造血干细胞移植治疗重型再生障碍性贫血的研究进展
Research Progress on Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in the Treatment of Severe Aplastic Anemia
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1441255, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 49  浏览: 58 
作者: 彭 文, 王 倩, 王 兰, 罗小华*:重庆医科大学附属第一医院血液科,重庆
关键词: 重型再生障碍性贫血造血干细胞移植Severe Aplastic Anemia Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
摘要: 异基因造血干细胞移植(allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, allo-HSCT)是治疗重型再生障碍性贫血(severe aplastic anemia, SAA)最有效的方法之一。随着近年来异基因造血干细胞移植临床实践的规范化和单倍体相合造血干细胞移植的进展,异基因造血干细胞移植已经迎来了新时代。基于国内和国际的前沿发展,探讨当前医疗背景下SAA患者allo-HSCT的适应症、供者选择、预处理方案以及移植物抗宿主病的预防措施等移植程序对于SAA患者移植预后至关重要,本文将围绕以上SAA相关移植程序的应用进展做一综述。
Abstract: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is considered a highly effective treatment method. Recent advancements in haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, along with the standardization of clinical practices for allo-HSCT, have marked a new era in the field. It is essential to explore indications, donor selection, conditioning regimens, preventive measures for graft-versus-host disease and other transplantation procedures in SAA patients. These factors significantly impact the transplant prognosis for SAA patients. This article will provide a comprehensive review of the progress in SAA-related transplantation procedures, drawing on cutting-edge developments both in China and abroad.
文章引用:彭文, 王倩, 王兰, 罗小华. 造血干细胞移植治疗重型再生障碍性贫血的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(4): 1989-1998. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1441255

1. 引言

再生障碍性贫血(aplastic anemia, AA)是可能由多种因素引起的骨髓衰竭综合征,主要表现为全血细胞减少引起的贫血、出血及感染等症状,重型再生障碍性贫血( severe aplastic anemia, SAA)是其中较为危重的类型,若不能及时治疗,90%的患者会在半年内死于感染或出血。因此,SAA一经确诊应尽早启动治疗。目前SAA主要的治疗方案包括异基因造血干细胞移植(allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, allo-HSCT)和免疫抑制治疗(immunosuppressive therapy, IST)。对于缺乏同胞全相合供者的SAA患者采用免疫抑制治疗作为一线方案虽然能够获得80%左右的生存率,但一线IST治疗后疾病复发的发生率高达40%,并存在超过10%的克隆进化 [1] [2] [3] 。不同于IST后疾病复发和克隆进化的长期风险,allo-HSCT由于其高治愈率而备受关注。随着近年来替代供体移植方式的不断进展,最新的供体选择专家共识提出:除了来自HLA相合供者的HSCT外,HID-HSCT可以作为年龄小于50岁的SAA患者的一线选择,以及51~60岁患者的二线选择 [4] 。本文拟就SAA的allo-HSCT研究进展做一综述。

2. 移植适应症和移植时机

异基因造血干细胞移植的基本概念是用健康捐赠者的骨髓取代患者的再生障碍性骨髓,使患者获得持续的供者来源的造血恢复 [5] 。不同于欧洲国家 [5] [6] 将替代供体作为免疫抑制治疗(IST)失败后难治性SAA的二线治疗选择,基于国内外Haplo-HSCT取得的良好移植结果 [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] ,2021年我国专家共识 [4] 已经将单倍体相合造血干细胞移植纳入了SAA患者的一线选择。

2.1. 新诊断的SAA

目前的共识建议 [4] ,年龄 ≤ 50岁的SAA患者如果拥有同胞全相合供者(MSD)的可以接受MSD-HSCT作为一线治疗;儿童SAA/vSAA患者如果拥有≥9/10位点匹配的无血缘关系供者(MUD)也可以接受MUD-HSCT作为一线治疗;HID-HSCT适用于无MSD的患者。2017年Xu等基于登记的数据比较了早期单倍体相合或匹配的造血干细胞移植治疗SAA的疗效,结果显示:89例HID和69例MRD队列的造血重建率分别为97.8%和97.1%,HID-HSCT的GVHD发生率较高(II-IV级:30.3% vs 1.5%,P < 0.001;III-IV级:10.1% vs 1.5%,P = 0.026;1年cGVHD:30.6% vs 4.4%,P < 0.001),两组患者三年总生存率(OS)无明显差异,分别为86.1%和91.3% [7] 。另一项国内大样本多中心回顾性研究表明,单倍体相合造血干细胞移植的5年OS为72.0%,全相合造血干细胞移植的5年OS为76.5%,并且两组患者植入和急/慢性GVHD的发生率没有显著差异 [10] 。一项荟萃分析比较了对缺乏MSD患者的首诊治疗方式,结果显示,HID-HSCT的1/3/5/10年无失败生存率(FFSS)显著高于免疫抑制治疗(IST) [12] 。另一项多中心研究中比较了365例患者(年龄 ≤ 55岁) HID-HSCT和IST的疗效,发现HID-HSCT组比IST组更多患者在治疗后6月时血常规检查结果正常(90.3% vs 18.8%, P < 0.001)并且这些患者的FFS较高,健康相关生活质量(HRQoL)更好 [13] 。这些数据表明,相较于IST,HID可以作为无MSD患者的首诊治疗方式。

2.2. 复发、难治SAA

对IST无反应或治疗后复发的患者,年龄 ≤ 60岁可以接受MSD-HSCT、MUD-HSCT或HID-HSCT。Xu等进行的一项前瞻性多中心临床试验纳入了101例年龄 < 50岁的难治性SAA患者,结果显示,haplo-HSCT治疗的移植后28天中性粒细胞及血小板植入率均大于90%,患者III-IV级aGVHD发生率为79%,cGVHD发生率为22.4%,3年总生存率(OS)为89%,无失败生存率(FFS)为86.8% [14] 。两组之间实现植入的中位时间和急性GVHD/慢性GVHD的发生率没有显着差异DeZern等进行的另一项研究包含20例复发/难治性SAA,随访过程中仅2例出现II级aGVHD、2例出现cGVHD,且20名患者全部存活 [15] 。一项包含36例年龄5~14岁的SAA患者的回顾性研究表明,haplo-HSCT治疗儿童复发/难治性SAA是可行且有效的,94.4%的病例实现了持续植入,5年OS为86.1% [16] 。异基因造血干细胞移植作为复发/难治性SAA患者的挽救性治疗是安全有效的。

3. HLA配型及供者选择

对受者进行HLA-A、-B、-C、DRB1和-DQB1基因分型。供者是根据人类白细胞抗原(HLA)分型、年龄、性别、健康状况和捐献意愿来选择的。MRD-HSCT是首选的治疗方法。当没有MRD时,选择替代供者:无血缘关系的匹配供者(MUD)、单倍体相合供者(HID)或无血缘关系的脐带血(UCB)供者。

3.1. MSD-HSCT或MUD-HSCT

全相合造血干细胞移植一直是SAA患者首选的治疗方案,在没有MSD的情况下,首选的替代供体来源是匹配的非亲缘供体(MUD) [4] 。国际血液和骨髓移植研究中心(CIBMTR)报告的1991年至2004年全球MSD-HSCT治疗SAA患者的数据显示,年龄为20岁以下、20~40岁和40岁以上的患者5年总生存率分别为82% (95% CI 80~85)、72% (95% CI 69~74)和53% (95% CI 47~58),高龄是影响患者移植后生存的主要危险因素 [17] 。另一项研究统计了1995年至2007年间无关供体治疗非恶性血液系统疾病的数据,其中包含257例MUD-HSCT治疗的SAA患者,结果显示,患者的5年总生存率与HLA不合程度呈负相关:8/8 HLA相合OS为65% (95% CI 60~70),7/8 HLA相合OS为57% (95% CI 50~64),6/8 HLA相合OS为46% (95% CI 37~56) [18] 。随着造血干细胞移植技术的不断进步,MSD/MUD-HSCT的移植结果已经大大改善,SH Shin等分析了近年来117名SAA患者的MSD-HSCT数据,所有患者均未观察到原发性植入失败,基于年龄的分组比较发现:较年轻组(≤40岁)和老年组(≥40岁)患者的II-IV级aGVHD发生率(9.5% vs 9.3%)、5年cGVHD发生率(8.1% vs 9.5%)以及5年FFS (73.7% vs 81.0%)和OS (93.7% vs 88.9%)均相似 [19] 。来自MSD或MUD移植达到大约90%的长期存活率,已被推荐为年轻患者的一线选择。C Rice等报道了2005年至2016年间499名年龄 ≥ 50岁的接受了MSD/MUD-HSCT的SAA患者移植后数据,所有患者的中位年龄为57.8岁,原发性植入失败发生率为10% (7%~12%),继发植入失败发生率为7% (4%~10%),移植后3年OS分别为59% (MSD, n = 275)和52% (MUD, n = 224) [20] ,表明高龄SAA患者的造血干细胞移植治疗仍进一步探索和优化。

3.2. HID-HSCT

虽然同胞全相合供体(MRD)一直以来都是指南所推荐的一线治疗选择,但是对于我国大多数患者来说,快速获得匹配的同胞供体并不容易。为了增加供体可用性,近年来单倍体相合供体(HID)移植治疗SAA已经取得了很大进展。一项研究比较了HID-HSCT和MSD-HSCT治疗SAA的长期随访结果 [21] ,其中HID组和MRD组的9年总生存率和无失败生存率分别为87.1% ± 2.5%比89.3% ± 3.7% (P = 0.173)和86.5% ± 2.6%比88.1% ± 3.8% (P = 0.257),并且两组患者的存活率、晚期并发症、生活质量(包括心理状况和身体功能)以及重返工作或学校的情况均相似。HID-HSCT在治疗儿童SAA患者已经取得了较好的疗效,国内临床研究表明其两年OS、FFS均为(96.4 ± 2.5)% [22] 。对于40岁以上的高龄患者,一项多中心研究表明:接受HID-HSCT的移植结果与接受MSD和MUD移植物的移植结果相当 [23] 。以上数据表明,单倍体相合移植可以被认为是SAA患者在没有全相合供者的情况下的一种有效治疗选择。因此,不同于欧洲国家一直将MSD-HSCT作为一线治疗选择,最新的中国移植专家共识提出:除了来自HLA相合供者的HSCT外,HID-HSCT可以作为年龄小于50岁的SAA患者的一线选择,以及51~60岁患者的二线选择 [4] 。

3.3. 最佳供者选择(单倍体)

随着单倍体相合造血细胞移植的预后持续改善和常规应用,供者的可选择性随之增加。一名患者通常有多个单倍体相合供者可供移植,选择最佳的HLA单倍体相合供者进行移植有助于优化受者的移植结果。一项多中心研究比较了SAA单倍体相合供体选择的不同供体-受体关系之间的结果,父母、同胞或子女来源的供者移植后急/慢性GVHD发生率、两年OS及FFS均没有差异,但母亲较父亲供者移植后cGVHD发生率更高,HLA相合程度更低的供者移植会导致更高的II-IV级aGVHD发生率(3/6相合 vs 5–6/6相合,HR = 4.702,P = 0.030),次要ABO血型不合是III-IV级aGVHD的危险因素 [24] 。另一项研究发现,ABO血型不合与SAA患者移植后III-IV级aGVHD发生率高相关(HR = 4.0, P = 0.006) [25] 。单倍体相合造血细胞移植中供体特异性抗HLA抗体(DSA)是供体细胞成功植入的重要障碍,会影响移植物的存活 [26] 。欧洲血液和骨髓移植学会(EBMT)对选择单倍体相合供者进行移植的现有证据进行了综述 [27] ,建议拟进行HSCT的SAA受者优先选择年轻、男性、一级亲属、ABO血型相合以及HLA表型匹配程度高的单倍体相合供者;若有DSA存在,选择无对应HLA抗原的供者。

4. 移植物来源种类

近几十年来,用于异基因移植的造血干细胞(HSCs)的来源不断演变,从使用未经刺激的骨髓到使用粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)动员的外周血和骨髓以及脐带血 [28] 。不同来源的HSC都有其独特的CD34+细胞数量和含量、不同的自然杀伤细胞和T细胞亚型,以及可能的其他细胞成分,这些因素影响着造血重建时间、移植物抗宿主病的发生率等。目前国内外SAA患者的造血干细胞移植并没有统一移植物种类的选择。

4.1. 骨髓及外周血造血干细胞

骨髓(BM)是造血干细胞移植中使用的传统干细胞来源,通过骨髓穿刺采集,包含多种造血和非造血细胞并提供一定的骨髓微环境。基于所有年龄组的生存优势和更低的GVHD,骨髓已经被证明是SAA患者进行造血干细胞移植的首选干细胞来源 [29] 。外周血造血干细胞(PBSC)则是通过注射粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)将大量干细胞从骨髓动员到循环中,通过外周或中心静脉分离采集。相较于骨髓,PBSC获取方便且CD34+细胞数目更高,造血重建更快,但也含有更多的淋巴细胞和更大的GVHD风险。依据欧洲和中国造血干细胞移植的登记报告 [30] [31] :目前53.8%的欧洲供者选择 BM,43.5%的欧洲供者和31.7%的中国供者选择PBSC,44.3%中国供者选择BM联合PBSC作为移植物来源。也有研究采用了去除T细胞(TCD)的外周血造血干细胞移植物,患者总体生存率和无GVHD生存率表现较好,但体内/体外去除T细胞的最佳策略仍未确定 [32] [33] [34] 。近年来的研究数据并没有发现骨髓和/或外周血造血干细胞的选择对SAA患者移植后OS、FFS产生明显影响。

4.2. 脐带血(UCB)

脐带血是造血干细胞的另一重要来源,采用单次或双重脐带血移植(UCBT)扩大了在缺乏合适供体的情况下进行HSCT的可能性 [35] ,但UCBT与植入延迟以及高移植失败和死亡率相关。将单剂UCB与亲缘性单倍体相合造血干细胞共同输注的方式近年来被更多地研究实践。Richard W等的数据表明:联合UCB的移植方式造血重建更快,1年OS为93%,中位随访7.5年时,83%患者存活并保持不依赖输血 [36] ;Yao等的对比研究发现,相较于单倍体相合外周血造血干细胞移植,联合脐带血的方式II-IV级aGVHD发生率低(6.1% vs 42.9%, P = 0.002)、cGVHD (25.6% vs 51.3%, P = 0.019)及中/重度cGVHD (16.2% vs 41.3%, P = 0.016)发生率均更低 [37] 。Sun等的研究发现,对于儿童SAA患者利用先前储存的脐带血进行自体脐带血造血干细胞移植(ACBT)也是一种有效临床方法 [38] 。仍需要基础研究来揭示UCB共输注对单倍体造血干细胞移植结果影响的机制,需要更大样本的ACBT研究来支持自体脐血移植的安全性和有效性。

4.3. 间充质干细胞

间充质干细胞(Mesenchymal stem cells, MSC)是能从骨髓、脐带血及其他多种组织中分离出来的具有自我更新和多谱系分化能力的一种细胞,具有支持造血及免疫调节等多种治疗潜能 [39] 。一些临床实践将MSC加入造血干细胞移植程序中以克服GF和预防GVHD [40] [41] ,结果表明,MSC的加入对于儿童、青少年或成人SAA患者的造血干细胞移植结果均表现出良好的造血重建、低GVHD发生率和较好的生存率 [42] [43] 。

5. 预处理方案与GVHD预防

HLA相合造血干细胞移植采用的预处理方案为环磷酰胺(Cy)加抗胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白(ATG)或氟达拉滨(Flu)、环磷酰胺和ATG方案;单倍体相合造血干细胞移植近年来迅速发展,为了降低HID-HSCT后高GVHD风险,目前最为常用的两种预处理方案分别为由我国黄晓军教授团队建立的以G-CSF和ATG为基础的“北京方案”和欧美国家采用的后置环磷酰胺(PTCY)方案。此外,口服免疫抑制药物包括钙调磷酸酶抑制剂、甲氨蝶呤等也是强化GVHD预防的重要组成部分。

5.1. MSD及MUD的预处理方案

Nelli等报告了全球142个移植中心采用MSD/MUD-HSCT治疗SAA的移植数据,结果表明MSD-HSCT采用Flu/Cy/ATG方案或Cy/ATG方案能够显著提高患者生存率(5年OS:Flu/Cy/ATG:91%、Cy/ATG:91%、Cy ± Flu:80%、Bu/Cy:84%,P < 0.001),MUD-HSCT不同预处理方案对患者移植后生存率影响没有明显差异(5年OS:Flu/Cy/ATG/TBI:80%、Cy/ATG/TBI:77%、Flu/Cy/ATG:75%、Cy/ATG:72%,P = 0.61) [44] 。基于匹配供体的良好移植结果,目前MSD-HSCT推荐采用Cy/ATG方案,MUD-HSCT推荐采用Flu/Cy/ATG方案 [4] 。

5.2. HID“北京方案”

基于“北京方案”在治疗血液系统恶性疾病表现出的良好造血恢复和出色的生存率,黄晓军教授团队将该方案沿用至SAA患者的治疗中。2012年首次报告的基于G-CSF动员的BM和PBSC混合移植物和Bu/Cy/ATG预处理方案治疗的19例难治性SAA患者,100%造血重建,II-IV级aGVHD的累积发生率为42.1% ± 11.3%,cGVHD的累积发生率为56.2% ± 12.4%,OS为64.6% ± 12.4% [45] 。随后该方案在国内开展大型研究中均表现出优秀的疗效。2017年Xu等报告的数据显示:虽然GVHD发生率较高,但89例HID患者造血重建率(97.8%)及3年OS (86.1%)与MSD-HSCT相当 [7] 。另一项研究报道的52名SAA儿童患者移植后继发性GF发生率为5.9%,II-IV级和III-IV级aGVHD的累积发生率分别为39.2% ± 0.5%和13.7% ± 0.2%,cGVHD的累积发生率为34.2% ± 0.5%,3年OS和FFS分别为84.5% ± 5.0%和82.7% ± 5.2% [46] 。2018年的51例SAA成人患者回顾性研究显示,49名患者存活超过28天并实现了造血重建,II-IV级和III~IV级aGVHD的累积发生率分别为20.0% ± 0.33%和6.0% ± 0.12%。3年cGVHD和中重度cGVHD发生率分别为25.90% ± 0.71%和6.92% ± 0.25%,3年OS和FFS均为83.5% ± 5.4% [9] 。2022年的一项多中心前瞻性研究报道了该方案非常优秀的长期随访结果:287名患者中位随访4.56年,造血重建率97.5%,II~IV级和III~IV级aGVHD的累积发生率分别为35.38% ± 0.01%和9.75% ± 0.01%,5年cGVHD和中重度cGVHD累计发生率分别为29.09% ± 0.08%和7.14% ± 0.03%,9年OS和FFS分别为85.4% ± 2.1%和84.0% ± 2.2% [47] 。基于以上研究所报道的有效性,“北京方案”可能成为单倍体相合造血干细胞移植治疗SAA的一线治疗方式。

5.3. HID-PTCY方案

由于能够有效降低移植后GVHD发生率,PTCY正在成为单倍体移植中GVHD预防的重要策略 [48] 。DeZern报道了37例Haplo-BMT联合PTCY治疗的SAA,仅1名患者出现GF (经二次移植后100%嵌合),4例患者出现aGVHD,1例患者出现严重cGVHD,2年OS为94% (90% CI 88~100) [15] 。一项回顾性研究评价了27例采用改良PTCY方案的SAA患者,造血重建率96.29%,II~IV级aGVHD发生率为25.93%,III~IV级aGVHD的累积发生率为7.4%,3名患者出现cGVHD,至随访截止OS为100%,FFS为96.30% [49] 。另一项前瞻性研究纳入了29例中位年龄为17 (14~30)岁的患者,中位随访736天,1年OS和FFS分别为91.7% ± 5.7%和89.7% ± 5.7%,只有1名患者出现II级aGVHD,4名患者出现轻度cGVHD [50] 。基于PTCY方案能够减少GVHD发生率并且保证生存率和生存质量,应进一步研究明确是否联合ATG或仅添加其他免疫抑制剂来优化PTCY方案。

5.4. 其他预防GVHD药物

强化预防GVHD也是预处理方案的一部分,包括环孢素A (CsA)、甲氨蝶呤(MTX)、吗替麦考酚酯(MMF)等药物的合理应用。研究表明当MTX与钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂(环孢素或他克莫司)联合使用时有协同免疫抑制作用,与单独使用其中一种药物相比,联合用药预防GVHD效果更好 [51] [52] 。

6. 移植疗效的影响因素

SAA相较于其他恶性疾病植入失败发生率更高 [53] ,目前研究表明SAA患者HSCT后GF发生率仍然在10%左右 [54] ,输注的CD34+细胞数量 ≤ 2 × 106/kg是发生植入失败的独立危险因素,预处理方案的选择也可能对植入失败发生率产生影响 [53] 。移植后感染是影响SAA患者HSCT后疗效的重要并发症,其中病毒和真菌感染是单倍体移植后死亡的常见原因 [47] ,采用更加有力的感染控制措施,包括新型抗病毒药物,如针对巨细胞病毒的莱特莫韦和马利巴韦,以及免疫疗法等可能进一步降低移植相关死亡率并促进allo-HSCT的发展。GVHD是影响患者移植后生存质量的重要因素 [47] ,SAA患者无需GVL作用,可以不断优化预处理方案等移植程序来GVHD的发生率。此外,移植前大量输血史 [55] ,诊断–移植时间较长、一般情况差 [56] 以及年龄 ≥ 40岁 [20] 均为SAA受者haplo-HSCT术后存活率的重要不良预后因素。

7. 总结与展望

造血干细胞移植是治愈SAA的一种可行有效的方式,能够使患者达到稳定的造血重建,较高的生存率和生活质量,且不易复发和克隆进化。单倍体相合造血干细胞移植能够增加供体的可用性并达到与MSD-HSCT相当的疗效,尤其是在中国单倍体移植已经作为一线治疗手段而占据了十分重要的地位。未来仍需要考虑高龄患者的治疗方式、替代供体的GVHD预防手段、免疫重建过程和感染控制措施等,对不同患者采用个体化移植策略以达到更好的疗效。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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