影响新生儿早发型败血症相关急性肾损伤预后危险因素分析
Analysis of Risk Factors for the Prognosis of Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis Associated Acute Kidney Injury
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1461765, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 17  浏览: 27 
作者: 汪 漫, 李禄全, 李晓文*:重庆医科大学附属儿童医院新生儿诊治中心,国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心,儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室,儿童感染与免疫罕见病重庆市重点实验室,重庆
关键词: 新生儿早发型败血症急性肾损伤预后危险因素Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis Acute Kidney Injury Prognosis Risk Factor
摘要: 目的:分析新生儿早发型败血症(Early-Onset Sepsis, EOS)合并急性肾损伤(Actue Kidney Injury, AKI)患儿的临床资料,探索影响新生儿早发型败血症并发急性肾损伤(Early-Onset Sepsis Associated Acute Kidney Injury, ESA-AKI)预后的危险因素。方法:通过回顾分析2018年1月至2022年4月于我院新生儿科病房住院的符合ESA-AKI患儿的临床资料,研究期间共纳入90例患儿,根据出院时患儿的情况分为好转组(n = 66)和放弃/死亡组(n = 24),比较两组临床资料,分析影响新生儿ESA-AKI预后的危险因素。结果:单因素分析发现,与好转组相比,放弃/死亡组患儿母孕期糖尿病比例(8.3%对31.8%,P = 0.024)、入院时血肌酐值(72.6对130.6,P = 0.024)和血尿素氮值低(4.68对6.71,P = 0.025),女性比例高(62.5%对36.4%,P = 0.027),合并感染性休克(58.3%对28.8%,P = 0.010)、重度AKI(33.3%对3.0%,P = 0.000)比例高,多巴胺暴露率高(91.7%对71.2%,P = 0.042)。二元logistic回归分析发现女性(OR = 3.59, 95%CI: 1.08~12.05, P = 0.038)和重度AKI (OR = 14.31, 95%CI: 2.30~89.14, P = 0.004)是新生儿ESA-AKI预后的独立危险因素。结论:女性和重度AKI显著增加ESA-AKI患儿不良预后风险。
Abstract: Objective: The clinical data of neonates with early-onset sepsis (EOS) associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) were analyzed in order to explore the risk factors affecting the prognosis of neonatal early-onset sepsis associated with acute kidney injury (ESA-AKI). Methods: The clinical data of 90 neonates who met the diagnostic criteria for ESA-AKI and had completed clinical data from January 2018 to April 2022 were reviewed. A total of 90 neonates were included during the study period, according to the treatment outcome, the neonates were divided into the improvement group (n = 66) and the abandonment/death group (n = 24), and the clinical characteristics of the two groups were compared to analyze the risk factors affecting the prognosis of neonatal AKI. Results: Univariate analysis revealed that compared with the improvement group, the abandonment/death group had a lower proportion of maternal diabetes mellitus (8.3% VS 31.8%, P = 0.024), lower serum creatinine (72.6 VS 130.6, P = 0.024) and serum urea nitrogen values (4.68 VS 6.71, P = 0.025) on admission, a higher proportion of females (62.5% VS 36.4%, P = 0.027), a higher incidence of combined septic shock and severe AKI (33.3% VS 3.0%, P = 0.000), and a higher rate of using dobutamine (91.7% VS 71.2%, P = 0.042). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, it was found that females (OR = 3.59, 95%CI: 1.08~12.05, P = 0.038) and severe AKI (OR = 14.31, 95%CI: 2.30~89.14, P = 0.004) are independent risk factors for the prognosis of neonatal ESA-AKI. Conclusion: Female and severe AKI significantly increased the risk of poor prognosis in children with ESA-AKI.
文章引用:汪漫, 李禄全, 李晓文. 影响新生儿早发型败血症相关急性肾损伤预后危险因素分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(6): 213-220. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1461765

1. 引言

新生儿早发型败血症(Early-Onset Sepsis, EOS)是指新生儿出生后三天内被病原体感染所引起的全身炎症反应综合征,与新生儿不良预后相关。尽管临床治疗及护理方式不断优化,新生儿EOS仍然与高死亡率相关,早产儿尤甚,死亡率可高达33.3% [1] 。脓毒症是危重患者急性肾损伤(Acute Kidney Injury, AKI)常见病因,导致败血症相关AKI (Sepsis Associated Acute Kidney Injury, SA-AKI)的发生,增加慢性肾脏病 [2] 及高血压发病风险 [3] 。

与其他原因导致的AKI相比,SA-AKI患者更需要肾脏替代治疗(Renal Replacement, RRT),且与单纯脓毒血症相比,合并AKI患者的死亡率显著增高,AKI是重症脓毒血症患者死亡的独立危险因素 [4] [5] 。有文献报道儿童SA-AKI的总体死亡可达17%~19.8% [5] [6] 。既往我们研究发现少尿、合并呼吸衰竭是是影响新生儿AKI预后的独立危险因素 [7] ,但目前关于败血症群体研究少,新生儿早发型败血症群体未见。本文通过回顾性分析我院ESA-AKI患儿临床资料,分析影响SA-AKI预后的危险因素,以期为临床提供理论依据。

2. 研究对象及方法

2.1. 研究对象

回顾分析2018年1月至2022年4月于重庆医科大学附属儿童医院新生儿科病房住院的ESA-AKI患儿的临床资料。纳入标准:1) 入院日龄 ≤ 3天;2) 满足2019版新生儿早发型败血症诊断及治疗专家共识诊断标准 [8] 及2019版改善肾脏疾病预后全球协作组(Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes, KDIGO)改良新生儿AKI断标准 [9] ;排除标准:1) 先天性肾脏或泌尿道畸形;2) 临床资料不齐全者。AKI诊断标准:1) 48小时内血清肌酐增高 ≥ 0.3 mg/dL (26.5 μmol/L);2) 过去7天内血清肌酐水平增高至 ≥ 基础值的1.5倍;3) 24小时内尿量 < 1.0 mL/(kg·h),满足以上任意1条标准及可诊断。本文将重度AKI定义为败血症发生后KDIGO 2期或以上的急性肾损伤。SA-AKI目前在新生儿尚无统一标准,本文包括早发型败血症发生后发生的所有AKI。根据患儿出院时的情况,分为好转组及放弃/治疗组。

2.2. 研究方法

收集并分析患儿的相关基线资料(包括性别、胎龄、入院日龄、出生体重和分娩方式等),母孕期情况(如有无妊娠期高血压、妊娠期糖尿病、产前激素暴露等),围生期情况(有无胎膜早破 ≥ 18 h、羊水污染、窒息等),实验室数据(入院肌酐值、血尿素氮、钾离子水平、最高血肌酐值、入院时血糖、pH值、乳酸水平、出生3天内最高不成熟中性粒细胞/总中性粒细胞(Immature/Total Neutrophil, I/T)比值、最高C反应蛋白(C-Reactive Protein, CRP)值以及最低血小板值、血培养、尿量等),临床并发症,治疗方案等。

2.3. 统计学方法

采用SPSS 25.0统计软件进行数据处理。计量资料以中位数(四分位间距)表示,采用Wilcoxon秩和检验;计数资料以例数(百分比)表示采用c2、校正c2检验、Fisher精确概率法;将单因素分析(P < 0.05)变量(性别、娠期糖尿病、入院血酐值、血尿素氮、感染性休克、重度AKI、多巴胺)纳入二元logistic回归分析ESA-AKI预后的独立危险因素,双侧P < 0.05认为差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 一般情况分析

研究期间,满足ESA-AKI患儿共计97例,排除7例(入院基线资料缺失),最终纳入90例,根据出院时情况,分为好转组(n = 66),放弃/死亡组(n = 24),两组患儿围生期情况无差异。表1结果表明,与好转组相比,放弃/死亡组女性比例高,母孕期糖尿病比例低(P < 0.05)。

3.2. 实验室指标比较

好转组血培养阳性为11例,阳性率为16.7% (11/66),其中革兰阳性菌7例(表皮葡萄球菌5例,蜡样芽孢杆菌1例,屎肠球菌1例),革兰阴性菌4例(肺炎克雷伯杆菌3例,粘质沙雷菌1例);放弃/死亡组血培养阳性为5例,血培养阳性率为20.8% (5/24),均为革兰阴性菌(肺炎克雷伯杆菌4例,大肠埃希菌1例),两组患儿血培养阳性率及革兰阴性菌占比无差异。

与好转组相比,放弃/死亡组患儿入院时血肌酐值和血尿素氮值低(P < 0.05),详见表2

Table 1. Comparison of general data of child patient and pregnant women

表1. 患儿一般资料及母孕期资料比较

Table 2. Laboratory information comparisons

表2. 实验室数据比较

注:I/T:未成熟中性粒细胞/总粒细胞。

3.3. 临床合并症比较

研究发现,放弃/死亡组患儿感染性休克和重度AKI比例高于好转组(P < 0.05),详见表3

Table 3. Clinical complications comparisons

表3. 临床合并症比较

注:重度AKI指分级为2期及以上AKI。

3.4. 治疗方案比较

研究期间所有患儿均给与抗感染治疗,两组患儿常见抗生素使用率无统计学差异(P > 0.05)。与好转组相比,放弃/死亡组多巴胺暴露率高(P < 0.05),详见表4

Table 4. Management comparisons

表4. 住院期间治疗情况

3.5. 多因素Logistic回归分析

对上述P < 0.05危险因素纳入二元logistic回归分析,发现女性(OR = 3.59, 95%CI: 1.08~12.05, P = 0.038)、重度AKI (OR = 14.31, 95%CI: 2.30~89.14, P = 0.004)是新生儿ESA-AKI不良预后的独立危险因素,详见表5

Table 5. Multivariate logistic regression analysis

表5. 多因素logistic回归分析

4. 讨论

脓毒症是危重患者AKI的最常见原因,AKI和脓毒症通常在危重患者中共存,混淆了脓毒症和AKI的预后预测和结局评估。此外最近的证据表明,与非脓毒症性AKI相比,脓毒症相关的AKI可能具有不同的病理生理学、病程和结局。脓毒性患者AKI的死亡率显著高于非脓毒性AKI患者 [10] ,但目前关于新生儿ESA-AKI危险预后的危险因素未见报道。本研究发现女性、中重度AKI是新生儿ESA-AKI不良预后的独立危险因素。

本研究发现女性是ESA-AKI患儿不良预后的独立危险因素。最近的大规模多中心流行病学研究表明,男性AKI的发生率较高,然而,女性患者AKI后的肾脏结局较差。Ali等对101例新生儿AKI分析,发现男性AKI患儿更常见,但死亡率与女性显著相关 [11] 。Momtaz等也有相似发现,其纳入合并AKI的新生儿,发现女性患儿死亡率较高 [12] 。但Liao发现,在儿科患者中,男性患者的死亡率显著高于女性患者 [13] ,但多因素分析无统计学意义,可能归因于纳入了高比例的男性患者有关(54%)。性别在肾脏疾病中的作用是一个广泛关注的话题,然而,造成女性AKI患儿死亡率显著增高的原因尚不清楚,推测可能与体内激素水平有关,有研究指出血清雌二醇和孕酮水平升高与脓毒性休克和AKI患者28天死亡率增加相关 [14] 。

本研究发现重度AKI是ESA-AKI患儿不良预后的独立危险因素。Liao等发现在接受ECMO支持的新生儿和儿童患者中,AKI是院内死亡率的重要风险因素,且AKI严重程度越高,死亡率越高,存活率越低 [13] 。Stanski等纳入感染性休克儿童,发现重度SA-AKI与死亡率增加独立相关 [15] 。Deep等发现在液体难治性感染性休克儿童中,重度急性肾损伤导致第28天死亡风险增加3倍,住院时间延长 [16] 。在新生儿病房中AKI和脓毒症通常在危重患者中共存,混淆了脓毒症和AKI的预后预测和结局评估,有研究提出SA-AKI归因死亡率,指出在成人合并脓毒血症患者中,AKI归因死亡率可高达50%,每个阶段AKI都是死亡率的独立风险因素 [17] 。在临床实践中,可以根据AKI的分期来评估和预测SA-AKI的近期预后。

本研究单因素发现放弃/死亡组患儿入院血肌酐值和血尿素氮值低,Choi等发现死亡率与尿素水平升高有关 [11] [18] 。有研究指出在接受连续性肾脏替代治疗的儿童AKI患者中,较低的肌酐水平与死亡率增加相关 [18] 。入院时较高的血清肌酐值值及尿素氮值会引起儿科医生对于急性肾损伤的重视,从而减少肾毒性药物使用以及对症治疗,此外,血肌酐值低可能与液体摄入过多稀释性可能,本研究放弃/死亡组组感染性休克率明显高于好转,可能与早期液体稀释相关。本研究单因素分析还发现放弃/死亡组合并休克率高,Mishra等有纳入52例诊断AKI婴儿,发现休克是死亡的独立危险因素 [6] 。休克会导致多器官功能障碍,从而导致不良预后。小剂量多巴胺可刺激心脏并改善肾血流而广泛应用于新生儿,虽有研究发现多巴胺可增加肾血流量,但并不能改善肾功能,肾血流量增加导致肾小管输送溶质的增加可能会增加能量消耗,抑制保护性小管肾小球反馈系统,并可能加重肾小管损伤 [19] 。母孕期高血糖会造成胎儿肾脏损伤,Aisa等发现母孕期糖尿病会导致新生儿肾生成减少和肾小管损伤,表现为总肾脏和皮质体积显著减少 [20] ,而低肾单位数被认为是后期肾脏疾病的一个重要危险因素。本文单因素分析发现妊娠期糖尿病可以改善患儿预后,考虑样本量小有关。

本研究尚存在不足之处。作为一项单中心、小样本研究,本研究不足以检测到所有影响ESA-AKI的不良预后危险因素;此外,本文为回顾性研究,旨在对影响新生儿ESA-AKI的危险因素进行分析,不能对其因果关系进行承诺。

本研究发现女性和重度AKI是ESA-AKI患儿死亡的独立危险因素,针对该类患儿进行针对性治疗或可改善其预后。此外,性别与新生儿ESA-AKI关系复杂,仍需要进一步研究。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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