儿童肺隔离征伴扭转1例并文献回顾
Pulmonary Sequestration with Torsion in Children: A Case Report and Literature Review
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1441186, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 20  浏览: 49 
作者: 杨婷婷:西安医学院研究生院,陕西 西安;侯崇智*:西安交通大学附属儿童医院普外科,陕西 西安
关键词: 肺隔离征儿童文献回顾Pulmonary Sequestration Children Literature Review
摘要: 肺隔离症属于先天性肺发育异常的一种,它虽然相对罕见,但在先天性肺畸形中的比例较高。本文针对我科收治的一例男童肺隔离症病例进行了详细报道,并进行了相关文献复习,发现儿童肺隔离症的起病年龄范围很广,从出生到青少年期均有报道。隔离肺的位置及大小也各异,其中以左下叶为最常见。此外,儿童肺隔离症的供血动脉种类繁多,主要来源于胸降主动脉。在治疗方面,手术切除是目前最为有效和常用的方法,但其手术方式和范围的选择需要根据病变的严重程度和位置进行个体化决策。总之,本文提供了全面而详实的儿童肺隔离症数据分析,这将为临床医生更好地了解和诊治该病提供重要参考。
Abstract: Pulmonary sequestration belongs to a category of congenital lung development abnormalities, which, although relatively rare, accounts for a significant proportion among congenital lung malformations. This article provides a detailed report on a case of pulmonary sequestration in a male child treated in our department, along with a review of related literature. It has been found that the onset age of pulmonary sequestration in children spans a wide range, with reports from birth to adolescence. The location and size of the sequestered lung vary, with the left lower lobe being the most common. Moreover, the types of arterial supply to pulmonary sequestration in children are diverse, primarily originating from the thoracic descending aorta. Regarding the treatment, surgical removal is currently the most effective and commonly used method, but the choice of surgical technique and extent should be individualized based on the severity and location of the lesion. In summary, this article offers a comprehensive and detailed analysis of data on children’s pulmonary sequestration, providing an important reference for clinicians to better understand and treat this condition.
文章引用:杨婷婷, 侯崇智. 儿童肺隔离征伴扭转1例并文献回顾[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(4): 1502-1513. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1441186

1. 引言

肺隔离征是小儿先天肺发育畸形的一种,因其生长的异常肺组织不与正常的肺相通而得名,往往伴有异常血供,多来源于胸降主动脉,在临床工作中较为罕见,容易漏诊及误诊,现将1例患隔离肺的5岁男童临床资料总结如下,并进行文献回顾,为临床医生诊治带来一定的思考。

2. 临床资料

1) 病史:患儿男,5岁5月,“腹痛伴恶心、呕吐3天余”入院。3天余前无明显诱因出现阵发性腹痛,右上腹为著,可耐受。不久出现恶心,并呕吐1次,非喷射状,为胃内容物,无血丝,无腹胀、腹泻及皮疹。当地医院未予明确诊治,于2023年1月3日收入我科。查体:生命体征平稳,神清,精神欠佳,胸廓外形正常,腹式呼吸,三凹征阴性,双侧呼吸运动度一致,右下肺叩诊过清音,听诊右下肺呼吸音减低。心率98次/分,心界大小正常,心律整齐,心音有力,各瓣膜听诊区未闻及杂音。腹平坦,无腹壁静脉曲张,未见胃肠型及蠕动波,全腹压痛,轻度肌紧张及反跳痛,未触及明显包块,肝脾肋下未及,移动性浊音阴性,肠鸣音6~8次/分,未闻及气过水声;肛诊顺利,未及包块,未排便。辅助检查:血细胞:WBC 16.60 × 109/L、N% 85.6%、Lym% 8.0%、RBC 3.96 × 1012/L、HGB 106 g/L、PLT 377 × 109/L、凝血四项:纤维蛋白原6.13 g/L。腹部B超:肝胆胰脾、胃肠未见明显异常。腹部立位平片:肠淤张(见图1)。腹部CT:回盲部条索状高密度影,考虑阑尾内容物;镰状韧带旁低密度灶,考虑镰旁假性病灶;右侧胸腔脊柱旁包块并右侧胸腔积液,肺隔离症合并扭转?神经源性肿瘤?建议胸部CT平扫 + 增强扫描进一步检查;右肺下叶气肿改变(见图2)。胸部CT:右侧胸腔脊柱旁包块并右侧胸腔积液,未见明显强化及异常血管影,考虑肺隔离症并扭转可能性大;右肺下叶大叶性肺气肿改变(见图3)。结合临床及影像学最终诊断右侧隔离肺并扭转

2) 治疗方案:急诊行胸腔镜右侧隔离肺切除术,术中见右侧胸腔底部一蒂扭转包块,5 cm × 4 cm × 3 cm大小,呈暗紫色、已缺血坏死,查见右肺下叶呈肺气肿改变,证实为右侧叶外型隔离肺,蒂部血供来源于第10肋间动脉(见图4)。术后病理回示:考虑(右侧)叶外型隔离肺伴出血坏死。免疫组化:20230075-10:TTF-1 (立方上皮+);20230075-25:Calretinin、WT-1 (间皮+) (见图5)。临床转归:术后患儿恢复良好出院,1月后门诊复诊,未见异常。

Figure 1. Abdominal upright X-ray

图1. 腹部立位平片

Figure 2. Abdominal CT

图2. 腹部CT

Figure 3. Chest CT: (a) Pleural effusion; (b) Twisted septated lung; (c) Large lobar emphysema of the right lower lung

图3. 胸部CT:(a) 胸腔积液;(b) 扭转的隔离肺;(c) 右肺下叶大叶性肺气肿

Figure 4. Thoracoscopic lung isolation surgery resection

图4. 胸腔镜下肺隔离手术切除

Figure 5. Postoperative pathology

图5. 术后病理

3. 文献回顾

3.1. 资料

以“肺隔离症”、“儿童”等词条检索2018年至2022年CNKI、万方、维普、中华医学期刊数据库、Pubmed、Web of science数据库发表的年龄在0到18岁且患有肺隔离症的患儿的所有原始文献,共筛选出62篇,收集病例数共935例,无重复病例(见表1表2)。分别对患者的性别、年龄、起病表现、隔离肺位置、供血动脉、手术方式进行描述。

Table 1. All Chinese literature published from 2018 to 2022

表1. 2018年至2022年发表的所有中文文献

Table 2. All English literature published from 2018 to 2019

表2. 2018年至2019年发表的所有英文文献

3.2. 结果

3.2.1. 性别、年龄

935例中男514例,女320例,男女比约为1.6:1,其中有101例未具体描述患儿性别,最小年龄0岁,最大年龄18岁。

3.2.2. 起病表现

患儿就诊的主要起病表现包括:无症状;产前诊断;腹痛、呕吐;咳嗽、发热、气促、面部青紫、肺炎;胸痛、咯血(见图6),具体描述起病情况的612例,未具体描述的322例。以产前诊断及呼吸道表现为著。

3.2.3. 隔离肺位置

隔离的肺块根据有无胸膜包裹分为叶内型与叶外型,分别为457例及414例,混合型8例,未具体描述56例,根据解剖位置分胸内型816例,腹内型(包括膈肌) 82例,颈部2例,纵膈7例,未具体描述28例(见表3)。隔离的肺块左边共514例,右边共219例,左右比约为2.35:1。

3.2.4. 供血动脉

描述具体供血动脉共308例,未描述具体供血动脉共627例,其中苏芸等人只描述供血动脉种类及分支数目,郑海莲等人只提示可见特征性体循环分支供血(见图7)。具体描述供血血管分支1支73例,2支23例,3支6例,4支及以上11例。其中以胸主动脉、降主动脉、腹主动脉为主。

3.2.5. 手术方式

具体描述手术方式采用胸腔镜的有561例,开胸有222例,介入有39例,腹腔镜有7例,开腹有5例,保守治疗15例,未描述86例(见图8)。

Table 3. Position of lung sequestration

表3. 隔离肺位置

Figure 6. Initial symptoms

图6. 起病表现

Figure 7. Supplying artery

图7. 供血动脉

Figure 8. Surgical method

图8. 手术方式

4. 讨论

肺隔离征(Pulmonary Sequestration, PS)是先天性肺囊性病的一种,指异常肺组织形成一个与正常肺组织无连接的孤立部分,其中包括肺实质、支气管和血管等结构,又称支气管肺组织分离,属于前肠支气管肺畸形 [63] 。是由于胚胎时期肺芽在多种因素的影响下异常发育而引起的疾病,隔离的肺不与支气管树相通,并且有独立于正常肺组织的供血血管,在先天性肺畸形中约占0.15%~6.4%,首次于1946年由Harriet J Corbett等人所表述 [64] [65] 。隔离肺常根据有无胸膜分为叶内型与叶外型,根据隔离肺的所在位置分为胸腔内与腹腔内(包括膈肌内) [66] ,本文行文献回顾发现,儿童肺隔离以叶内,胸腔内为主,其中左下最为常见,右侧较少,混合及双侧罕见,此外,隔离的肺亦可生长于纵膈、腹腔、膈肌、颈部等这些罕见部位 [30] ,这为诊断肺隔离症增加了难度,本文报道患儿的肺隔离位于少见的右侧,初以腹痛为主要表现,极易误诊为小儿急腹症,因此入院时以腹部影像学检查为主,在观察到腹部症状不典型时才综合评估考虑其他系统症状。

本文所搜集的肺隔离病例,供血动脉种类丰富,异常的供血动脉有主动脉、胸主动脉、降主动脉、腹主动脉、胸壁动脉、肋间动脉、膈肌动脉、脾动脉、肝动脉、锁骨下动脉、肺动脉、胸内动脉、胃左动脉等,其中,本文所行文献回顾时发现来源于胸主动脉与降主动脉的供血动脉最为常见。然而,据本文报道的患儿数据显示,其主要供血动脉为肋间动脉,并非常见的供血动脉。

肺隔离征起病形式多种多样,大部分患儿即可在产前超声时发现,出生后在定期随访下可尽早得到治疗,对于后天发现者,如为叶内肺隔离,常以肺炎或胸痛为主要起病表现方式,叶外肺隔离基本无临床症状表现,多于体检时发现,但在发生扭转时,以腹痛、胸痛为主要表现形式,容易误诊,当发生在腹腔、纵膈时,极易误诊为小儿肿瘤 [42] [55] 。胸部CT及超声,是诊断肺隔离征的主要辅助手段,条件充足时亦可行CT血管造影检查来进一步确诊 [67] 。

目前,行文献回顾发现,手术切除仍然是肺隔离征的主要治疗方式,微创的概念深入人心,故以腔镜切除为主,介入栓塞也逐渐成为治疗肺隔离症的手术方式之一 [68] ,Yulin Zhang等人报道的2例患者均行介入栓塞治疗,远期效果良好,但其在对11份关于儿童患者经导管栓塞PS的文献进行研究总结时发现,当供血动脉管径小于6 mm时,可尝试行介入栓塞手术治疗,预后好,反之,则会增加长期并发症的风险,考虑可能由于供血动脉管径大,消退时间长,隔离肺供血动脉重建,导致再感染风险的增加 [36] 。而对于未出生行产前检查确诊PS的胎儿,可行超声下激光消融异常的供血血管进行治疗 [69] 。

总的来说,儿童肺隔离症以男性为主,叶内及左下多见,发生于腹腔,纵膈时易误诊,多以呼吸道症状为主要起病表现,供血动脉主要以胸降主动脉为主,胸部CT及腹部B超是重要的影像学检查手段,发现的肺隔离,如无其他特殊,手术切除仍是首要选择。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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