慢性乙肝患者药物依从性现状及影响因素研究进展
Progress of Research on the Current Status and Influencing Factors of Medication Adherence in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1451492, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 66  浏览: 119 
作者: 常玉娇, 曾爱中*:重庆医科大学附属第一医院感染科,重庆
关键词: 慢性乙肝药物依从性影响因素研究进展Chronic Hepatitis B Medication Adherence Influencing Factors Research Progress
摘要: 乙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis B Virus, HBV)感染是世界上最常见的慢性病毒感染。在全球范围内,中国是HBV感染高发国家之一。乙肝病毒感染最大的健康问题是与慢性乙型病毒性肝炎(Chronic Hepatitis B, CHB)相关的风险,包括肝硬变、肝功能衰竭和肝细胞癌。目前的指南推荐核苷(酸)类似物(Nucleos(t)ide Analogues, NAs)作为CHB患者的首选抗病毒治疗方法。有效的抗病毒治疗,可通过降低风险和减缓甚至逆转肝病的进展,改变疾病的自然病程。近年来,对CHB患者治疗、预后等方面取得了研究成果,但对于CHB患者服药依从性的研究相对缺乏。本文对CHB患者服药依从性的现状进行综述,分析与抗病毒治疗依从性相关的影响因素,强调药物依从性的重要性,指出今后研究中应该更加关注如何提高依从性从而改善预后。
Abstract: Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection is the most common chronic viral infection in the world. Globally, China is one of the countries with high prevalence of HBV infection. The biggest health concern of HBV infection is the risk associated with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), including liver cirrhosis, liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current guidelines recommend Nucleos(t)ide Analogues (NAs) as the preferred antiviral therapy for patients with CHB. Effective antiviral therapy can alter the natural course of the disease by reducing the risk and slowing or even reversing the progression of liver disease. In recent years, research results have been achieved on the treatment and prognosis of CHB patients, but there is a relative lack of research on medication adherence in CHB patients. In this paper, we review the current status of medication adherence in CHB patients, analyze the influencing factors related to adherence to antiviral therapy, emphasize the importance of medication adherence, and point out that more attention should be paid to how to improve adherence and thus improve the prognosis in future studies.
文章引用:常玉娇, 曾爱中. 慢性乙肝患者药物依从性现状及影响因素研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(5): 787-794. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1451492

1. 引言

乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染是一个重大的全球性健康问题,是肝脏失代偿、肝硬变和或肝细胞癌发展等并发症发病和死亡的重要原因 ‎[1] ‎[2] 。中国是乙肝病毒感染高发国家之一 ‎[2] ,在全球2.48亿慢性乙肝感染者中,约有7400万人居住在中国 ‎[3] 。据估计,中国的肝癌病例和因肝癌死亡人数占全球总数的一半 ‎[4] ,其中85%的肝癌病例与乙肝病毒感染相关 ‎[5] 。目前,中国肝病学会和中国传染病学会制定的指南提出所有的核苷(酸)类似物(NAs)都被推荐为CHB患者首选治疗方案 ‎[6] 。另一方面,根据美国肝病研究协会和几个国际指南,恩替卡韦和替诺福韦被推荐为NAs治疗慢性乙肝的第一线 ‎[7] ‎[8] 。用NAs进行抗病毒治疗可能通过预防疾病进展而提高患者生存率 ‎[9] ,长期NAs治疗已被证明可以减少绝大多数患者的肝纤维化程度,甚至逆转肝硬化,并最终提高生存率 ‎[10] ‎[11] ,Manolakopoulos等 ‎[12] 对长期使用拉米夫定治疗的30例失代偿期肝硬化患者与未接受抗病毒治疗的30例患者作对比,发现平均随访8~33个月后,治疗组有76.6%的患者Child-Pugh评分至少下降2分,而对照组患者未观察到显著的临床改善,治疗组死亡率为33.33%,而对照组死亡率高达80%。然而,乙肝病毒表面抗原血清清除率却很少实现,在NAs停药的情况下,特别是在乙肝病毒e抗原阴性患者中,观察到大量的停药复发率 ‎[12] 。因此,需要长期甚至终身治疗才能在抑制HBV复制方面获得持续的益处。研究表明,除了基因型病毒耐药性外,患者不依从性是治疗失败的主要原因 ‎[13] ‎[14] ‎[15] ‎[16] ‎[17] 。另有研究表明,相比于最佳依从性(95%),较低依从性(65%)将导致CHB患者15年内死亡人数增加约260万 ‎[18] 。故提高患者药物依从性对CHB预后和转归有重要意义。目前,针对CHB及其并发症的治疗及预后的相关研究较多,但针对CHB患者药物依从性方面的研究仍不充分,本文对近年来国内外CHB患者药物依从性相关研究进行综述和讨论。

2. 药物依从性及其评估方法

药物依从性是指患者遵照医嘱服药的程度,以及患者与医生约定的服药时间 ‎[13] ‎[19] ‎[20] ,这已经在各种慢性疾病中进行了研究 ‎[15] ‎[16] ‎[21] ‎[22] ‎[23] ‎[24] 。目前关于评估患者药物依从性的方法尚无统一的标准,可以通过以下几种方法来衡量,但每种方法各有其优缺点且没有一种方法被认为是金标准。主要的依从性评估方法有两种:1) 客观评估方法:药丸计数、处方补充率、查看药房取药记录、血浆药物浓度测定、利用电子用药监测器等方法。利用电子用药监测器和监测血浆药浓度可以客观具体的统计患者的用药量,但成本过高,而药房取药记录、处方补充率等方法可以长期监测患者依从性的动态变化过程,但无法确定患者实际服药情况以及患者是否选择其他购药地点。即便如此,电子监控法仍是目前最常用于评估依从性的方法之一,且用来对其他评估方法的有效性进行验证 ‎[25] 。2) 主观评估方法:以自我报告为主,自我报告可以通过问卷调查、口头自我报告或视觉模拟评分(Visual Analog Scale, VAS)的形式来完成。调查人员通过面对面或电话随访等方式直接与患者或家属沟通获得用药情况,该方法容易开展且设计灵活,能够获得患者停药的直接原因,但需要患者及家属完整回忆用药情况,这种方案往往不能反映出患者长期服药情况。研究发现,自我报告评估的服药依从性与通过药物电子监测设备和药片计数等其他方法评估的依从性相比较,自我报告的依从性比率要高出10%~30% ‎[26] ‎[27] 。因此,自我报告的药物依从性水平容易被高估。然而,许多研究结果证明了自我报告的依从性水平与临床治疗效果之间存在显著相关性 ‎[28] ‎[29] ‎[30] ,间接反应出这种评估方法的有效性。

3. CHB患者抗病毒治疗依从性现状

慢性疾病的治疗依从性在临床实践中差异很大,在发达国家中,慢性病药物依从性水平平均为50% ‎[19] ‎[31] ,这一比例高于发展中国家,可能与医疗资源的缺乏有关 ‎[32] 。很多慢性病的依从性水平及其对临床效果的影响已被广泛研究,然而对于CHB患者抗病毒最佳药物依从性水平尚无共识。根据病毒学反应,一些人认为CHB患者的依从性超过80%的是可以接受的 ‎[33] ,而另一些人则认为>90%的充分依从性对于CHB患者是必须的 ‎[34] ‎[35] ‎[36] 。另有研究表明,低于90%的抗病毒治疗依从性与病毒反弹和临床显著耐药性密切相关 ‎[37] ,并且需要超过95%的抗病毒治疗依从性才能获得最有利的治疗结果 ‎[24] 。然而,药物依从性的最佳水平应根据其与临床结果的关系来确定。

因为研究方法、数据来源和依从性评估方法的不同,许多研究结果显示的CHB患者NAs治疗依从性水平存在很大差异。Chotiyaputta等 ‎[36] 通过药房数据记录系统,首次利用药物持有率(MPR) (某一特定药物在某一观察期内的日供应量之和除以该段时间内的天数)对CHB患者的药物依从性水平进行了评估,报告了各种NAs的平均药物持有率为87.8%,其中55.3%患者MPR > 90%。在接受恩替卡韦(ETV)治疗的2434例患者中,59%的患者表现出>90%的依从率,这一结果与Van Vlerken等 ‎[2] 利用配药机进行实时药物检测所得出的研究结果相似。这就表明CHB患者平均依从性水平并不低,且超过一半的患者达到了临床最佳依从性的要求。Manolakopoulos等 ‎[38] 通过电子处方数据系统,对CHB患者的药物依从性研究也验证了这一结果。

此外,部分学者利用问卷调查等主观形式对CHB患者药物依从性进行了评估。在中国近期的一项研究中,罗发燕等 ‎[39] 利用问卷调查的形式,对210例慢乙肝患者的依从性进行评估,其中Morisky药物依从性量表(Eight-Item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, MMAS-8) ‎[40] 用于对患者的用药行为评价和依从性障碍评估。Morisky药物依从性量表是目前使用最广泛的药物依从性评价量表之一。MMAS-8总分为8分,根据分值将依从性划分为低(<6分)、中(6~7分)、高(8分)三个水平,依从性差被定义为0~5分,良好依从性被定义为6~8分。发现药物依从性良好占70.95%,依从性差占29.05%。这与韩宗儒等 ‎[41] 的研究结果相似。但Xu等 ‎[42] 利用MMAS-8对369例CHB患者进行药物依从性评估的研究结果并不乐观,结果发现高依从性(评分为8分)仅占16.5%,中依从性(评分为6~7分)占32.2%,低依从性(评分为<6分)占51.2%。一项国外的研究中,Giang等 ‎[43] 利用问卷调查和VAS对80例慢性乙肝患者和他们的医生进行药物依从性评估,VAS由1~10级组成,VAS = 1代表依从性差,即表示患者经常漏服药物,VAS = 10表示患者从未漏服药物,最佳依从性被定义为自评VAS = 10的等级。结果显示最佳依从性(VAS = 10)的患者达到66%,这与Sogni等 ‎[44] 利用VAS量表评估CHB患者药物依从性的研究结果相似。然而研究还发现,92%的医生认为他们的患者会有最佳依从性,这表明在实际临床中医生往往会高估患者的依从性。

与其他慢性疾病相比,慢性乙型肝炎患者的抗病毒治疗依从性水平并不低。研究显示,CHB患者抗病毒药物依从性为80%~99% ‎[27] ‎[36] ‎[45] ‎[46] 。其他慢性疾病的依从性一般在43%~78%之间,且治疗6个月后会急剧下降 ‎[21] 。例如,Zhang等 ‎[47] 的研究中,59.8%的2型糖尿病患者存在药物不依从性,Abegaz等 ‎[48] 的研究显示,约43%~65.5%的高血压患者不遵守处方降压治疗。对于慢性病患者来说,治疗方案越复杂往往会导致药物依从性水平下降 ‎[42] ‎[49] ‎[50] ‎[51] 。CHB患者通常每天只需单药单次口服抗病毒治疗,NAs药物耐受性较好且不良反应较小 ‎[19] ‎[52] ,同时,慢性乙型肝炎作为一种传染病,患者可能会认为CHB是比其他慢性病更严重的疾病 ‎[36] 。综上可知,CHB患者较其他慢性病有更高的治疗依从性。但上述研究大多在发达国家进行,而我国作为一个肝炎高发的国家,对于CHB药物依从性的研究相对不足,缺乏侧重于评估自我感知障碍和促进因素的研究。现有部分利用问卷调查评估CHB患者药物依从性的研究,也仅限于小样本量。我们应该针对我国不同地区以及人群开展依从性水平研究,进一步丰富CHB治疗依从性相关研究。

4. CHB患者抗病毒治疗依从性的影响因素

药物依从性是影响CHB患者抗病毒治疗效果的关键,而探索影响抗病毒药物依从性水平的因素是针对性提高患者药物依从性的前提。CHB治疗的依从性通常会受到多重复杂因素影响包括个体因素、疾病相关因素、社会经济因素、卫生保健系统因素和治疗相关因素等。

1) 个体因素:多项研究 ‎[27] ‎[36] ‎[53] 结果显示,年龄、性别是影响CHB患者药物依从性的因素,年龄较大的患者和女性患者有更好的药物依从性。另有研究 ‎[38] 表示,健忘是CHB患者药物依从性差的原因。一项问卷调查 ‎[43] 结果显示,对其他疾病药物依从性差的患者,在服用核苷类似物治疗CHB时更易发生依从性不佳,医患双方沟通障碍与CHB患者服药依从性差也有显著的相关性。Chi等 ‎[54] 利用电子病历数据库分析抗病毒治疗的CHB患者定期随访就诊的依从性,结果显示,年轻和有医患沟通语言障碍的患者依从性更差。对于年轻、有医患沟通障碍及治疗意愿较差的慢性乙肝患者,医护人员在临床实践过程中要加以重视,给予相关干预和教育,更多的沟通和理解患者的想法。

2) 疾病相关因素:治疗依从性与患者疾病的严重程度有关,即疾病越严重,影响日常生活更明显,迫切需要诊治,治疗依从性往往更高,但CHB患者往往在疾病早期没有或几乎没有症状,使得服用处方药的好处变得不确定 ‎[2] ‎[36] ‎[52] ,导致患者认为按时服药不再重要。一项关于中国乙型肝炎病毒相关肝细胞癌患者NAs治疗依从性的调查显示,部分患者停止服药的原因为认为自身病情好转 ‎[55] 。因此,医护人员应加强CHB患者药物依从性重要性的宣教。

3) 社会经济相关因素:一项横断面研究 ‎[56] 发现失业和家庭月收入较低的CHB患者使用NAs依从性较低。药物价格昂贵难以负担是NAs治疗依从性较低的常见原因。目前,中国有几家制药公司已生产恩替卡韦的仿制药,其报告价格大大低于进口药的价格 ‎[57] 。国产仿制药品在抗病毒治疗的药效、安全系数等方面是合格的,从经济学角度看,更能普惠广大乙肝患者。然而,因竞争激烈导致谈判药价过低,反而会促使CHB患者因药物价格过低而对药品质量产生怀疑,降低治疗依从性。

4) 卫生保健系统因素:一项回顾性队列研究显示,报销水平对CHB患者抗病毒药物的使用和依从性有积极影响 ‎[46] 。因此,我们建议对CHB患者建立合适医疗报销政策,精确设计长期的健康计划,以便提高慢性病的报销水平,进一步提高慢性病人群的药物依从性。

5) 治疗相关因素:一项国外的回顾研究发现,对NAs长期安全性的担忧被认为是开始治疗的主要障碍之一,也是停止治疗的主要原因之一 ‎[35] 。另有研究 ‎[58] ‎[59] 显示,CHB患者服药依从性差的原因之一是认为药物存在副作用,这说明了慢性乙肝患者对NAs治疗的认知程度不够,尽管慢性乙型肝炎的抗病毒治疗通常是终身的,但NAs是安全的,并且对患者具有良好的耐受性 ‎[60] 。服用NAs的患者应定期检测相应的不良反应,通过开展患者教育,例如,发放疾病相关宣传手册或者开设疾病治疗知识讲座等,让患者对抗病毒药物的不良反应有正确的认识,减少患者因对副作用的担心而自行停药。

5. CHB依从性相关研究带来的启示及未来研究应关注的问题

NAs作为CHB患者的一线抗病毒治疗药物,其依从性对于CHB患者的临床治疗效果至关重要。实际临床中,药物依从性差是比耐药更重要的病毒学突破治疗失败原因。虽然现有研究显示,与其他慢性病相比,CHB患者药物依从性水平并不低,但仍有部分患者存在不依从的情况,医护人员应加强患者宣教,强调不依从性带来的后果,进一步加强患者对服药依从性的重视程度。

目前,国内外对于CHB患者药物依从性的研究尚不足,尤其我国,作为乙型肝炎高发国,尚缺乏大样本研究数据。进一步应对我国不同地区及不同人群开展CHB抗病毒治疗依从性调查,同时对合并其他病毒感染(如丙型肝炎病毒、人类免疫缺陷病毒等)或其他疾病的患者进行研究,旨在全面了解CHB药物依从性情况,为临床制定个性化干预措施提供帮助。

虽然慢性乙型肝炎患者有较高的服药依存性,但同样存在与其他慢性病相似的依从性障碍。目前的研究中,年龄、治疗费用、健忘、报销水平、副作用等是影响CHB患者药物依从性的重要因素,患者对疾病的认知度、有无家族史以及是否合并其他疾病等对CHB抗病毒治疗依从性的影响也应在今后的研究中受到关注。我们应该重视影响患者依从性的因素,制定相关政策及策略以解决患者依从性障碍。

总之,目前对于CHB患者药物依从性的研究存在很多不足。核苷(酸)类似物治疗乙肝需要长期甚至终生,未来的研究可以扩大样本量进一步从疾病不同阶段以及不同级别医院展开,深入探索影响抗病毒治疗依从性的危险因素。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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