甘油三酯–葡萄糖指数联合脂蛋白a与早发急性冠脉综合征的相关性
Association of Triglyceride Glucose Index Combined with Lipoprotein a with Premature Acute Coronary Syndrome
摘要: 目的:分析甘油三酯–葡萄糖指数(TyG指数)、脂蛋白a [(Lp(a)]与早发急性冠脉综合征(PACS)的相关性。方法选取2020年1~12月就诊于青岛大学附属医院急诊胸痛中心诊断疑似为急性冠脉综合征(ACS)并行冠脉造影(CAG)患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。其中早发急性冠脉综合征患者116例,晚发急性冠脉综合征患者155例;未达到ACS诊断标准患者106例设为正常对照组。比较3组患者的临床资料,分析早发ACS患者的危险因素并分析TyG指数和Lp(a)对早发ACS的预测效能。结果:对照组与早发ACS组相比,早发ACS组中ALT、AST、LDL-C、TG、Lp(a)、血糖(空腹)、尿酸、白细胞、血小板、TyG指数均明显升高,年龄、HDL-C明显低于健康组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。晚发ACS与早发ACS组相比,早发ACS组中ALT、TG、Lp(a)、尿酸、血小板、TyG指数均明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。Logistic回归分析中,以是否为早发ACS为因变量,矫正早发ACS组与正常对照组单因素分析中P < 0.1的因素,行多因素Logistic回归。分析结果显示:Lp(a)、Tc、TyG指数为早发ACS的危险因素,年龄、HDL-C为保护因素(P < 0.05)。受试者工作特征曲线分析结果显示,TyG指数联合LP(a)二者联合预测的曲线下面积为0.817 (0.761~0.872),敏感度为86.2%,特异度为66%。结论:TyG指数、Lp(a)是发生早发ACS的重要危险因子。TyG指数、Lp(a)联合较单项检测具有更好的预测价值。
Abstract: Objective: To analyze the correlation between triglyceride glucose index (TyG index), lipoprotein a and premature acute coronary syndrome (PACS). Methods: Clinical data of patients who underwent coronary angiography (CAG) in the Emergency Chest Pain Center of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from January 2020 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 116 patients with premature acute coronary syndrome (PACS) and 155 patients with late onset acute coronary syndrome. 106 patients who did not meet ACS diagnostic criteria were set as normal control group. The clinical data of 3 groups were compared and the risk factors of premature acute coronary syndrome (PACS) patients were analyzed. The predictive performance of TyG index and Lp(a) was analyzed. Results: Compared with the premature ACS group, ALT, AST, LDL-C, TG, Lp(a), blood glucose (fasting), uric acid, white blood cells, platelets and TyG index in the premature ACS group were significantly increased, and age and HDL-C were significantly lower than those in the healthy group, with statistical significance (P < 0.05). Compared with premature ACS group, ALT, TG, Lp(a), uric acid, platelet and TyG index in premature ACS group were significantly increased, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). In Logistic regression analysis, with whether premature ACS was the dependent variable, the factors with P < 0.1 in the single-factor analysis between the premature ACS group and the normal control group were corrected, and multiple Logistic regression was performed. The analysis results showed that Lp(a), Tc and TyG index were risk factors for premature ACS, and age and HDL-C were protective factors (P < 0.05). The analysis results of the receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the area under the curve predicted by TyG index combined with LP(a) was 0.817 (0.761~0.872), the sensitivity was 86.2%, and the specificity was 66%. Conclusion: TyG index and Lp(a) are important risk factors for premature acute coronary syndrome. The combination of TyG index and Lp(a) has better predictive value than single detection.
文章引用:谢一兵, 汪园园, 王有志, 范建勇, 韩吉瑛, 李鹏. 甘油三酯–葡萄糖指数联合脂蛋白a与早发急性冠脉综合征的相关性[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(5): 1071-1078. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1451527

1. 引言

我国心血管疾病患者患病率和死亡率居高不下并呈现出年轻化趋势 [1] 。急性冠脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome, ACS)是最严重的冠心病(CHD)类型。年龄是ACS发病的独立因素,动脉粥样硬化从儿童便开始,随着年龄增长,危险因素叠加,导致ACS患病率增加,死亡率增高,急性心肌梗死患者的住院病死率呈指数倍增加 [2] 。提早发生的ACS被称为早发ACS [3] (premature acute coronary syndrome, PACS),目前,造成ACS患者发病年龄提前的危险因素尚不十分明确。因此,对早发ACS患者的临床特征及危险因素进行分析,将有助于早期识别和干预疾病,并通过提早控制危险因素来预防疾病的发生。本研究旨在探索导致早发ACS的危险因素,并探讨TyG指数[TyG指数(Triglyceride glucose index, TyG index)]、脂蛋白a联合应用对于早发ACS的预测价值。

2. 对象与方法

1) 对象选取2020年1月至2020年12月就诊于青岛大学附属医院急诊胸痛中心行冠脉造影(Coronary angiography, CAG)的病人患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。ACS诊断标准按照急性冠脉综合征急诊快速诊治指南(2019) [4] ;早发冠心病诊断标准按照美国国家胆固醇教育计划成人治疗组第三次会议(NECP-ATP III) [5] 制定的早发冠心病(premature coronary heart disease, PCHD)定义:男性患者初发CHD年龄 < 55岁、女性患者初发CHD年龄 < 65岁。纳入标准:(1) 所入选患者均行CAG检查,证实至少存在1支冠状动脉或主要分支直径 ≥ 50%狭窄;ACS包括急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死、非ST段抬高型心肌梗死、不稳定型心绞痛,各诊断标准参考中华医学会心血管病学分会推荐使用的心肌梗死(myocardial infarction, MI)全球统一定义及《不稳定性心绞痛和非ST段抬高心肌梗死诊断与治疗指南》 [6] [7] [8] ;(2) 年龄:男性患者 < 55岁、女性患者 < 65岁。排除标准:(1) 临床资料不完整;(2) 遗传性血脂异常;(3) 严重心肝肾功能不全;(4) 既往已接受冠脉介入术、冠脉旁路移植术;(5) 合并恶性肿瘤者。其中早发急性冠脉综合征患者116例,晚发急性冠脉综合征患者155例;未达到ACS诊断标准106例设为正常对照组。本研究经青岛大学附属医院伦理委员会批准(QYFY WZLL 28484)。

2) 方法收集患者病史资料及入院后第一天空腹实验室检查结果,包括白细胞、血小板、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、尿酸、肌酐等,血脂血糖数据如甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、Lp(a)、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、TyG指数。TyG指数 = ln[TG(mg/dl) × 空腹血糖(mg/dl)/2],其中TG (1 mg/dL = 0.011 mmol/L),空腹血糖(1 mg/dL = 0.056 mmol/L)。

3) 统计学方法采用SPSS 26.0统计软件分析数据。正态分布计量资料以x ± s表示,组间比较采用t检验;非正态分布计量资料以M (Q1, Q3)表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。采用多因素Logistic回归方法分析早发ACS患者的危险因素。应用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价变量的预测效能。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

1) 3组临床资料对比对照组与早发ACS组相比,早发ACS组中ALT、ASTLDL-C、TG、Lp(a)、血糖(空腹)、尿酸、白细胞、血小板、TyG指数均明显升高,年龄、HDL-C明显低于健康组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05),结果见表1。晚发ACS与早发ACS组相比,早发ACS组中ALT、TG、Lp(a)、尿酸、血小板、TyG指数均明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05),结果见表2

Table 1. Comparison of baseline data between PACS and control group

表1. 早发ACS与健康组一般资料比较

Table 2. Comparison of baseline data between PACS and late onset acute coronary syndrome group

表2. 早发组ACS与晚发组ACS一般资料比较

2) Logistic回归分析中,以是否为早发ACS为因变量,矫正早发ACS组与正常对照组单因素分析中P < 0.1的因素,行多因素Logistic回归。分析结果显示:Lp(a)、Tc、TyG指数为早发ACS的危险因素,年龄、HDL-C为保护因素(P < 0.05)。结果见表3

Table 3. Logistic regression analysis of the risk factors of PACS

表3. Logistic回归分析早发ACS的危险因素

3) LP(a)、TyG指数、TyG指数联合LP(a)对诊断早发ACS预测价值ROC曲线分析结果显示,LP(a)、TyG指数预测早发ACS的截断值为78.050、8.665,曲线下面积为0.750 (0.685~0.814)、0.766 (0.705~0.828),敏感度为:36%、75.5%,特异度为81.1%、42%。二者联合预测的曲线下面积为0.817 (0.761~0.872),敏感度为86.2%,特异度为66%。结果见图1

Figure 1. ROC curve of TC, Lp(a), TyG index and Lp(a) combined TyG index in the diagnosis of PACS

图1. TC、Lp(a)、TyG指数与Lp(a)联合TyG指数在诊断早发ACS中的ROC曲线

4. 讨论

急性冠脉综合征是冠心病的急危重症。近年来,随着冠心病患病率的逐渐上升,ACS的发病率也持续增长,并且发病年龄明显呈现出提前的趋势 [9] 。目前认为,代谢综合征与早发冠心病高度相关 [10] ,且其在预测早发冠心病的价值超过了现有的风险评估因素 [11] [12] 。识别具有ACS风险的年轻人具有重要意义,因为这些患者需要更积极的二级预防 [13] [14] 。因此,对早发ACS的危险因素进行全面探索和分析,对于预测及诊断早发ACS以及为其选择合理的预防和治疗方案具有重要意义。

本研究结果显示,早发ACS组较对照组中ALT、AST、LDL-C、TG、Lp(a)、血糖(空腹)、尿酸、白细胞、血小板、TyG指数均明显升高(P < 0.05),提示这些因素均可能为ACS发生的危险因素,这与许多研究发现的心血管疾病传统及新的危险因素基本一致 [15] [16] 。早发冠心病组患者BMI平均值明显高于晚发冠心病组患者,这表明肥胖导致年轻患者发生动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)可能性大,这类患者出现AS可能的机制有血脂代谢异常、胰岛素抵抗(Insulin resistance,IR)、炎症内皮功能障碍等 [17] [18] 。同时,IR与心血管疾病存在显著的联系已得到证实 [19] 。IR是指抑制脂质氧化能力、糖原合成不足及葡萄糖摄取和氧化减少,通过影响血管舒张损伤、血管钙化、动脉壁增厚、炎症介导等过程加速动脉粥样硬化,与冠状动脉疾病、心肌梗死、卒中等疾病密切相关 [20] 。IR可能通过多种机制导致巨噬细胞在血管壁积聚,通过一氧化氮介导的血管舒张功能受损,增加AS和易损斑块的不稳定性 [21] 。由空腹血糖和甘油三酯水平得出的指标即TyG指数。研究表明,TyG指数被认为是一个有说服力的与IR发生相关的指标 [22] 。本研究中,TyG指数水平正常对照组 < 晚发ACS组 < 早发ACS组,差异有显著统计学意义,从而证实TyG指数与早发ACS的发生可能存在一定的相关性,TyG指数对于评估早发冠心病患者可能有一定的临床意义,且TyG指数具有快速、无创、低成本等优点,更易在临床实践中广泛使用。

目前有大量证据 [23] 表明TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C、apoA1、apoB、以及Lp(a)等传统单项血脂指标与患CAD风险有关 [24] 。其中,具有高水平Lp(a)患者的冠状动脉易形成高危易损且形态复杂的斑块,这些斑块中巨噬细胞浸润严重,包含较大的坏死脂质核,并且纤维帽纤薄极易破裂,ACS患者的罪犯血管病变中可以检测到大量Lp(a),因此高水平Lp(a)与ACS的发生以及病变严重程度有着显著的相关性 [25] [26] 。目前也有研究表明Lp(a)水平与第一次发生ACS的年龄呈负相关,且与<45岁的人群相关性最强 [27] 。本研究中Lp(a)水平,正常对照组 < 晚发ACS组 < 早发ACS组,差异具有统计学意义,证实Lp(a)水平与早发ACS的发生可能存在一定的相关性。此外,在多元Logistic分析中血脂指标Lp(a)、Tc是早发ACS的独立危险因素。ROC曲线结果显示,Lp(a)检测的AUC (0.750),敏感度(0.853),特异度(0.396)与Tc检测的AUC (0.632),敏感度(0.957),特异度(0.443)相比,表明在传统血脂指标中Lp(a)相比于Tc具有更好的准确度及特异度。

此外,本研究也对TyG指数、Lp(a)及二者联合预测早发ACS进行了分析,ROC曲线结果显示,TyG指数联合Lp(a)预测早发ACS的AUC (0.817)分别大于TyG指数和Lp(a)单独检测的AUC (0.766、0.750);联合评估的敏感度为86.2%,高于单独检测TyG指数、Lp(a) (75.5%、36%);联合评估的特异度为66%,高于单独检测的TyG指数(42%),但低于单独检测的Lp(a) (81.1%)。表明TyG指数联合Lp(a)预测早发ACS相比于单一指标预测具有更好的准确度及特异度,二者联合对准确识别高危患者具有更大的帮助。

5. 结论

综上所述,TyG指数、Lp(a)均为早发ACS的独立危险因素,且二者联合具有较好的临床预测价值。本研究也同样存在局限性,首先,本研究为单中心回顾性研究,入选患者均为本院住院患者,纳入的样本量较少,无法完全反映出整体人群中早发ACS的危险因素。其次,TyG指标是通过公式计算得到,没有进行实验室检测验证对比,而且受糖尿病、高脂血症影响,不可避免存在差别。未来需要在充分考虑到可能影响TyG指数和Lp(a)的诸多因素的基础上进行大型的多中心前瞻性研究,进一步证明两者在预测早发ACS中的价值。

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