恶性潜能未定的子宫平滑肌瘤1例并文献复习
Uterine Smooth Muscle Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential: A Case Report and Literature Review
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1461777, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 35  浏览: 65 
作者: 赵文迪, 周洋帆:青岛大学医学部,山东 青岛;初怡静, 刘 晴, 叶元华*:青岛大学附属医院产科,山东 青岛
关键词: 恶性潜能未定的子宫平滑肌瘤子宫肌瘤p16Uterine Smooth Muscle Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential Uterine Myoma p16
摘要: 目的:分析恶性潜能未定的子宫平滑肌瘤(STUMP)的临床特征、诊断、治疗及预后情况,并总结最新的诊断及治疗方法,以提高该病的诊治水平。方法:回顾性分析了一例STUMP患者的临床资料,并复习了国内外相关文献。对患者的临床表现、诊断方法、治疗措施和预后进行了详细讨论。结果:STUMP的临床表现缺乏特异性,诊断主要依赖于组织病理学检查。目前尚无统一的治疗指南,但手术仍是主要治疗方式。STUMP的总生存率较高,但存在一定的复发率,规律随访对于早期发现复发病灶至关重要。
Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of uterine smooth muscle tumors of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP), and to summarize the latest diagnostic and treatment methods to enhance the management level of this disease. Methods: A retrospective analysis of clinical data from a case of STUMP was conducted, and relevant literature from domestic and international sources was reviewed. Detailed discussions were conducted on the clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, treatment measures, and prognosis of the patient. Conclusion: The clinical manifestations of STUMP lack specificity, and diagnosis primarily relies on histopathological examination. Currently, there is no unified treatment guideline, but surgery remains the main treatment modality. STUMP has a relatively high overall survival rate, but there is a certain recurrence rate, highlighting the importance of regular follow-up for early detection of recurrent lesions.
文章引用:赵文迪, 周洋帆, 初怡静, 刘晴, 叶元华. 恶性潜能未定的子宫平滑肌瘤1例并文献复习[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(6): 304-308. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1461777

1. 引言

根据世界卫生组织的分类,恶性潜能未定的子宫平滑肌瘤(Uterine Smooth Muscle Tumors of Uncertain Malignant Potential, STUMP)是一种罕见的肿瘤。其病理特征特别容易与平滑肌肿瘤(Leiomyomas, LM)相混淆,但不符合平滑肌肉瘤(Leiomyosarcoma, LMS)的诊断标准[1]。STUMP可以定义为不能明确诊断为良性或恶性的子宫平滑肌肿瘤。1994年斯坦福的大学提出了STUMP的典型的组织病理学特征,包括细胞异型性、有丝分裂指数和肿瘤细胞坏死[2]。Gupta等人详细描述了STUMP的组织学形态,并据此提出了STUMP的诊断建议[3] [4]。虽然STUMP的恶性潜力不高,但仍存在复发和转移可能[5]。目前尚无公认的诊断、治疗和随访指南,临床医师经验不足,影响疾病的诊治。现分析青岛大学附属医院收治的恶性潜能未定的子宫平滑肌瘤1例的诊疗经过并复习国内外文献,总结最新的诊断及治疗方法,以提高该病的诊治水平。

2. 病历资料

患者杨某,女,因“发现子宫肌瘤4年余,经量增多2月”于2023-05-03就诊于青岛大学附属医院妇科。患者自述4年前查体发现两枚子宫肌瘤,直径分别约1.7 cm、3.4 cm,无腹痛腹胀,无月经改变,未予重视。2月前开始出现月经量增多,伴有少量血块,约为既往月经量的1倍,无腰酸腰痛及下腹坠胀。超声示:子宫前位,约7.7 × 10.4 × 9.0 cm,包膜欠光滑,外形欠规则,肌层回声欠均匀,肌层内见2~3个低回声结节,大者:后壁8.7 × 8.2 × 5.8 cm (明显推压内膜,见范围约4.0 × 1.2 cm不规则形无回声区,透声欠佳),左侧壁6.0 × 5.1 × 4.1 cm (外突),均边界清,结论为子宫肌瘤,部分囊性变可能。CT示:子宫明显增大,形态饱满,可见团块状突起,结论为子宫肌瘤可能性大。患者于2023-05-05于我院行经腹子宫肌瘤切除术,术中见:子宫约3月孕大,探及多枚肌瘤,大者位于后壁,大小8 × 8 × 7 cm,手术顺利。术中冰冻病理示:(子宫肌瘤)平滑肌瘤。术后病理提示:(子宫肌瘤)平滑肌源性肿瘤,细胞丰富,轻–中度异型,可见奇异型核,核分裂像约6个/10HPF,未见确切坏死,意见为恶性潜能未定的平滑肌肿瘤(STUMP);请结合临床,建议密切随访。免疫组化结果:SMA(+),Caldesmon(+),CD10(−),FH(+),HMB45(−),ALK(5A4)( −),Ki-67(+,热点区约20%)。术后给予缩宫素促进子宫收缩、抗生素对症支持治疗,予出院。后复查彩色多普勒超声未见复发。

3. 讨论

3.1. 临床表现

STUMP的临床表现缺乏特异性,大多数患者无明显症状,部分患者的临床表现及行为与典型的子宫平滑肌瘤或子宫平滑肌肉瘤类似,包括异常子宫出血、盆腹腔包块、腹痛、腹胀、痛经、贫血、不孕症或由包块压迫所引起的临近器官压迫症状(如尿频、便秘等) [6] [7]

3.2. 诊断

STUMP术前诊断困难,研究表明,影像学检查(超声、核磁共振)无法有效区分STUMP与LM,因此极易误诊[8]。STUMP唯一有效的诊断方法是组织病理学检查。已有多位学者提出了STUMP的病理学诊断标准,目前国内多采用2018年Gupta提出的STUMP的组织病理学标准。因此病理诊断中,该肿瘤应有下述四条特征中的一条:

1) 平滑肌肿瘤,伴局灶或多灶的细胞学非典型(中至重度),无凝固性肿瘤坏死,核分裂6~9个/10HPF (对应2~4个/mm2);2) 无细胞学非典型或核分裂计数增加,但有明确的凝固性肿瘤坏死的平滑肌肿瘤;3) 核分裂计数升高(>15个/10HPF或>6个/mm2)、但并无凝固性肿瘤坏死或细胞学非典型的平滑肌肿瘤;4) 核分裂计数不确定,但有弥漫性细胞学非典型(中至重度)的平滑肌肿瘤[3]

3.3. 分子生物学特征

在分子水平上,STUMP表现出基因组的异质性,包括罕见的染色体改变到高度染色体不稳定性,以及染色体增益和拷贝数增加。[9]根据2019年AIOM指南中的内容(2019年10月更新),可以通过评估黄体酮受体(PgR)、p53和Ki67的表达来帮助病理学家鉴别诊断平滑肌肉瘤、平滑肌瘤和STUMP。另有部分研究指出了其他的可用于鉴别诊断的标志物,比如p16。P16是一种肿瘤抑制基因,在细胞周期调节中起着至关重要的作用,研究表明,免疫组化显示p16的表达随着肿瘤侵袭性增长而增加。有学者指出p16、p53和Ki67蛋白在平滑肌肉瘤中的表达似乎高于STUMPs [9] [10]。p16、p53和Ki67似乎是识别临床侵袭性平滑肌肿瘤最有用的免疫标志物。Travaglino等人最近的一项研究中得出结论,p53和p16可能有助于STUMP的风险评估,但它们不能单独用作预后标志物[11]。其他研究集中在B细胞淋巴瘤2 (Bcl-2)蛋白上,该蛋白调节细胞凋亡并可能启动细胞复制,使细胞独立于生长因子。Bcl-2在平滑肌瘤中的表达高于在平滑肌肉瘤和STUMP中的表达。许多文献中还描述了其他标志物,如基质金属蛋白酶2 (MMP 2)、细胞视黄醇结合蛋白-1 (CRBP 1)、EGFR和半乳糖凝集素-3,但还需要更多的研究来寻找有助于鉴别STUMP与平滑肌瘤和平滑肌肉瘤的分子因子[12] [13]

3.4. 治疗

由专业临床医生进行的腹腔镜手术是最佳的治疗方法,但在一项回顾性图表回顾中,Mowers等人评估了STUMP术中行肌瘤粉碎后的预后情况,得出的结论是,行肌瘤粉碎术后手术再探查时发现腹膜种植的可能性很高,腹膜种植肿瘤可能是良性的,也可能是恶性的[14],因此,必须避免分碎,以防止弥漫性腹膜种植的风险。对于有生育要求的STUMP患者,肌瘤剔除术应考虑为一线治疗方案,但是在制定手术方案时,需尽可能地评估患者术后妊娠的可能性以及患者对于STUMP潜在恶性潜能的接受程度,并且在生育后进行子宫切除术[10] [15] [16];对于绝经前无生育要求的STUMP患者,可以保留卵巢,切除子宫及双侧输卵管以降低STUMP复发风险;绝经后的STUMP患者建议行全子宫+双附件切除术。对于复发患者的治疗,不同文献存在显著的异质性,但手术仍为公认的治疗方法。少数文献尝试术后辅助治疗,包括化疗、内分泌治疗醋酸甲羟孕酮(MPA)、促性腺激素释放激素激动剂(GnRHa)、芳香化酶抑制剂以及放疗。但是,辅助治疗方法的选择似乎更多基于术者的偏好,并无明确的指导标准,并且辅助治疗的效果目前并无有效的研究证实。

3.5. 预后

文献报道,STUMP的5年总生存率约为92%~100%,5年无瘤生存率为66%~100%,复发率约3.6%~36.4%,复发为子宫平滑肌肉瘤的发生率约1.8%~14.3%,自初次手术至复发的时间间隔是15个月~9年,死亡率约0%~4.8% [15] [17] [18] [19]。一方面,规律随访可以尽早发现漏诊的病灶,Vilos等于2012年对相关文献进行回顾发现,在肌瘤剔除术后2年内接受全子宫切除术的14例STUMP患者中,2例(14.3%)发现病灶残留[18]。另一方面,规律随访可以监测肿瘤复发,及时治疗,避免延误病情。部分国内外学者建议,STUMP患者初次手术后,应每间隔6个月随访1次,持续5年;5年后可适当延长随访间隔为每年一次,总随访时间至少10年,可视情况酌情延长随访时间[16] [20] [21]

4. 总结

综上所述,STUMP是十分复杂的子宫平滑肌瘤,虽然较罕见,单仍具有比较合理的临床诊断管理体系,但STUMP的发病率较低,经评估和报告的病例数量十分有限,目前还没有针对STUMP制定相应的临床实践指南。如果经组织学检查诊断为STUMP,那么对于没有生育计划的女性实施全子宫切除术是金标准的治疗方法,但对于有保留子宫意愿的育龄期女性,建议采用保守的治疗方法和有效地监测方案,从而有效减少不良预后的发生。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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