针灸在缓解绝经后乳腺癌患者使用芳香化酶抑制剂引起的关节痛中的应用研究
A Study on the Application of Acupuncture in Alleviating Aromatase Inhibitor-Induced Joint Pain in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Patients
DOI: 10.12677/jcpm.2024.32060, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 18  浏览: 41 
作者: 赵 菊*, 王淼舟#:青海大学附属肿瘤医院乳腺疾病诊疗中心,青海 西宁
关键词: 针灸治疗电针芳香化酶抑制剂关节痛乳腺癌Acupuncture Treatment Electroacupuncture Aromatase Inhibitors Joint Pain Breast Cancer
摘要: 随着乳腺癌内分泌治疗的发展,乳腺癌患者在绝经后使用芳香化酶抑制剂(AIs)治疗激素受体阳性乳腺癌复发时,可能会经历与关节痛相关的副作用,并有可能导致患者过早停止AI治疗。针灸作为传统中医疗法之一,被越来越多的患者用于缓解关节痛症状。本文通过系统地回顾和分析近年的研究文献,发现针灸作为非药物治疗方法,在减轻绝经后乳腺癌患者因芳香化酶抑制剂治疗引起的关节痛方面表现显著,并能提高患者的生活质量。尽管已有一些积极的研究成果,但目前对针灸治疗绝经后乳腺癌患者使用芳香化酶抑制剂引起的关节痛的研究仍存在争议和局限。未来的研究需更深入探讨针灸的疗效、作用机制以及治疗方案的优化。
Abstract: With the development of endocrine therapy for the treatment of breast cancer, postmenopausal breast cancer patients who use aromatase inhibitors (AIs) to treat hormone receptor-positive breast cancer recurrence may experience joint pain-related side effects, which could potentially lead to premature discontinuation of AI treatment. Acupuncture, as one of the traditional Chinese medical treatments, is being used by an increasing number of patients to alleviate joint pain symptoms. This paper provides a systematic review and analysis of recent research literature, which reveals that acupuncture, as a non-pharmacological treatment approach, effectively reduces joint pain in postmenopausal breast cancer patients undergoing aromatase inhibitor therapy. Additionally, acupuncture is shown to improve the quality of life of these patients. Despite some positive research findings, there is still controversy and limitations in the current studies on acupuncture treatment for joint pain caused by the use of aromatase inhibitors in postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Further research should conduct comprehensive investigations into the efficacy of acupuncture, its mechanisms of action, and the refinement of treatment protocols.
文章引用:赵菊, 王淼舟. 针灸在缓解绝经后乳腺癌患者使用芳香化酶抑制剂引起的关节痛中的应用研究[J]. 临床个性化医学, 2024, 3(2): 410-417. https://doi.org/10.12677/jcpm.2024.32060

1. 引言

乳腺癌是世界范围内女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一[1]。它由乳腺上皮细胞在多种致癌因子的影响下出现异常增殖,导致疾病的进展。依据免疫组织化学方法检测雌激素受体(estrogen receptor, ER)、孕激素受体(progesterone receptor, PR)、人类表皮生长因子受体-2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor, HER-2)和肿瘤细胞增殖相关抗原Ki-67,将乳腺癌分为Luminal A型、Luminal B型、HER-2过表达型及三阴性[2]。约75%的乳腺癌患者为激素受体阳性[3],芳香化酶抑制剂(AI)是绝经后雌激素受体阳性乳腺癌女性的典型标准辅助治疗[4]。虽然治疗有效,但服用AI会引发骨关节症状(AIMSS),这是AI最常见的不良反应之一。这些症状主要包括肌肉和关节疼痛、关节僵硬以及血脂异常等[5] [6] [7]

这可能降低患者的依从性,通常导致过早停药[8]。在患有与AI相关的关节症状的患者中,大约有三分之二的人经历了中度至重度的症状。高达50%的接受芳香化酶抑制剂(AI)的女性会出现与AI相关的肌肉骨骼症状(AIMSS),而有15%的女性会停止治疗[9]。过早停药对乳腺癌患者的无病生存率和总体生存率产生负面影响。AIMSS属于中医学中的“痹痛”范畴。针灸作为中医治疗痹痛的有效方法之一,具有疏通经络、调节阴阳和调和脏腑气血的作用。它对神经性疼痛、癌性疼痛、术后放化疗的不良反应以及其他类型的疼痛都有一定的治疗效果[10]

针灸作为一种有前途的替代或补充疗法,在管理与芳香化酶抑制剂治疗相关的关节症状方面引起了人们的关注。针灸是中国传统医学的一部分,它涉及到在特定的身体点上插入细针,以刺激和恢复身体的能量流动[11] [12]。通过调节神经内分泌通路和促进抗炎作用的机制,针灸可能提供一种安全有效的方法来缓解绝经后乳腺癌患者接受芳香化酶抑制剂治疗的关节症状。鉴于针灸在这一特定背景下的应用相对较新,本综述旨在增进对针灸在管理关节症状中的作用的理解,为未来的研究提供见解,最终改善这类患者的预防和治疗。

2. 芳香化酶抑制剂与关节痛的关联

2.1. AIs的作用与AIA的诊断

芳香化酶(aromatase),亦称CYP19A1,主要分布在卵巢、睾丸和脂肪组织中。在其他组织中,其表达水平相对较低[12]。AIs通过阻断含芳香化酶的组织合成雌激素,从而显著降低血清和肿瘤组织中的雌激素水平[13]。AIs相关骨关节痛(AIA)是AIs治疗中最常见的不良反应之一。诊断标准如下[5] [12]:1) 患者是乳腺癌幸存者,服用AIs后出现关节疼痛,停药2周后关节疼痛缓解,再次服用AIs疼痛复现;2) 患者出现关节疼痛症状,通常涉及双侧关节,可能涉及多个关节[14],中位发病时间为服药后1.6 (0.4, 10)个月,症状出现高峰时间为服用AIs后6个月左右[15];3) 次要标准是对称性关节疼痛、手或手腕疼痛、腕管综合征、握力下降、晨僵和活动后症状可改善等。虽然这个定义尚未得到广泛的国际认可,但它为AIA的诊断提供了指导。

2.2. AIs诱导AIA的机制

目前,AIs引发低激素水平诱导骨关节痛的机制理论较为公认,但AI相关关节痛的具体机制尚不明确:1) 雌激素剥夺可能与炎症系统和软骨的影响有关,低雌激素水平可能诱导炎症性细胞因子的产生及增加[16],如白细胞介素1β (IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α)的释放;2) AI引发的低雌激素状态可能会加速富含微小骨梁的骨部位的骨丢失,雌激素缺乏可能改变成骨细胞和破骨细胞功能的动态平衡[17] [18];3) 雌激素可能通过脊髓卡帕–阿片类镇痛系统介导调节疼痛阈值[19],当雌激素水平低时,大脑内源性阿片类物质的产生可能减少,导致痛觉阈值降低[20]

2.3. AIA发生的预测分险因素

AIA的发生率接近50%,并且在接受AI治疗的患者中,超过10%的患者因此停止了治疗。

研究显示,AIA的发生与以下因素相关:1) 自末次月经以来的时间(LMP),日本和美国的一项研究报告指出,5年内患有LMP的女性中,AIMSS的发生率为45%~73%,而超过5年的女性为25%~35% [21];2) 体重指数(BMI)在25~30 Kg/m2范围内的人群,其AIA风险通常低于BMI小于25 Kg/m2的人群[22];3) 先前接受过紫杉烷化疗的患者,其AIA风险更高[14];4) 既往接受过内分泌治疗的患者,AIA患病率更高;5) 临床分期。III期相比I期,AIA风险较低[22]

3. 针灸作为治疗关节痛的方法

3.1. 针灸治疗的基本原理和机制

针灸是中国传统医学的一种疗法,它通过刺激人体特定穴位来调节身体功能,基本原理和机制主要包括[23] [24] [25]:1) 神经调节机制:通过刺激穴位,针灸可以通过神经传导路径影响中枢神经系统,调节身体功能。这包括改变神经元的兴奋性和抑制性,以及调节脑神经递质的释放;2) 血流和淋巴循环的影响:刺激穴位有助于改善局部的血液和淋巴循环,促进氧气和营养物质的供应,有助于组织功能恢复;3) 内分泌系统调节:针灸能影响激素水平,调节代谢功能和内分泌平衡;4) 免疫调节:刺激穴位可以增强机体的抵抗力和免疫功能。

3.2. 针灸在缓解其他疼痛症状方面的研究结果

多项研究[26] [27] [28]提供了针灸缓解各类疼痛症状的证据,同时,针灸在关节痛的研究和临床应用方面也展现出积极成效。1) 骨关节炎:一项系统评价和荟萃分析发现[29],针灸对骨关节炎相关关节痛的治疗具有积极效果,为针灸在此领域的临床效果提供了有力支持;2) 类风湿性关节炎:研究表明[30] [31],针灸能减轻患者的关节痛和炎症反应,显著提高生活质量,针灸在其综合治疗方案中发挥了重要作用。3) 骨质疏松症:研究发现[32] [33],针灸能缓解骨质疏松症患者的关节痛,减轻症状并提高功能。4) 针灸治疗慢性关节痛:大量临床研究和系统回顾分析[29] [34],针灸能有效缓解慢性关节痛,包括骨关节病、滑膜炎、肩周炎等,但因个体差异,不同患者的反应可能会有所不同。

4. 针灸治疗绝经后乳腺癌患者AIs引起AIA的研究进展

4.1. 针灸在治疗AIS引起AIA的研究机制(表1)

针灸在应对AI引发的AIA方面的研究机制仍在进一步探讨。当前已经较全面研究的机制包括:1) 内源性阿片肽被视为针刺在中枢神经系统作用的关键因素。研究发现,针刺可使人体血浆和脑脊液中阿片肽含量增加[35] [36],且这一作用能被阿片受体拮抗剂纳洛酮所抵消。此外,一项II期随机对照试验(RCT)已经证实,电针(EA)治疗AIs引起AIA的短期疗效和安全性,揭示了电针对内源性阿片系统(包括脑啡肽、β-内啡肽和内啡肽)及疼痛减轻的显著生理作用[37]。2) 中医的经络系统被视为一种全身性的能量传递过程,称为“气血”。衡量经络能量变化已被用作评估研究干预有效性的新方法,该理论建立在传统中医的基础上[38]。然而,在西医中,这一理论仍存在争议;3) 另一种提出的机制是针灸能改善血流,有报告称针灸后,人体局部和远端肌肉的血流量会增加[39] [40]

Table 1. Current research progress on acupuncture treatment for AIA

1. 关于针灸治疗AIA的现有研究进展

干预/作者

类型

总数

分组

针灸类别(周)

显著结局

针灸

Katherine D et al.

(2007) [14]

RCT

N = 21

TA = 21

全身针/耳针(6)

是。第6周时最严重疼痛

5.3 VS 3.3 (P = 0.01)

针灸

Katherine D et al.

(2012) [22]

RCT

N = 43,

n = 38

TA = 20,

SA = 18

真针/假针灸(6)

是。6周时平均BPI-SF最严重疼痛评分(3.0 VS 5.5; P = 0.001)

针灸

Ting Bao et al.

(2013) [9]

RCT

N = 51,

n = 47

TA = 23,

SA = 24

真针/假针灸(8)

否。真实的组和假手术组在8周时的VAS评分相似(P = 0.31)

电针

B Oh et al.

(2013) [41]

RCT

N = 32

TA = 15,

SA = 14

真电/假电针(6)

否。真电针/假电针组6周时评分相近。

(P = 0.296)

电针

Mao Jun J et al.

(2014) [8]

RCT

N = 67

TA = 22,

SA = 2,

WLC = 23

真电针/假电针/等待候补组(8)

是。真针灸组/空白对照组

(−2.2 vs. −0.2, P = 0.0004)

电针

Dawn L Hershman et al.

(2018) [42]

RCT

N = 226

TA = 110,

SA = 59,

WLC = 57

真电针/假电针/等待候补组(6)

是。BPI-WP评分平均下降了2.05分(减轻疼痛)真针灸VS假针灸(P = 0.01)。

电针

Dawn L Hershman et al.

(2022) [10]

RCT

N = 226

TA = 110,

SA = 59,

WLC = 57

真电针/假电针/等待候补组(6/52)

是。52周时TA组的BPI-WP降低了2.72分(疼痛减轻) TA和SA组之间BPI-WP评分差异为1.08分(P = 0.01)

4.2. 分析针灸治疗AIA的安全性、副作用及长期效果

激素受体阳性乳腺癌患者在服用芳香化酶抑制剂后,可能会出现骨相关关节疼痛(AIA)。治疗方法包括针灸、电针、假针灸、理疗、常规疼痛或抗炎药、抗抑郁药、锻炼、生物制品、双磷酸盐和维生素D等。其中,针灸因其副作用小、耐受性好和历史悠久,已成为一种备受欢迎的替代治疗方式。主要的不良反应包括针刺点周围的轻微瘀血,以及操作者在针灸过程中可能对神经的不慎损伤,进一步引发关节痛等神经相关的不良反应。

研究存在几个局限性,包括样本量小,缺乏对针刺干预的盲法,这些都需要在更大的随机对照研究中得到证实。我们观察到血液中IL-17的显著降低(P ≤ 0.009),这引发了我们的思考:针灸治疗与外周血中炎症因子是否具有相关性,这一结论仍需进一步研究。大部分试验的结果基于相对短期的测量,而缺乏12个月以上的长期随访数据。2022年的研究强调了针刺反应具有1年的持久性,这也突显了设立SA和WC组以全面评估针刺干预效果的重要性。因此,进一步的大型随机对照研究必要,以完善上述不足,并进一步证实针灸治疗AIA的短期及长期疗效。

5. 总结与展望

针灸治疗乳腺癌芳香化酶抑制剂相关关节痛的研究中,研究的样本量从几十人到百人不等,大多数样本量少、针灸干预强度、研究周期、穴位选择不定,研究的结果虽足以说明针灸干预能有效缓解AIA症状,但大多数研究都没有长期随访,但基于目前研究结果,对AIA患者进行针灸/电针治疗总体上是安全的、副作用少,暂无不良事件的报道。目前,还需正在进一步的试验评估针灸方案的个性化方法;评估控制疼痛策略的干预措施在执行和说明方面可能具有挑战性。首先,疼痛是主观的,并且可以根据AI药物和研究干预以外的多种因素而变化,其次,该领域的很多专家都进行了大量的讨论,但对疼痛也没有统一的定义;然后,大多数的研究都选择安慰剂效应的方式,它是患者对参与治疗的反应,其中包括了操作者和环境变化的影响;最后,外周血中炎症因子变化与针灸治疗前后的疗效的关系需进一步明确。随着今后对针灸治疗AIA机制的进一步了解,和一些大型随机对照试验开展,这一领域的未来研究将得到加强。

作者贡献

赵菊、王淼舟对手稿的构思和起草做出了贡献,赵菊负责查阅文献及撰写文章,所有作者均参与了协调和文章的修改并批准了修改后的手稿。

创新性介绍

研究表明,针灸作为一种非药物干预手段,能有效缓解患者的关节痛症状。通过刺激特定的穴位,针灸可以调节人体的气血流动,改善病人的痛感和炎症反应。针灸还能促进机体的自愈能力,提高患者的生活质量。这些研究结果为乳腺癌患者在接受芳香化酶抑制剂治疗时提供了一种有效的辅助治疗方法。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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