结缔组织病相关性间质性肺病发病机制及相关因素的研究进展
Research Progress on Pathogenesis and Related Factors of Interstitial Lung Disease Associated with Connective Tissue Disease
摘要: 结缔组织疾病相关间质性肺疾病(Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease, CTD-ILD)是一组系统性自身免疫性疾病,导致肺间质异常或肺纤维化,但是目前CTD-ILD的发病机制尚不清楚。一些常见的危险因素与特发性肺纤维化相互关联,特发性肺纤维化是一种广泛研究的纤维化肺病,包括遗传异常和环境危险因素。主要的致病机制是这些危险因素促进肺泡II型细胞功能障碍,触发许多下游的纤维原性途径,包括炎症级联,导致肺成纤维细胞增殖和活化,引起肺重构和修复异常,导致间质病理和肺纤维化。在CTD-ILD中,炎症调节通路的失调是主要原因。然而,还需要验证性研究。了解这些发病机制对于开发和定制更有针对性的治疗是必要的,并为早期诊断、临床监测和疾病预后提供了新发现的疾病生物标志物。这篇综述从CTD-ILD发病机制和促进疾病生物标志物发现的生物驱动因素进行介绍。
Abstract: Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease (CTD-ILD) is a group of systemic autoimmune diseases that result in pulmonary interstitial abnormalities or pulmonary fibrosis but the pathogenesis of CTD-ILD is currently unknown. Several common risk factors are associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, an extensively studied fibrotic lung disease that includes genetic abnormalities and environmental risk factors. The main pathogenic mechanism is that these risk factors promote the dysfunction of alveolar type II cells and trigger many downstream fibrogenic pathways, including inflammatory cascades, leading to the proliferation and activation of lung fibroblasts, causing abnormal lung remodeling and repair, leading to interstitial pathology and pulmonary fibrosis. In CTD-ILD, dysregulation of inflammatory regulatory pathways is the main cause. However, confirmatory studies are needed. Understanding the pathogenesis is necessary to develop and tailor more targeted treatments and provides newly discovered disease biomarkers for early diagnosis, clinical monitoring, and disease prognosis. This review provides an overview of the pathogenesis of CTD-ILD and the biological drivers that promote the discovery of disease biomarkers.
文章引用:崔天晓, 米扎尼也古丽·卡哈尔, 叶·叶尔丁其木克, 崔挺, 张继云. 结缔组织病相关性间质性肺病发病机制及相关因素的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(4): 1675-1681. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1441209

1. 引言

结缔组织病(Connective Tissue Disease, CTD)是一种累及多器官的慢性炎症性和自身免疫性疾病,其包括类风湿关节炎(Rheumatoid Arthritis, RA)、混合性CTD (Mixed Connective Tissue Disease, MCTD)和未分化CTD (Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease, UCTD)、系统性硬化症(Systemic Sclerosis, SSc)、系统性血管炎(Systemic Vasculitis, SV)、多发性肌炎(Polymyositis, PM)等 [1] 。CTD-ILD患者的组织学类型多样,包括非特异性间质性肺炎(NSIP)、常见性间质性肺炎(UIP)、器质性肺炎、弥漫性肺泡损伤和淋巴样间质性肺炎。虽然ILD的比例不同,但NSIP模式占很大比例,尤其是SSc、DM和/或PM和MCTD,其次是UIP模式 [2] 。总而言之,间质性肺疾病(ILD)如同一颗隐藏在体内的定时炸弹,对于CTD患者而言尤为需要警惕 [2] [3] 。故早期和准确的诊断对于有效管理CTD-ILD患者至关重要,有效的诊疗不仅可以改善肺功能还可以稳定病情,从而改善患者预后。生物标志物被定义为正常生物学过程和致病过程的指标,有希望提高我们准确诊断ILD和预测疾病轨迹的能力,理想的生物标志物应该是非侵入性的或微创的,具有预测感兴趣终点的高精度。在CTD患者中,最可能为临床决策提供信息的生物标志物是那些在呼吸道症状和进展表型发展之前预测早期疾病的生物标志物。在过去的十年中,许多研究已经确定了基于血液和高分辨率计算机断层扫描(HRCT)的候选生物标志物,最近的组学研究将复合生物标志物添加到CTD-ILD人群中潜在的临床相关生物标志物列表中。然而,临床实施的障碍仍然存在。本文综述了CTD-ILD生物标志物研究的最新进展,重点介绍了血液和HRCT生物标志物,并强调了在CTD-ILD患者中推进这些生物标志物临床应用的策略。

2. 发病机制

CTD-ILD的病因尚不清楚,目前关于其发病机制的假说主要是基于SSc研究的外推数据。目前最主要基于两种形成机制:环境病原体引发的炎症可导致炎症细胞流入间质和肺泡间隙,引起肺泡上皮损伤 [2] 。炎症和上皮损伤导致肺成纤维细胞和肌成纤维细胞的招募和激活,产生大量的细胞外基质蛋白和填充 [4] [5] [6] 。最后肺内纤维化形成瘢痕。另外一种是肺损伤引发局部炎症可诱导自身抗原表达从而导致肺部产生自身抗体 [7] 。这可能通过随后与疾病相关的自身抗体和抗原的结合而延续,从而导致进一步的肺部炎症和纤维化。自身免疫介导的CTD的主要病理特征是血管和结缔组织的慢性炎症,可影响任何器官,导致多系统损伤 [8] 。肺间质性肺病是CTD患者肺部受累的较严重形式之一。它包括不同程度的炎症和肺间质纤维化。

3. CTD-ILD相关标志物研究进展

3.1. KL-6

KL-6被归类为人粘蛋白1,主要通过II型肺泡肺细胞再生产生,已被证实为ILD疾病活动的生物标志物 [9] 。最近,血清KL-6水平升高被认为是通过PFT测量的严重程度的指标,也是SSc患者早期进展的预测因子 [10] 炎症性肌炎相关性肺间质炎的预后不良也与血清KL-6水平呈正相关 [11] 。尽管在CTD-ILD领域中,KL-6的临床意义逐渐显现,但在可能伴有ILD的各种自身免疫性疾病患者中,其在ILD诊断和测量中的作用需要明确。与无ILD的CTD患者相比,CTD-ILD患者血清KL-6水平升高,肺间质累及范围与KL-6水平显著成正比 [12] 。肺一氧化碳弥散能力百分比(DLCO)和强迫肺活量(FVC)参数与KL-6水平呈度负相关 [13] 。

3.2. IL-6

IL-6在多种结缔组织疾病的病理生理学中发挥重要作用,是治疗类风湿关节炎的重要靶点。IL-6水平与RA-ILD病程及活动度评分DAS28呈显著正相关 [14] ,提示IL-6的发生与全身炎症反应有关,IL-6可能是ILD发生的关键驱动因子。此外,血清IL-6与SSc-ILD密切相关,可能参与SSc-ILD [15] 的发生发展。作为一种核心炎症因子,IL-6由活化的T细胞、成纤维细胞和巨噬细胞在对外界刺激的反应中产生,并参与多种免疫疾病的发展。国外一项研究证实 [16] IL-6促进A549细胞E-cadherin mRNA和蛋白表达下调,N-cadherin和Vimentin mRNA和蛋白表达上调,从而促进EMT的发生。并且还发现上述异常表达可能与促进A549细胞中JAK1、JAK2、STAT3表达磷酸化增加,进而参与肺泡上皮细胞的EMT,有助于ILD的发展。Chengxing Ma等人 [17] 研究表明到CTD-ILD组IL-6水平明显升高,急性加重组患者的IL-6高于稳定型CTD-ILD。并且血清IL-6与PaO2/FiO2比值、预测肺活量百分比呈负相关和总磨玻璃不透明(GGO)评分呈正相关。Lee等 [18] 证实血清IL-6可作为诊断标志物预测不同诊断类型的ILD。虽然IL-6在CTD-ILD中的作用尚未阐明,但我们推测IL-6的促炎和促纤维化特征在CTD-ILD及其相关急性加重状态的发病机制中至关重要。未来需要更多临床研究证实IL-6在肺间质进展中的作用,从而为临床带来新的靶点。

3.3. 维生素D及衍生物

炎症细胞释放细胞因子,促进炎症反应和纤维化。与具有充足维生素D水平受试者相比,维生素D缺乏的受试者受损肺组织的平均体积更大(约2.7立方厘米)。中等维生素D水平或维生素D不足患者全肺扫描中发现早期的ILD的可能性提高50%~60% [19] 。CTD-ILD患者血清维生素D水平显著降低,维生素D缺乏是CTD-ILD的危险因素 [20] 。维生素D可抑制树突状细胞的成熟和分化,减少白介素-12 (Interleukin-12, IL-12)和白介素-23 (Interleukin-23, IL-23)等促炎细胞因子的产生,增加白介素-10 (Interleukin-10, IL-10)等抗炎因子的合成,进而改变T细胞的分化能力,促使T细胞在成长中,从Th1和Th17向Th2和调节性T细胞方向转化 [21] 。在炎症阶段维生素D的免疫调节可降低炎症细胞因子水平,防止炎症反应的进一步扩大。另外一项动物实验中证实维生素D缺乏可通过加重TGF-β/Smad2/3介导的上皮–间质细胞转化(Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition, EMT)来加剧博来霉素诱导的肺纤维化 [22] 。Sherin [23] 团队研究发现无肺部受累的RA患者相比,RA-ILD患者的维生素D血清水平降低,多元分析表明维生素D水平降低是RA患者肺部受累的独立影响因素。同样在ILD研究中,梁志强 [24] 等人将DM患者、DM-ILD患者以及健康志愿者25-(OH)D水平进行对比,发现DM-ILD患者以及DM患者25-(OH)D水平均值明显低于健康受试者,并且在DM-ILD患者中,97.53%患者的25-(OH)D水平较低,其中严重缺乏以及缺乏维生素D的患者分别为19.75%和35.81%。近年来部分观点认为在CTD-ILD的患者中,FVC、DLCO的下降同维生素D缺乏之间存在显著相关性 [25] 。以上均提示25-(OH)D可能是预测CTD-ILD进展的敏感指标。

3.4. 血常规衍生物

3.4.1. SII

2014年,Hu [26] 等首次提出SII的概念,它整合了血小板、淋巴细胞和中性粒细胞三个参数,比起其他炎症指标,合反应全身性免疫炎症状态。并且有研究将SII作为肿瘤发生和治疗效果监测的标志物,用于监测和指导肿瘤发生及预后 [27] [28] [29] [30] 。在病理生理上,炎症导致中性粒细胞和血小板计数增加,同时伴有淋巴细胞计数减少 [31] 。中性粒细胞释放蛋白水解酶和自由基,加强炎症过程。较高的SII通常表示较强的炎症反应和较弱的免疫反应。SII在白塞病(Behcet, BD)患者中区可作为区分疾病活动度的相关指标 [32] 。RA组的SII高于对照组,且上述指标与疾病活动评分DAS28及炎症性指标ESR、CRP呈正相关 [33] 。结缔组织病患者的平均NLR值为2.8,SII值超过500可能为肺间质受累的标志 [34] ,并且Mingjie Lu通过对161名CTD-ILD患者进行比较发现女性CTD-ILD患者SII低于男性 [35] 。这些结果表明,SII可能可以更准确地反应炎症反应状态和宿主免疫之间平衡的更可观的指标。对于免疫炎症状态预测能力强于炎性细胞因子。

3.4.2. CAR

许多炎性反应性疾病会出现CRP的升高与血清Alb减低,二者间具有显著相关性。CRP由肝脏合成,炎症反应发生时其血液水平变化迅速而明显,升高的血液水平与激活的炎症和对组织损伤的急性期生化反应的发作和程度相关 [36] 。新出现的证据表明,CRP不仅表明炎症,而且还调节先天免疫和炎症进展,CRP大幅度升高,可以进一步诱发内皮功能障碍和单核细胞趋化蛋白-1 (Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1, MCP-1)表达上调 [37] 。在ILD患者肺间质中,MCP-1通过募集和激活单核细胞和淋巴细胞参与肺纤维化过程中的炎症和纤维化反应,通过促进间充质干细胞的增殖、胶原蛋白的分泌和促纤维化细胞因子的产生参与肺组织的细胞外间质沉积和结构改变,从而参与ILD的发生发展 [38] ;Alb是一种负性急性期反应物,由肝脏产生的一种蛋白质,维持血浆胶体渗透压、参与某些物质的血管内转运、炎症反应、血栓形成和脂质代谢等。最新研究发现CAR是系统性炎症的新标志物,CAR可以作为预后指标 [39] ,高水平的CAR值与炎症负担增加、不良预后和病死率相关 [40] [41] [42] [43] 。但是国内外关于CAR在CTD-ILD中的研究较少,一项临床研究指出RA患者与SLE患者和健康对照组相比,RA患者的CAR浓度显著升高CAR与CRP呈正相关,其可作为确定RA炎症的潜在指标 [44] 。Ha [45] 等人认为合并间质性肺炎的PM/DM患者CAR值较未合并间质性肺炎的PM、DM患者明显升高。王月 [46] 等人指出CAR是DM/PM合并间质性肺炎与DM/PM的重要鉴别诊断指标。综上CAR可能参与了CTD-ILD的形成过程,但是具体作用机制尚不明确。

4. 总结与展望

ILD病程可呈急性、亚急性及慢性经过。急性期及亚急性期以炎症病变为主,疾病晚期成纤维细胞形成。可见炎症与肺间质纤维化过程贯穿于ILD病变全过程,但是目前对CTD-ILD中早期及进展期的指标报道较少,如果将一些价格低廉且较易获得的细胞因子、抗体、炎症细胞因子等相关指标应用于CTD-ILD的诊断中,未来可以更好地判断CTD-ILD患者的肺间质病变情况,尽早对疾病的把握起到很好作用,不仅可以提高临床医师对CTD-ILD的防治率,还可以拓展CTD-ILD诊断思路。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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