针对结直肠息肉切除术后出血的各种内镜预防措施:随机对照研究的网状Meta分析
Various Endoscopic Prophylaxes for Post-Polypectomy Bleeding in Colorectal Polyps: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1441357, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 70  浏览: 111 
作者: 张顺涛, 张园梦, 李巧玉, 邱烈旺, 曾 波*:重庆医科大学附属永川医院消化内科,重庆;陈 琪:重庆医科大学附属永川医院胃肠外科,重庆
关键词: 结肠息肉结肠镜检查内镜黏膜切除术出血治疗网状meta分析Colonic Polyps Colonoscopy Endoscopic Mucosal Resection Hemorrhage Therapeutics Network Meta-Analysis
摘要: 背景:现有关于预防结直肠息肉切除术后出血的研究存在局限性。目的:通过网状meta分析评估各种内镜措施预防结直肠息肉切除术后出血的效果。方法:我们在数据库中检索了有关结直肠息肉切除术后出血的内镜预防的随机对照试验(randomized controlled studies trials, RCTs),干预措施包括无预防、肾上腺素注射、器械套扎、金属夹封闭、血管热凝、不含器械联合法和含器械联合法。主要结局事件是息肉切除术后的出血。整个分析在频率学框架下进行。结果:共确定了24项研究(10,658名患者,18,454枚结直肠息肉)。肾上腺素注射、器械套扎和含器械联合法的术中出血(intraprocedural bleeding, IPB)和早期出血(early bleeding, EB)率比无预防低。含器械联合法和金属夹封闭的术后出血(postoperative bleeding, PPB)率比无预防低。所有内镜措施的晚期出血(late bleeding, LB)率与无预防相似。结论:对于结直肠息肉,肾上腺素注射,器械套扎和金属夹封闭可根据可行性被选择用于预防术后24小时内的出血。对10 mm以上的结直肠息肉,器械套扎和金属夹封闭可能更有效。尚未发现内镜预防术后24小时至30天内出血的必要性。
Abstract: Background: Existing researches on prevention of post-polypectomy bleeding have limitations. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of various endoscopic prophylaxes preventing post-polypectomy bleeding in network meta-analysis (NMA) based on controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: We searched databases for RCTs on prevention of post-polypectomy bleeding with endoscopic prophylaxis involving no prophylaxis, adrenaline, device ligation, clips closure, electrocoagulation, combined methods without device and combined methods with device. The primary outcome was bleeding events after polypectomy. NMA was conducted within a frequentist framework. Results: A total of 24 RCTs (10,658 patients with 18,454 colorectal polyps) were identified. Adrenaline injection, device ligation, and combined device-containing methods had lower rates of intraprocedural bleeding (IPB) and early bleeding (EB) than no prophylaxis. Combined methods with device and clips closure had lower rates of postoperative bleeding (PPB) no prophylaxis. All endoscopic measures had similar rates of late bleeding (LB) to no prophylaxis. Conclusion: For colorectal polyps, adrenaline injections, device ligation and clips closure may be selected based on feasibility to prevent bleeding within 24 hours from the procedure. For colorectal polyps ≥ 10 mm, device ligation and clips closure may be more effective. The need for endoscopic measures to prevent bleeding 24 hours to 30 days after the procedure has not been identified.
文章引用:张顺涛, 陈琪, 张园梦, 李巧玉, 邱烈旺, 曾波. 针对结直肠息肉切除术后出血的各种内镜预防措施:随机对照研究的网状Meta分析 [J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(4): 2779-2794. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1441357

1. 引言

内镜下结直肠息肉切除术是一项可以将肠腔内较大的良性病变和早期癌前病变或癌症切除以达到诊断或治疗目的的技术。相较于外科手术治疗,内镜治疗在保证更低的癌症发病率和死亡率的同时,还为患者带来更高的生活质量 [1] 。最常用的内镜手术包括氩离子体凝固术、活检钳除术、圈套器切除术、内镜黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection, EMR)和内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection, ESD) [2] 。随着内镜下结直肠息肉切除术被广泛用,人们对手术相关的不良事件也愈发关注。常见的不良事件包括出血、穿孔、感染和疼痛。其中,尤以出血最为常见 [3] 。

据报道,结直肠息肉切除术后出血的发生率在0.3%至6.1%之间 [4] [5] [6] 。胃肠道出血通常需要紧急进行内镜下治疗,若缺乏及时有效的止血可能导致严重的后果。因此,相较于在出血事件之后采取补救措施,在出血事件发生之前采取预防性干预措施可以大大降低死亡风险。常见的预防措施主要分为三类:1) 切除前干预,如肾上腺素注射和器械套扎;2) 切除后干预,如金属夹封闭和血管热凝;和3) 上述两种干预措施的组合,根据成本的不同,可进一步分为不含器械联合法和含器械联合法。

作为结直肠息肉切除术最常见的严重不良事件,风险因素包括年龄、抗凝药物使用、心血管疾病、慢性肾脏疾病和息肉的大体特征,包括形态、大小和位置 [7] [8] [9] [10] 。近年来,越来越多的研究开始探索预防息肉切除术后出血的有效性。尽管如此,各种预防措施的相对疗效及适用性意义尚不明确。因此,本研究通过网状meta分析进行了系统综述,试图解决这种不确定性,其结果可能为其临床应用提供循证医学证据。

2. 资料与方法

该网状meta分析是根据PRISMA-NMA声明 [11] 进行报告的。研究方案已在INPLASY注册中心注册(注册号:202280044)。

2.1. 检索策略

检索Pubmed、Embase、Cochrane、Clinical Trials、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国知网、万方和维普等国内外数据库。检索主题词包括:结肠息肉切除术、内镜黏膜切除术、出血、预防治疗、内镜止血、colonic polyps polypectomy、Endoscopic Mucosal Resection、hemorrhage、prophylactic procedures、endoscopic hemostasis。检索时间为2000年1月到2023年10月。没有语言或地域限制。筛选后的结果被导入Endnote Library (x9.3版)进行管理。

2.2. 纳入标准

2.2.1. 研究类型

收集有关预防结直肠息肉切除术后出血的RCTs。盲法及分配隐藏均不受限制。

2.2.2. 研究对象

18岁以上接受传统息肉切除术(氩离子体凝固术、活检钳除术、圈套器切除术)或EMR的结直肠息肉患者。患者性别、种族和病程没有限制,但基线应具有可比性。

2.2.3. 干预措施

干预组的预防措施为肾上腺素注射、器械套扎、金属夹封闭、血管热凝、不含器械联合法和含器械联合法。对照组为上述预防措施之一,或无预防。

2.2.4. 结局事件

我们将符合条件的研究中的出血定义分为两类,并将其作为主要结果事件。定义1:以息肉切除术完成为时间点分为IPB和PPB [2] [8] [12] - [24] 。定义2:以息肉切除后24小时的为时间点分为EB和LB。

2.3. 排除标准

非RCT的文献(包括荟萃分析、综述类、经验总结、理论探讨和病例报告);重复发表或无法获取全文的文献。

2.4. 文献筛选及数据提取管理

为了确保数据提取的准确性和研究的严谨性,2名研究人员独立提取、整合和交叉检查数据。同时采用Cochrane偏倚风险工具第2版 [25] 对纳入的RCT进行偏倚风险评估。在数据提取和质量评估中出现的任何分歧都将通过与第3位研究人员的讨论和判断来解决。

2.5. 统计分析

本研究的所有结局指标均为二分类变量,二分类变量以比值比(odds ratio, OR)和95%置信区间(confidence interval, CI)计算和表示。

网状meta分析是在频率学框架随机效应模型下进行的 [26] 。综合所有直接和间接证据,比较各种预防措施的疗效,并根据原始研究偏倚风险及涉及息肉的形态学特点(直径小于10 mm)进行敏感性分析。使用Stata 14.0软件绘制了网络证据图,以直观显示各预防措施之间的直接和间接比较。成对比较的OR以联赛表和森林图的形式显示,95% CI区间解释了效应估计值的不确定性 [27] 。然后,计算每种预防措施的排序概率,包括累积排序曲线下面积(surface under the cumulative ranking, SUCRA)。绘制漏斗图,将对称性作为评估标准,以评估因样本量小而导致的潜在偏倚。可传递性通常根据研究设计和研究对象的基线特征进行评估 [28] [29] 。使用tau2统计量评估研究间的异质性,并在森林图中显示其预测区间 [30] 。此外,直接证据与间接证据之间可能存在的不一致性采用设计–治疗交互模型 [26] 、环不一致性 [31] 和节点劈裂法 [32] 进行评估。

2.6. 证据质量评价

直接、间接和网状比较结果的可靠性采用GRADE (the grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation)工作组提出的在线评估工具(CINeMA: https://cinema.ispm.unibe.ch/)进行评估 [33] 。GRADE方法将证据质量分为四个等级:高、中、低和极低。如果存在研究局限性、不一致性、间接性、不精确性和发表偏倚等问题,最初证据质量为“高”的RCT证据将被降级,证据质量最多可降三级(降至“极低”)。

3. 结果

3.1. 文献筛选

通过数据库检索共获得600条文献记录。在剔除重复记录、通过阅读标题和摘要进行筛选以及确认文献的可获得性之后,有24项RCT [8] [12] - [24] [34] - [43] 符合纳入标准,涉及10,658名患者(18,454枚结直肠息肉)。文献筛选流程及结果见图1。在这些研究中,内镜措施包括无预防、肾上腺素注射、器械套扎、金属夹封闭、血管热凝、不含器械联合法和含器械联合法。表1显示了24项符合纳入标准的RCT的特征。在24项RCT中,6项被认为具有高风险,18项被认为具有中风险或低风险(图2)。

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of studies included in the network meta-analysis

表1. 纳入研究的基本特征

a用“中位数,范围”代替“平均数 ± 标准差”。b用“中位数”代替“平均数 ± 标准差”。c用“中位数,四分位距”代替“平均数 ± 标准差”。

Figure 1. Research screening process

图1. 文献筛选流程

Figure 2. Results of risk of bias assessment

图2. 偏倚风险评估结果

3.2. 基于IPB和PPB的网状Meta分析

图3(A)和图4(A)显示了预防IPB的四项措施和预防PPB的六项措施的网状meta分析和效应量大小。表2显示了这些措施的预防效果排名。在预防IPB方面,肾上腺素黏膜下注射(与无预防相比,OR = 0.17,95% CI:0.04至0.70)、器械套扎(与无预防相比,OR = 0.20,95% CI:0.09至0.42)和含器械联合法(与无预防相比,OR = 0.24,95% CI:0.08至0.78)具有明显的预防效果。在其他比较中未发现有统计学意义的差异。三者中,最有效的措施很可能是肾上腺素注射(SUCRA 73.9%),其次是器械套扎(70.3%),预防效果较差的是含器械联合法(55.3%)。在对PPB的预防措施中,只有含器械联合法(与肾上腺素注射相比,OR = 0.32,95% CI:0.10~0.96)和金属夹封闭(与无预防相比,OR = 0.67,95% CI:0.46~0.96)显示出显著的预防效果。在其他比较中未发现有统计学意义的差异。含器械联合法(77.6%)是预防PPB的最佳措施,其次是金属夹封闭(68.5%),肾上腺素注射(25.2%)最有可能成为PPB的最差预防措施。

Table 2. Ranked probability and SUCRA of each preventive measure

表2. 各预防措施疗效排序概率及SUCRA

3.3. 基于EB和LB的网状Meta分析

图3(B)和图4(C)显示了预防EB的四项措施和预防LB的七项措施的网状meta分析和效应量大小。表2显示了这些措施的预防效果排名。四项措施在预防EB方面的表现与预防IPB相似。肾上腺素注射(OR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.23~0.72)、器械套扎(OR = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.09~0.47)和含器械联合法(OR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.07~0.53)的预防效果明显优于无预防。与第一种出血定义的结果不同,第二种出血定义中各治疗效果的排序概率发生了变化(表2):预防效果最好的措施可能是含器械联合法(SUCRA 84.2%),其次是器械套扎(77.5%)。此外,在三种措施中,肾上腺素注射(38.2%)的预防效果与无预防(0.1%)最为接近。在其他比较中未发现有统计学意义的差异。七项措施在预防LB方面均未表现出明显优于无预防的效果。

Figure 3. Network diagrams of various comparisons

图3. 各内镜措施两两比较的网络证据图

Figure 4. League table of pooled estimates of the network meta-analysis

图4. 网状meta分析联赛表

3.4. 敏感性分析

高风险研究和一些混杂因素(如息肉的大小、位置和形态)可能会影响结论的可靠性。在排除了存在高风险偏倚和涉及小息肉(<10 mm)的数据后,我们对有限的数据进行了敏感性分析。我们分别分析了四种、六种、四种和五种内镜措施在预防IPB、PPB、EB和LB方面的疗效(图3(C)和图3(D))。对于IPB,与无预防相比,器械套扎(OR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.09~0.43)和含器械联合法(OR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.08~0.79)具有显著的预防效果(图4(B))。预防效果排名见表2。器械套扎(71.8%)是最佳预防措施,其次是含器械联合法(57.1%)和无预防(1.4%)。对于PPB,金属夹封闭(OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.25~0.68)是六项措施中唯一优于无预防的预防措施(图4(B))。对于EB和LB,敏感性分析与主要分析一致(图4(D)和表2)。

3.5. 异质性、不一致性及发表偏倚

虽然没有证据表明存在具有统计学意义的整体异质性或整体不一致性,但发现了部分局部异质性和不一致性(表3)。漏斗图(图5)没有发现发表偏倚的证据。以上问题将纳入最终证据质量评价。

Figure 5. Funnel plot of pooled estimates of the network meta-analysis

图5. 网状meta分析漏斗图

Table 3. Incoherence and imprecision and results of assessment of evidence certainty

表3. 不精确性、异质性以及证据确定性评估结果

1数值超过100。2直接证据不构成循环结构,无法评估不一致性。3间接证据不构成循环结构,无法评估不一致性。4 95% Prl无法获得。5该对比同时属于两个循环结构。

3.6. 证据质量评价

本研究的网状meta分析包括34项混合比较、10项直接比较和41项间接比较。在GRADE评估中,1项、22项、58项和4项比较分别被判定为高、中、低和极低确定性证据(表3)。降低证据可信度的原因包括研究偏倚、异质性、不一致性和不精确性。

4. 讨论

这项研究阐明了不同内镜措施在预防结肠息肉切除术后出血事件方面的疗效。肾上腺素可收缩息肉根部的血管,通过黏膜下注射预防息肉切除术后出血。由于肾上腺素的作用会随着药物的吸收而逐渐消失,肾上腺素黏膜下注射过去常用于预防较早时期的出血 [22] 。与现有文献一致,我们的研究发现肾上腺素黏膜下注射可能对IPB和EB有预防作用(低等证据质量)。然而,以肾上腺素为代表的药物疗法与器械疗法的疗效并无显著差异,这与之前的一项网状meta分析也部分相合 [44] 。此外,由于肾上腺素黏膜下注射的疗效持续时间较短,目前在临床实践中已不再常用。因此,从低质量证据中获得的暂时有效性是否值得在实践中尝试,还需要结合更多的研究和内镜医师的经验来验证。

尽管器械疗法对息肉切除术后出血的疗效仍存在争议 [14] [36] [37] [42] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] ,但本网状meta分析的结果部分支持了其积极的预防作用。事实上,器械疗法的预防效果并不能作为一个整体来探讨,因为不同的器械的预防措施对不同的出血时机可能有不同的预防效果。例如,对于有蒂或蒂基明显的息肉,使用圈套器或金属夹夹住蒂部对息肉内部血管进行物理压迫可预防出血事件的发生 [20] [41] 。相反,金属夹封闭可封闭息肉切除术后的残留伤口,防止物理损伤引起出血 [20] [44] 。本研究结果也支持器械套扎和金属夹封闭对预防手术开始24小时内的出血有效。但由于两者分别作用于息肉切除前后,故在实际操作时应根据操作可行性进行选择。在其他meta分析 [7] [50] 中,器械疗法在预防出血方面的作用被否定,这可能是由于对出血时间的界定不同,也进一步凸显了本研究的临床价值。

尽管血管热凝也被认为是一种安全的预防息肉切除术后出血的措施,但一些研究报告的结果却相互矛盾。在Lee等人 [39] 的一项前瞻性随机对照研究中,使用血管热凝在预防延迟性息肉切除术后出血方面并未显示出额外的益处。尽管如此,该网状meta分析仍纳入了关于血管热凝的研究,以充分探讨每种预防性措施的疗效差异。同上述研究结果一致的是,与药物或器械预防性预防措施相比,血管热凝并未显示出明显的效益。

除了探讨单一预防措施对息肉切除术后出血的预防效果外,本研究还进一步探讨了联合措施的疗效。首先,不含器械的联合法的预防效果未被发现。然后,含器械的联合法可预防手术开始后24小时内的出血。然而,联合预防的预防效果并不优于单一的器械干预。

有观点认为,在切除具有高出血风险特征的息肉时,更有必要采取内镜预防措施 [14] [16] [23] 。然而,我们的敏感性分析结果并不完全支持这一观点。对于直径大于10 mm的大息肉,器械套扎和金属夹封闭对出血的预防作用的证据质量有所提高。我们认为更有必要使用器械套扎和金属夹封闭预防PPB。然而,肾上腺素黏膜下注射在预防IPB方面的效果有所减弱,含器械的联合法在预防PPB方面的效果有所减弱。其他结论和证据质量与主要分析相似,并未发现因高风险而带来的变化。

与传统meta分析法相比,我们的网状meta分析法的优势在于可以对现有的内镜预防措施的疗效进行交叉验证,并具有合理的网络连通性和统计能力。此外,这项网络荟萃分析的优势还包括:1) 据我们所知,这是第一项按出血时间对结果事件进行明确分类、按应用条件对器械疗法进行划分以及对联合疗法进行分类的网状meta分析,旨在为临床实践提供可靠的参考;2) 本研究没有排除任何被某些研究否认其有效性的预防措施,而是全面纳入了所有可能的预防措施;3) 采用了GRADE提出的简明但详细的证据确定性评估,以更准确地评价纳入的RCT的证据质量;

这项研究有几个局限性,在解释结果时应加以考虑。首先,RCT数量有限且数据不足,这妨碍了进一步进行亚组分析以探讨各种预防措施的有效性。其次,由于传递性问题,本研究没有探讨与ESD相关的出血事件。

5. 结论

对于结直肠息肉,肾上腺素注射、器械套扎、金属夹封闭和器械套扎可用于预防术后24小时内的出血,但考虑到经济效益,肾上腺素注射、器械套扎和金属夹封闭可能更合适,三者可根据各自操作可行性被选择。对10 mm以上的结直肠息肉,器械套扎和金属夹封闭可能更有效。尚未发现内镜预防术后24小时至30天内出血的必要性。需要结合更多的研究和内镜医师的经验来验证。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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