辩证行为疗法及其应用
Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Its Applications
DOI: 10.12677/ap.2024.145302, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 41  浏览: 136  科研立项经费支持
作者: 王一欣, 周广东*:天津师范大学心理学部,天津
关键词: 辩证行为疗法边缘型人格障碍情绪失调自杀干预Dialectical Behavior Therapy Borderline Personality Disorder Mood Disorders Suicidal Intervention
摘要: 辩证行为疗法(Dialectical Behavior Therapy,简称DBT)是一种由认知行为疗法改良而来,聚焦于情绪失调的一种心理治疗方法。被应用在边缘型人格障碍、自杀行为、非自杀性自伤行为、抑郁和焦虑等多种心理障碍的治疗中,治疗效果显著。现有研究探索了辩证行为疗法的应用情境、应用效果,但在不同对象不同情境中的应用探索研究仍未完善。未来可探索辩证行为疗法治疗的神经生理机制、与其他疗法的对比结合、在中国文化下的实践和更多的应用情境与范围。
Abstract: Dialectical behavior therapy is a psychotherapy method modified from cognitive behavioral therapy that focuses on emotional disorders. It has been used in the treatment of a variety of psychological disorders, such as borderline personality disorder, suicidal behavior, non-suicidal self-in- jurious behavior, depression and anxiety, and the treatment effect is remarkable. The existing studies have explored the application scenarios and effects of dialectical behavior therapy, but the application exploration research in different objects and different contexts is still not perfect. In the future, we can explore the neurophysiological mechanism of dialectical behavior therapy, the comparison and combination with other therapies, the practice in Chinese culture, and more application scenarios and scopes.
文章引用:王一欣, 周广东 (2024). 辩证行为疗法及其应用. 心理学进展, 14(5), 188-195. https://doi.org/10.12677/ap.2024.145302

1. 引言

边缘型人格障碍(Borderline Personality Disorder,简称BPD)是一种严重的心理健康疾病,是广泛性的情绪失调的统称,包括情绪失调、人际关系失调、自我失调、行为失调以及认知失调,在一般成年人群中边缘型人格障碍的终生患病率为0.7%至2.7%,而其患病率在门诊约为12% (ten Have et al., 2016; Leichsenring et al., 2024),大约有10%的边缘型人格障碍患者死于自杀(Paris, 2002; Wedig et al., 2012),且常常产生共病诊断(Kienast et al., 2014; Leichsenring et al., 2024)。

2. 辩证行为疗法简介

2.1. 辩证行为疗法的核心概念

美国华盛顿大学的心理学家马莎·莱恩汉(Marsha Linehan)教授针对治疗边缘型人格障碍患者的情绪失调问题,于20世纪70年代研发创立了辩证行为疗法,随着实践的发展,其有效性逐渐得到证实(Storebø et al., 2020),该疗法也被改良并应用于其他领域,如自杀(Mann et al., 2021)、非自杀性自伤(Asarnow et al., 2021)、抑郁症(Shareh & Yazdanian, 2023)、焦虑症(Liang et al., 2021; Villalongo Andino et al., 2023)、物质滥用障碍(Daros et al., 2024)、以及创伤后应激障碍(Oppenauer et al., 2023)等。

辩证行为疗法可以分为三个部分去理解——即“辩证”、“行为”和“治疗”。

关于“辩证”:我们常常探讨其背后的哲学理念。辩证思考指的是一种能从多角度看待问题的能力,能够在看起来矛盾的信息和立场中获得最简练和合理的协调状态。对于辩证行为疗法的患者,他们很少能看到一种及以上的状态,他们倾向于变得极其两极化,只采取一个角度去看待问题,而当患者这样做的时候他们的视野会倾向于变得局限、行为模式会变得僵化,情绪容易变得失调。在治疗中,治疗师应当教给我们的患者用不同的视角去看待事情,好比不同程度的灰色而不是彻底的黑或者白色。

关于“行为”:辩证行为疗法中的“行为”则是指任何可以被强化或奖励的行为,强化物则是任何能够增加行为再次出现的因素。在治疗的第一阶段中涉及严重的行为失控,因此本阶段的目标是降低一些行为:

① 威胁生命的行为——一旦患者死去,治疗是不可能成功的。

② 破坏治疗的行为——患者在此阶段极有可能出现回避、不专心不合作、缺乏依从性的行为。

③ 影响生活、干扰状态的行为——焦虑与抑郁等。

尤其要注意任何可以被强化或者奖励的行为,强化指的是平均而言增加某个特定情况下的行为会产生的结果。例如患者自杀是不被父母接受的但由于自杀得到了更多来自于父母的爱和关注。治疗师需要注意到自己强化了什么行为,这样会给患者一个后效的管理。

关于“治疗”:传统辩证行为疗法通常会持续一年,包括每周一次一小时的个体治疗,每周一次一到两小时的团体技能练习(包括正念技能、人际效能技能、痛苦容忍技能和情绪调节技能),每周一次一到两小时咨询师团体会议,按需的电话指导和选择性的青少年家庭治疗。其中团体技能练习被认为是教授辩证行为疗法核心技能更为经济实惠的方式,而现在也已经有许多研究证实了辩证行为疗法技能小组的有效性(DeCou et al., 2019)。咨询团队的建立保证了治疗师也能够得到支持和帮助,帮助他们更好地为患者解决问题。

辩证行为疗法的核心理念是一种哲学性的思维方式——“辩证”,“辩证”在哲学中的解释是对目前的状况来看,会有不止一种合理的方法去看待它,这两种或两种以上的方法看起来可能是相反的,但对于当下的情况来说,用哪一种方法去看待它都是合理的(强调对事物的两面性进行分析,并用发展的眼光看待事物的对立面)。在辩证行为疗法中“辩证”具体指的则是在“接受”和“改变”之间寻找平衡。它结合了认知行为疗法的“改变”策略和一些来自禅宗的“接受”策略。改变策略包括问题解决和技能的建立,“接受”策略中运用较多的是“正念”,“正念”强调通过保持对当下经验的全面关注来培养一种非评判性的意识。用于帮助个体更加觉察和接受他们的思想、感受和身体感受,而不是试图压抑或逃避它们。

2.2. 辩证行为疗法的核心功能

随着辩证行为疗法在各项心理疾病中的广泛应用,辩证行为疗法发展出了许多变式如青少年辩证行为疗法(Dialectical Behavior Therapy Adolescent,简称DBT-A)、基于暴露的PTSD治疗(Dialectical Behaviour Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,简称DBT-PTSD)、辩证行为疗法技能小组(Dialectical Behavior Therapy skills group,简称DBT-ST)、互联网指导辩证行为疗法(internet-delivered dialectical behavioral therapy,简称iDBT)等(Daros et al., 2024)。

但在辩证行为疗法的变式中始终能找到辩证行为疗法的共同功能:

(1) 增强功能:辩证行为疗法对边缘型人格障碍的基本构想是来访者缺少适当的技能来应对激烈的情绪反应,而不是采取自杀自伤等措施。治疗师希望通过以下四种技能的练习与实践来帮助来访者提高情绪调节能力,培养积极的认知思维,从而缓解情绪失调现象,提高生活质量(Chen et al., 2021)。第一、正念技能:要求来访者对负面思维和情绪进行自我觉察,并不沉溺于过去或担忧未来,而是关注当下的体验和调节注意力。第二、人际效能技能:强调在人际交往中,来访者应明确自己的需求,并在维护自尊和健康关系的基础上,勇于表达自己的观点和感受。第三、痛苦容忍技能:培养来访者在面对困难和痛苦时,能够保持冷静和理智,以应对生活中的逆境。第四、情绪调节技能:帮助来访者学会如何有效地管理和调节自己的情绪,以适应生活中的压力和挑战。

(2) 推广到实际生活中的能力:如果来访者没有将在团体技能小组中学到的功能应用在生活里,那么治疗效果显而易见是不好的。治疗师通过布置家庭作业、课程应用的方式帮助来访者应用技能。

(3) 提高动机并减少功能失调的行为:在提高来访者改变的动机上,治疗师一般会采取以下两种策略(在个体治疗中完成),其中之一是日记卡策略,使用日记卡跟踪治疗目标,确定治疗的优先级,将威胁来访者生命的首位放在首位(Alba et al., 2022),其次是干扰治疗的行为,最后是影响来访者生活质量的行为;另一个是承诺策略,治疗师会积极努力让来访者承诺改变。

(4) 增强和维持治疗师的能力:治疗边缘型人格障碍等来访是富有挑战的,在治疗过程中会给治疗师带来巨大的压力,治疗师团体会议存在的意义是为了给予治疗师支持,帮助治疗师解决在治疗中遇到的难题与挑战,保持治疗师的动力和技能。

(5) 构建环境:治疗师在治疗中应当以一种加强有效行为或进步的方式去构建环境,而不是强化适应不良或有问题的行为;与此同时,治疗师还应当帮助来访者找到改变环境的方法比如使吸毒来访远离毒品的社交范围(Chapman, 2006)。

3. 辩证行为疗法的临床应用

3.1. 在边缘型人格障碍中的应用

辩证行为疗法基于认知行为原理,是第一个能有效治疗边缘型人格障碍的方法(May et al., 2016),后来基于心理化的疗法、图式疗法等也被证实在边缘型人格障碍中有效(Stoffers-Winterling et al., 2022)。边缘型人格障碍影响约0.7%至2.7%的成年人,与功能障碍和更多地使用医疗服务有关。辩证行为疗法和心理动力学疗法的心理治疗是边缘型人格障碍的一线治疗(Leichsenring et al., 2023)。一项元分析发现,辩证行为疗法能够显著降低边缘型人格障碍患者的自杀风险、非自杀性自伤风险和负面情绪的影响(Chen et al., 2021)。

3.2. 在自杀干预与非自杀性自伤干预中的应用

近年来辩证行为疗法被更多的应用在青少年自杀与非自杀性自伤中,许多实证研究结果显示,在接受了辩证行为疗法干预后,个体不仅自杀行为、非自杀性自伤行为(NSSI)和自杀意念显著减少(Linehan et al., 2015),其他自杀风险因素也显着降低,包括情绪失调、抑郁、冲动、创伤后应激障碍症状和药物使用,以及家庭表达能力和生活理由的增加(Berk et al., 2020)。

3.3. 其他应用

2020年的一项随机对照临床试验显示,辩证行为疗法在遭受了童年虐待的创伤后应激障碍患者的治疗中也表现出了良好的效果(Bohus et al., 2020)。一项精神卫生中心的对比研究显示,辩证行为疗法的效果优于常规治疗,可能与患者的依从性有关(Oppenauer et al., 2023)。

多项研究显示,辩证行为疗法在双相情感障碍、注意力缺陷多动障碍、破坏性情绪失调、社交焦虑障碍的干预中都表现出了良好的效果(McMahon et al., 2016; Eisner et al., 2017; Durpoix et al., 2023; Sharabiani et al., 2023; Villalongo Andino et al., 2023)。

随着辩证行为疗法的广泛实践应用,它不仅仅只在心理障碍领域被证实有效,在患有艾滋病的男同性恋者的心理健康干预、护理人员的人际沟通技巧培训、青少年的自杀预防、社区的心理健康干预中都起到了一定的作用并被证明为有着良好的效果(Oppenauer et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2023; Wu et al., 2023)。

4. 辩证行为疗法与其他心理治疗方法的比较

在边缘型人格障碍的治疗中,辩证行为疗法的核心技能侧重于使用认知和行为导向的治疗技术,主要治疗重点是当下。鼓励患者定期练习新策略。相比之下,图式疗法非常重视早期发展和体验技术,例如图像改写和椅子对话,这些技术被广泛用于改变患者的情感体验(Fassbinder et al., 2018)。图式疗法在减少精神合并症和改善生活质量方面可能比辩证行为疗法更有效,而辩证行为疗法可能更好、更快地减少自残和自杀行为(Wibbelink et al., 2022)。研究者发现,在一项临床研究中,接受辩证行为疗法的患者在12个月时自我伤害的减少和情绪调节的改善大于接受基于心理化疗法的患者,说明辩证行为疗法在减少自我伤害和情绪调节上的效果是显著的(Barnicot & Crawford, 2019)。

在广泛性焦虑障碍的治疗中,认知行为疗法被发现显著减轻了患者的抑郁和焦虑症状,但是辩证行为疗法对改善患者的执行功能更有效(Afshari et al., 2022)。在创伤后应激障碍患者的治疗中,辩证行为疗法相比认知加工疗法,患者脱落的可能性更小,症状缓解率更高(Bohus et al., 2020)。

5. 辩证行为疗法的研究展望

5.1. 辩证行为疗法的不足

辩证行为疗法是一种耗时耗力的治疗,虽然有大量实证研究证明了辩证行为疗法对干预青少年非自杀性自伤和自杀是有效的,但治疗前期需要对治疗师进行广泛的培训,而且需要对家庭投入大量时间,近年一项研究显示为时六个月的治疗效果不劣于十二个月的治疗效果(McMain et al., 2022),未来应加大对其内在机制的探索,分析使治疗成功的关键因素,改善疗法使之疗程缩短从而获得最经济高效的收益(Clarke et al., 2019)。

5.2. 神经生理机制的探索

早在2014年就有研究者对辩证行为疗法治疗后的神经生理机制做出了一定的探索,Marianne Goodman等人的研究显示,与健康对照组相比,边缘型人格障碍患者在治疗后杏仁核活化降低(Goodman et al., 2014)。心理治疗的临床改善似乎与大脑结构和功能的调节有关,一个重要的发现是,接受了辩证行为疗法后症状得到改善与减轻的患者,最初增加的杏仁核活性降低(Schmahl et al., 2018)。近年来的研究佐证了这一发现,研究表明辩证行为疗法治疗后边缘型人格障碍患者的杏仁核活性和前扣带皮层明显失活。除此之外,其他几项研究发现,在辩证行为疗法治疗后,边缘型人格障碍患者在额下回对唤起刺激的反应减少,而对抑制控制的反应增加(Iskric & Barkley-Levenson, 2021)。一项2023年的研究发现边缘型人格障碍中杏仁核情绪空间的改变在辩证行为疗法后恢复正常,研究者认为杏仁核在感知情绪的病理处理中具有更精细的作用,并可能为情绪失调和人格障碍提供新的基于诊断和预后成像的标志物(Levine et al., 2023)。未来的探索方向包括:(1) 研究辩证行为疗法诱导的杏仁核变化如何与情绪调节有关的额叶区域相互作用;(2) 探寻辩证行为疗法具体是通过改变哪一部分神经机制从而对治疗起作用的。

2023年的一项研究发现边缘型人格障碍女性患者睾酮水平是对照组的两倍,但在接受了辩证行为疗法干预后激素功能障碍没有减少。对边缘型人格障碍中应激信号转导与神经内分泌紊乱之间关系的进一步研究可能会为病因学和治疗模型提供信息(Dyson et al., 2023)。

5.3. 不同文化下的普遍性与适用性

已有学者探讨了辩证行为疗法的文化适应性,如哈夫特的研究显示,虽然没有明确的证据确定文化适应的辩证行为疗法是否比不适应的辩证行为疗法更有效,但已在多个种族、民族和文化群体中实施接受并取得良好的疗效(Haft et al., 2022)。

辩证行为疗法在我国的实践也已步入应用,但相关临床经验还不完善,随着我国青少年情绪失调问题的发生,辩证行为疗法的本土化适应迫在眉睫。

总之,辩证行为疗法是一种全面而有效、聚焦于改善情绪失调的心理治疗方法,其有效性在应用中不断得到证实。后续研究应关注辩证行为疗法的时程改善,辩证行为疗法的神经生理机制以及对于不同心理障碍的适用程度。

基金项目

市级大学生创新创业训练计划项目(编号:202310065149)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

参考文献

[1] Afshari, B., Jafarian Dehkordi, F., Asgharnejad Farid, A. A., Aramfar, B., Balagabri, Z., Mohebi, M., Mardi, N., & Amiri, P. (2022). Study of the Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy versus Dialectical Behavior Therapy on Executive Function and Reduction of Symptoms in Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 44, e20200156.
https://doi.org/10.47626/2237-6089-2020-0156
[2] Alba, M. C., Bailey, K. T., Coniglio, K. A., Finkelstein, J., & Rizvi, S. L. (2022). Risk Management in Dialectical Behavior Therapy: Treating Life-Threatening Behaviors as Problems to Be Solved. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.), 59, 163-167.
https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000376
[3] Asarnow, J. R., Berk, M. S., Bedics, J., Adrian, M., Gallop, R., Cohen, J., Korslund, K., Hughes, J., Avina, C., Linehan, M. M., & McCauley, E. (2021). Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Suicidal Self-Harming Youth: Emotion Regulation, Mechanisms, and Mediators. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 60, 1105-1115.e4.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.01.016
[4] Barnicot, K., & Crawford, M. (2019). Dialectical Behaviour Therapy v. Mentalisation-Based Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder. Psychological Medicine, 49, 2060-2068.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718002878
[5] Berk, M. S., Starace, N. K., Black, V. P., & Avina, C. (2020). Implementation of Dialectical Behavior Therapy with Suicidal and Self-Harming Adolescents in a Community Clinic. Archives of Suicide Research: Official Journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 24, 64-81.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2018.1509750
[6] Bohus, M., Kleindienst, N., Hahn, C., Müller-Engelmann, M., Ludäscher, P., Steil, R., Fydrich, T., Kuehner, C., Resick, P. A., Stiglmayr, C., Schmahl, C., & Priebe, K. (2020). Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (DBT-PTSD) Compared with Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) in Complex Presentations of PTSD in Women Survivors of Childhood Abuse: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 77, 1235-1245.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2148
[7] Chapman, A. L. (2016). Dialectical Behavior Therapy: Current Indications and Unique Elements. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 3, 62.
[8] Chen, S.-Y., Cheng, Y., Zhao, W.-W., & Zhang, Y.-H. (2021a). Effects of Dialectical Behaviour Therapy on Reducing Self-Harming Behaviours and Negative Emotions in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 28, 1128-1139.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12797
[9] Clarke, S., Allerhand, L. A., & Berk, M. S. (2019). Recent Advances in Understanding and Managing Self-Harm in Adolescents. F1000Research, 8, F1000 Faculty Rev-1794.
https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.19868.1
[10] Daros, A. R., Guimond, T. H., Yager, C., Palermo, E. H., Wilks, C. R., & Quilty, L. C. (2024). Feasibility, Acceptability, and Potential Efficacy of a Self-Guided Internet-Delivered Dialectical Behavior Therapy Intervention for Substance Use Disorders: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Mental Health, 11, e50399.
https://doi.org/10.2196/50399
[11] DeCou, C. R., Comtois, K. A., & Landes, S. J. (2019). Dialectical Behavior Therapy Is Effective for the Treatment of Suicidal Behavior: A Meta-Analysis. Behavior Therapy, 50, 60-72.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2018.03.009
[12] Durpoix, A., Lachaux, E., Weiner, L., & Weibel, S. (2023). Transdiagnostic Skills Training Group of Dialectical Behavior Therapy: A Long-Term Naturalistic Study. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 10, 37.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-023-00243-y
[13] Dyson, T., Thomas, S. J., Townsend, M. L., Barkus, E., Grenyer, B. F. S., & Pickard, J. A. (2023). Salivary Testosterone and Cortisol Levels in Borderline Personality Disorder before and after a 12-Week Group Dialectical Behavior Therapy Intervention. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article ID: 1195187.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1195187
[14] Eisner, L., Eddie, D., Harley, R., Jacobo, M., Nierenberg, A. A., & Deckersbach, T. (2017). Dialectical Behavior Therapy Group Skills Training for Bipolar Disorder. Behavior Therapy, 48, 557-566.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2016.12.006
[15] Fassbinder, E., Assmann, N., Schaich, A., Heinecke, K., Wagner, T., Sipos, V., Jauch-Chara, K., Hüppe, M., Arntz, A., & Schweiger, U. (2018). PRO*BPD: Effectiveness of Outpatient Treatment Programs for Borderline Personality Disorder: A Comparison of Schema Therapy and Dialectical Behavior Therapy: Study Protocol for a Randomized Trial. BMC Psychiatry, 18, Article No. 341.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1905-6
[16] Goodman, M., Carpenter, D., Tang, C. Y., Goldstein, K. E., Avedon, J., Fernandez, N., Mascitelli, K. A., Blair, N. J., New, A. S., Triebwasser, J., Siever, L. J., & Hazlett, E. A. (2014). Dialectical Behavior Therapy Alters Emotion Regulation and Amygdala Activity in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 57, 108-116.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.06.020
[17] Haft, S. L., O’Grady, S. M., Shaller, E. A. L., & Liu, N. H. (2022). Cultural Adaptations of Dialectical Behavior Therapy: A Systematic Review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 90, 787-801.
https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000730
[18] Iskric, A., & Barkley-Levenson, E. (2021). Neural Changes in Borderline Personality Disorder after Dialectical Behavior Therapy—A Review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, Article ID: 772081.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.772081
[19] Kienast, T., Stoffers, J., Bermpohl, F., & Lieb, K. (2014). Borderline Personality Disorder and Comorbid Addiction: Epidemiology and Treatment. Deutsches Arzteblatt International, 111, 280-286.
https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2014.0280
[20] Leichsenring, F., Fonagy, P., Heim, N., Kernberg, O. F., Leweke, F., Luyten, P., Salzer, S., Spitzer, C., & Steinert, C. (2024). Borderline Personality Disorder: A Comprehensive Review of Diagnosis and Clinical Presentation, Etiology, Treatment, and Current Controversies. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 23, 4-25.
https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.21156
[21] Leichsenring, F., Heim, N., Leweke, F., Spitzer, C., Steinert, C., & Kernberg, O. F. (2023). Borderline Personality Disorder: A Review. JAMA, 329, 670-679.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.0589
[22] Levine, S. M., Merz, K., Keeser, D., Kunz, J. I., Barton, B. B., Reinhard, M. A., Jobst, A., Padberg, F., Neukel, C., Herpertz, S. C., Bertsch, K., & Musil, R. (2023). Altered Amygdalar Emotion Space in Borderline Personality Disorder Normalizes Following Dialectical Behaviour Therapy. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience: JPN, 48, E431-E438.
https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.230085
[23] Liang, L., Feng, L., Zheng, X., Wu, Y., Zhang, C., & Li, J. (2021). Effect of Dialectical Behavior Group Therapy on the Anxiety and Depression of Medical Students under the Normalization of Epidemic Prevention and Control for the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Randomized Study. Annals of Palliative Medicine, 10, 10591-10599.
https://doi.org/10.21037/apm-21-2466
[24] Linehan, M. M., Korslund, K. E., Harned, M. S., Gallop, R. J., Lungu, A., Neacsiu, A. D., McDavid, J., Comtois, K. A., & Murray-Gregory, A. M. (2015). Dialectical Behavior Therapy for High Suicide Risk in Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial and Component Analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 72, 475-482.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.3039
[25] Mann, J. J., Michel, C. A., & Auerbach, R. P. (2021). Improving Suicide Prevention through Evidence-Based Strategies: A Systematic Review. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 611-624.
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20060864
[26] May, J. M., Richardi, T. M., & Barth, K. S. (2016). Dialectical Behavior Therapy as Treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder. The Mental Health Clinician, 6, 62-67.
https://doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2016.03.62
[27] McMahon, K., Herr, N. R., Zerubavel, N., Hoertel, N., & Neacsiu, A. D. (2016). Psychotherapeutic Treatment of Bipolar Depression. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 39, 35-56.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2015.09.005
[28] McMain, S. F., Chapman, A. L., Kuo, J. R., Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Guimond, T. H., Labrish, C., Isaranuwatchai, W., & Streiner, D. L. (2022). The Effectiveness of 6 versus 12 Months of Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder: A Noninferiority Randomized Clinical Trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 91, 382-397.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000525102
[29] Oppenauer, C., Sprung, M., Gradl, S., & Burghardt, J. (2023). Dialectical Behaviour Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (DBT-PTSD): Transportability to Everyday Clinical Care in a Residential Mental Health Centre. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 14, Article ID: 2157159.
https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2022.2157159
[30] Paris, J. (2002). Chronic Suicidality among Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder. Psychiatric Services, 53, 738-742.
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.53.6.738
[31] Schmahl, C., Niedtfeld, I., & Herpertz, S. C. (2018). Borderline Personality: Alterations to Brain Structure and Function through Psychotherapy. Der Nervenarzt, 89, 1232-1236.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-018-0587-0
[32] Sharabiani, A., Atadokht, A., Hajloo, N., & Mikaeili, N. (2023). An Efficacy of Group Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Emotion Regulation and Irritability in Students with Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder. Pajouhan Scientific Journal, 21, 32-39.
https://doi.org/10.61186/psj.21.1.32
[33] Shareh, H., & Yazdanian, M. (2023). The Effectiveness of Dialectical Behavior Group Therapy on Stress, Depression, and Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Mothers of Intellectually Disabled Students: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 28, 1092-1108.
https://doi.org/10.1177/13591045231163068
[34] Stoffers-Winterling, J. M., Storebø, O. J., Simonsen, E., Sedoc Jørgensen, M., Pereira Ribeiro, J., Kongerslev, M. T., & Lieb, K. (2022). Perspectives on Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Mentalization-Based Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder: Same, Different, Complementary? Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 3179-3189.
https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S342257
[35] Storebø, O. J., Stoffers-Winterling, J. M., Völlm, B. A., Kongerslev, M. T., Mattivi, J. T., Jørgensen, M. S., Faltinsen, E., Todorovac, A., Sales, C. P., Callesen, H. E., Lieb, K., & Simonsen, E. (2020). Psychological Therapies for People with Borderline Personality Disorder. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5, CD012955.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012955.pub2
[36] ten Have, M., Verheul, R., Kaasenbrood, A., van Dorsselaer, S., Tuithof, M., Kleinjan, M., & de Graaf, R. (2016). Prevalence Rates of Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms: A Study Based on the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2. BMC Psychiatry, 16, Article No. 249.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0939-x
[37] Villalongo Andino, M., Garcia, K. M., & Richey, J. A. (2023). Can Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills Group Treat Social Anxiety Disorder? A Brief Integrative Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article ID: 1331200.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1331200
[38] Wang, L., Yuwen, W., Hua, W., Chen, L., Cox, V. F., Zheng, H., Ning, Z., Zhao, Z., Liu, Z., Jiang, Y., Li, X., Guo, Y., & Simoni, J. M. (2023). Enhancing Mental Health and Medication Adherence Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Recently Diagnosed with HIV With a Dialectical Behavior Therapy-Informed Intervention Incorporating mHealth, Online Skills Training, and Phone Coaching: Development Study Using Human-Centered Design Approach. JMIR Formative Research, 7, e47903.
https://doi.org/10.2196/47903
[39] Wedig, M. M., Silverman, M. H., Frankenburg, F. R., Reich, D. B., Fitzmaurice, G., & Zanarini, M. C. (2012). Predictors of Suicide Attempts in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder over 16 Years of Prospective Follow-Up. Psychological Medicine, 42, 2395-2404.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712000517
[40] Wibbelink, C. J. M., Arntz, A., Grasman, R. P. P. P., Sinnaeve, R., Boog, M., Bremer, O. M. C., Dek, E. C. P., Alkan, S. G., James, C., Koppeschaar, A. M., Kramer, L., Ploegmakers, M., Schaling, A., Smits, F. I., & Kamphuis, J. H. (2022). Towards Optimal Treatment Selection for Borderline Personality Disorder Patients (BOOTS): A Study Protocol for a Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Schema Therapy and Dialectical Behavior Therapy. BMC Psychiatry, 22, Article No. 89.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03670-9
[41] Wu, S.-I., Liu, S.-I., Wu, Y.-J., Huang, L.-L., Liu, T., Kao, K.-L., & Lee, Y.-H. (2023). The Efficacy of Applying the Interpersonal Effectiveness Skills of Dialectical Behavior Therapy into Communication Skills Workshop for Clinical Nurses. Heliyon, 9, e14066.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14066