血钙水平对发热伴血小板减少综合征患者的预后评估价值
Prognostic Value of Serum Calcium Levels in Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1451407, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 33  浏览: 51 
作者: 臧 艳, 李 涛*:安徽医科大学第一附属医院检验科,安徽 合肥
关键词: 发热伴血小板减少综合征血钙水平预后SFTS Serum Calcium Levels Prognosis
摘要: 目的:探讨血钙水平对发热伴血小板减少综合征(SFTS)患者预后的预测价值。方法:采用回顾性研究,收集于安徽医科大学第一附属医院住院治疗的181例SFTS患者的临床资料,根据临床结局分为死亡组(44例)和存活组(137例),对比分析两组患者的年龄及各项实验室检测指标。采用单因素及多因素COX回归分析不良结局的独立危险因素,通过ROC曲线和Kaplan-Meier生存分析评估血钙水平对SFTS患者临床结局的预测能力。结果:与存活组相比,死亡组患者的APTT、PT、D-D、Cr、BUN、ALT、AST、CK-MB、LDH、钾、CRP、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10水平显著升高(P < 0.05);而PLT、L、M、Fib、GFR、钙和碳酸氢根水平则显著降低(P < 0.05)。年龄(HR = 1.875, 95%CI: 1.120~3.138, P = 0.017)和IL-10 (HR = 1.004, 95%CI: 1.002~1.006, P < 0.001)是患者死亡的独立危险因素;而血钙水平(HR = 0.022, 95%CI: 0.001~0.480, P = 0.015)是独立保护因素。结论:血清钙离子水平对早期评估SFTS患者临床预后具有重要价值,可为病情评估和临床诊疗提供重要参考信息。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the value of serum calcium levels in predicting the prognosis of patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS). Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to collect clinical data from 181 patients diagnosed with Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) and admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University. Patients were classified into two groups based on clinical outcomes: the death group (44 cases) and the survival group (137 cases). Comparative analysis was performed on the age and laboratory markers of these two patient groups. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were utilized to explore in-dependent risk factors for adverse outcomes, while ROC curve and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were employed to evaluate the predictive ability of blood calcium levels on clinical outcomes in patients with SFTS. Results: Compared to the survival group, deceased patients showed significantly elevated levels of APTT, PT, D-D, Cr, BUN, ALT, AST, CK-MB, LDH, potassium, CRP, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 (P < 0.05). Conversely, PLT, L, M, Fib, GFR, calcium, and bicarbonate levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Furthermore, age (HR = 1.875, 95%CI: 1.120~3.138, P = 0.017) and IL-10 (HR = 1.004, 95%CI: 1.002~1.006, P < 0.001) emerged as independent risk factors for patient mortality, while blood calcium level (HR = 0.022, 95%CI: 0.001~0.480, P = 0.015) was identified as an independent protective factor. Conclusion: Serum calcium levels are crucial for early prognosis evaluation in SFTS patients, offering vital insights for diagnosis and treatment planning.
文章引用:臧艳, 李涛. 血钙水平对发热伴血小板减少综合征患者的预后评估价值[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(5): 133-141. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1451407

1. 引言

发热伴血小板减少综合征(SFTS)是一种由新型布尼亚病毒(SFTSV)引起的急性传染性疾病。该病首次于2009年在中国被发现并确诊,近年来在东亚及东南亚地区也常见报道 [1] [2] [3] 。SFTSV主要通过蜱虫叮咬感染人和动物,并引发患者高热伴血小板减少、胃肠道功能紊乱甚至多器官功能不全等临床表现 [4] [5] [6] 。病情进展迅速,最终可因多脏器功能衰竭而死亡。据既往研究统计,该病病死率高达30% [7] [8] [9] 。

我国是受SFTS影响最严重的国家之一,相关病例报道逐年增长,尤其是河南、安徽、湖北等中部地区 [10] 。目前,关于SFTS的发病机制尚未明确,临床上也没有特异性疫苗或药物用于预防和治疗SFTSV感染 [11] 。因此,在患者入院早期进行准确的预后评估,以指导积极抢救干预,对降低患者病死率具有重要意义。本研究旨在通过比较存活组和死亡组SFTS患者入院时的各项实验室项目结果,分析可能影响患者死亡的因素,从而实现早期预后评估并辅助临床诊疗工作。

2. 材料与方法

2.1. 研究对象

本研究回顾性分析了2020年4月至2023年3月期间在安徽医科大学第一附属医院接受住院治疗的181例SFTS患者。研究对象中男性72例,女性109例,平均年龄为(60.72 ±1 2.15)岁。入组标准遵循2010年中国卫生部发布的《发热伴血小板减少综合征防治指南》:伴有发热 ≥ 38.0℃、出血/胃肠道症状、流行病学危险因素(如蜱虫接触史或SFTS流行区接触史)以及包括血小板减少在内的实验室检查结果。确诊依据为RT-PCR检测病毒核酸阳性或SFTSV特异性IgM/IgG抗体阳性。本研究排除了年龄不满16周岁、入院24小时内死亡以及临床资料不完整的患者。本研究已获得安徽医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会的批准(批准号:PJ20210618)。

2.2. 观察指标

收集患者年龄、性别及入院后初次实验室检查结果,包括血红蛋白(Hb)、白细胞计数(WBC)、血小板计数(PLT)、中性粒细胞计数(N)、淋巴细胞计数(L)、单核细胞计数(M)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、D-二聚体(D-D)、纤维蛋白原(Fib)、国际标准化比值(INR)、肾小球滤过率(GFR)、血肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、血清胆红素(DBIL)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、钾、钠、钙、碳酸氢根、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白介素-6 (IL-6)、白介素-8 (IL-8)、白介素-10 (IL-10)等实验室指标。

2.3. 研究方法

所有数据处理和分析工作应用Python (version 3.10.5)完成。满足正态分布的计量资料采用均值±标准差描述,并通过两独立样本t检验进行组间比较。偏态分布的计量资料采用中位数(P25, P75)描述,并通过非参数Mann-Whitney U检验进行组间比较。计数资料的组间比较采用卡方检验。比较存活组和死亡组患者各项观察指标的差异,将具有统计学差异(P < 0.05)的指标进行单因素COX回归分析,并将具有统计学意义的影响因素纳入多因素COX回归分析,以确定SFTS患者住院期间发生死亡的独立危险因素。进入时间为入院时间,退出时间为院内死亡或出院时间。绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,用曲线下面积(AUC)评价血钙水平的预测能力。根据ROC曲线最佳截断值,将患者分为低钙组和高钙组。绘制Kaplan-Meier生存曲线,采用log-rank检验分析两组间的生存差异。采用GraphPad Prism (version 9.0)进行图形描述。P< 0.05被视为差异具有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 存活组和死亡组患者的特征比较

SFTS患者死亡组和存活组的临床特征比较见表1。死亡组的中位年龄为69岁,而存活组的中位年龄为60岁,两组之间存在显著性差异(P < 0.001)。SFTS的典型症状包括发热、皮疹、消化系统症状、呼吸系统症状和中枢神经系统症状,这些症状在本研究中得到了确认,并与既往研究一致。基于此,我们对患者的实验室检查结果进行了更为全面的分析。分析显示,与存活组相比,死亡组患者的APTT、PT、D-D、Cr、BUN、ALT、AST、CK-MB、LDH、钾、CRP、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10水平显著升高(P < 0.05),而PLT、L、M、Fib、GFR、钙和碳酸氢根水平则显著降低(P < 0.05)。

3.2. SFTS患者死亡组和存活组的COX回归分析结果

将上述具有统计学意义的指标进行单因素和多因素COX回归分析,以评估它们和SFTS患者死亡风险之间的关系。单因素分析结果表明,年龄、Fib、Cr、ALT、钾、钙、碳酸氢根、IL-10是患者发生死亡事件的危险因素(P < 0.05)。在多因素分析中,年龄(HR = 1.875, 95%CI: 1.120~3.138, P = 0.017)和IL-10 (HR = 1.004, 95%CI: 1.002~1.006, P < 0.001)被确认为SFTS患者死亡的独立危险因素。值得注意的是,血清钙离子(HR = 0.022, 95%CI: 0.001~0.480, P = 0.015)被发现是独立保护因素。具体结果如图1图2所示。

Table 1. Baseline clinical characteristics between non-survivors and survivors of SFTS

表1. SFTS患者死亡组与存活组的基线特征比较

Figure 1. Forest plot of HRs by univariate COX regression analysis. Red indicates HR > 1; Blue indicates HR < 1

图1. 单因素COX回归分析森林图。红色表示HR > 1;蓝色表示HR < 1

Figure 2. Forest plot of HRs by multivariate COX regression analysis. Red indicates HR > 1; Blue indicates HR < 1

图2. 多因素COX回归分析森林图。红色表示HR > 1;蓝色表示HR < 1

基于多因素COX回归分析结果,我们对血清钙离子进行了ROC曲线分析,发现其预测SFTS患者预后的最佳截断值为1.935 mmol/L,该阈值具有较高的灵敏度(0.725)和特异度(0.617),其AUC值为0.707 (95%CI: 0.6162~0.7912),表明血钙水平在预测SFTS患者预后方面具有较好的预测价值,结果如图3所示。我们利用血钙最佳截断值进行了Kaplan-Meier生存分析,结果显示“低钙组”(血钙 < 1.935 mmol/L)与“高钙组”(血钙 > 1.935 mmol/L)相比,预后明显较差(P < 0.01),死亡风险比为3.557,结果见图4。此外,我们发现“低钙组”患者的病死率明显高于“高钙组”(36.25% vs. 11.83%, P < 0.01),如图5所示。值得注意的是,依据本医院血钙生化分析仪的参考范围2.21~2.52 mmol/L,入组的181例患者血钙水平均位于1.37~2.51 mmol/L范围内。因此,我们还统计了血钙水平正常的22名患者信息,结果显示这22名患者均痊愈出院,无死亡事件发生。

Figure 3. The ROC curve

图3. ROC曲线图

Figure 4. Kaplan-Meier survival curve for overall survival in SFTS patients stratified according to the [Ca2+]

图4. SFTS患者根据血钙水平分层的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线

Figure 5. Comparison of fatality at different [Ca2+] levels

图5. 同血钙水平患者的病死率比较

4. 讨论

发热伴血小板减少综合征作为一种新发的病毒性传染性疾病,病情进展快,病死率高 [12] [13] ,且缺乏特效药物,目前主要应用利巴韦林、丙球蛋白、地塞米松等药物进行对症支持治疗 [14] - [20] 。由于SFTS的治疗关键在于早期的积极干预,因此,在入院早期对患者进行有效预后评估对挽救患者生命至关重要 [21] 。

尽管目前SFTS的发病机制尚未明确,但几乎所有患者都出现发热和和血小板减少的症状 [22] [23] [24] ,重症患者和死亡患者常见全身多脏器功能受损和凝血功能障碍,提示这些可能与疾病进展和不良预后有关 [25] 。有研究提出,SFTSV可能通过侵袭患者各个脏器的微血管内皮细胞,导致内皮下胶原暴露,进而启动内源性凝血过程,严重者甚至可以引发DIC [26] [27] 。DIC同时可诱发全身多脏器功能受损,表现为转氨酶(ALT、AST)、肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)等指标的显著升高,以及电解质紊乱。颜月 [28] 等人提出,APTT是SFTS患者发生死亡的独立危险因素;王博昊 [29] 等人认为,肝肾功能可作为区分SFTS患者病情严重程度分级的重要依据;同时,一些研究发现,肾功能损伤伴随的低钙血症往往提示病情恶化 [30] [31] ,为我们提供了判断患者预后的新视角。

本研究观察到,在死亡组患者中,血钙水平明显低于存活组。通过多因素COX回归分析,我们发现血钙水平是SFTS患者死亡的独立保护因素。钙离子在凝血过程中扮演着关键角色,作为内源性和外源性凝血途径的共同参与因子,血钙水平的降低可能导致凝血功能障碍。在SFTS的病程中,低钙血症通常与肾脏损伤严重相关。尽管本研究发现两组患者的Cr、BUN和GFR存在显著差异,但多因素COX回归分析并未将这些指标识别为SFTS患者死亡的独立危险因素,这可能与样本量较小有关。此外,研究表明,低钙血症可能影响心肌细胞和血管平滑肌细胞的正常功能,导致心肌损伤和血管痉挛 [32] 。多脏器损伤是SFTS患者预后不良的关键因素 [33] [34] 。因此,当SFTS患者的血钙水平在1.935~2.11 mmol/L范围内时,临床医生应予以高度重视,根据患者病情进行积极干预。我们的ROC曲线分析显示,血钙水平对SFTS患者预后的预测价值较高(AUC > 0.7),这进一步强调了其在临床诊疗中的重要性。

5. 结论

综上所述,血钙水平在评估SFTS患者的病情进展和预后方面具有显著的临床意义。鉴于SFTS是一种新发传染病,且其分布具有地域性特征,我们计划扩大研究规模,并对这一指标进行更深入的探究。这将有助于提高我们对SFTS的临床认识,并为患者提供更有效的治疗策略。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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