也在不断发展。PD-1 (程序性细胞死亡蛋白-1)和PD-L1 (程序性死亡配体1)是免疫检查点的关键组成部分,它们在很多类型的癌症中起到抑制免疫系统的作用。在EAOC中,PD-1和PD-L1的表达通常高于良性病变,这使得针对这些蛋白的检查点抑制剂成为治疗的有力候选。这些抑制剂通过阻断PD-1与其配体PD-L1之间的相互作用,可以增强免疫系统对肿瘤细胞的攻击能力,从而提高治疗效果。

肿瘤突变负荷(TMB)是指肿瘤细胞中的突变数,这一指标已被证实可以预测肿瘤对免疫疗法的反应性。在EAOC中,高TMB可能表明更强的免疫反应,使免疫疗法更为有效。TMB作为一种生物标志物,可以帮助医生判断哪些患者更可能从免疫疗法中受益。

ARID1A的突变在许多EAOC中被观察到,并可能通过影响免疫调节环境的方式促进肿瘤生长。研究显示,ARID1A的突变可增加HDAC6的表达,进而影响免疫环境,如诱导IL-10的释放和巨噬细胞向M2型(促进肿瘤生长的免疫抑制型)的极化。因此,针对HDAC6的抑制剂,如vorinostat,可能作为治疗EAOC的新策略,通过改变肿瘤的免疫微环境来抑制肿瘤生长。

结合以上各种免疫疗法的应用,如检查点抑制剂、利用TMB作为指导以及靶向调节免疫环境的策略,可以形成一个综合的治疗方案,以提高EAOC患者的治疗效果和生存率。未来的研究需要进一步探索这些策略的最佳组合和个体化应用,以最大限度地利用免疫疗法在EAOC中的潜力。通过这些前沿的研究和策略,免疫疗法在EAOC的治疗中正变得日益重要,提供了新的希望和可能性,对于提高患者的生存率和生活质量具有重大意义。

6. EAOC的研究进展和不足

EAOC研究领域虽已取得一些进展,如对分子机制的深入理解及靶向与免疫治疗策略的开发,但仍面临多项挑战。在EAOC的诊断领域,近年来的研究取得了显著进展,特别是在生物标志物的发现、成像技术的改进、基因和表观遗传学变化的研究以及风险评估和早期检测方法的开发方面。同时,当前研究揭示了若干关键基因突变和信号通路异常,如ARID1A和PI3K/AKT,为EAOC提供了潜在的治疗靶点。同时,PARP抑制剂和PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂的应用展示了治疗的新方向。尽管如此,EAOC的病理机制复杂,现有的生物标志物不足以全面预测疾病进展或治疗响应,大规模有效的临床试验的设计和实施也因疾病罕见性和异质性而充满挑战。因此,未来研究需要更多地关注疾病的精确分子分类、有效生物标志物的开发以及创新治疗方法,同时加强对EAOC转化机制的研究,以便为临床预防和治疗策略提供科学依据。

7. 结语

总体而言,对子宫内膜异位症相关性卵巢癌(EAOC)的理解在过去几年已经取得了显著的进步。科学家们已经揭示了多个关键的分子通路,识别了新的遗传标志物,并针对这种复杂疾病提出了创新的治疗策略,如靶向疗法和免疫疗法。尽管如此,EAOC的治疗仍面临着多方面的挑战,包括疾病的早期诊断、治疗个体化以及管理复发性疾病的有效策略。未来的研究需要继续深入探索EAOC的病理生理机制,改进诊断工具,优化治疗方案,并加强多学科合作,以提高患者的生存率和生活质量。随着研究的深入和技术的发展,我们有理由相信,对EAOC的治疗将变得更加精准和有效。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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