中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比率和血小板与淋巴细胞比率对经导管主动脉瓣置换术的预测价值
Predictive Value of Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio and Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratio in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1441130, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 32  浏览: 47 
作者: 高 政*, 屈占军, 国鹏飞, 赵庆哲, 江 磊#:青岛大学附属医院心血管外科,山东 青岛;刘伟丽:青岛大学附属医院介入手术室,山东 青岛
关键词: 经导管主动脉瓣置换术并发症中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比率血小板与淋巴细胞比率预测Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Complications Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratio Prediction
摘要: 目的:本研究作为回顾性研究,探讨中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比率(NLR)和血小板与淋巴细胞比率(PLR)对经导管主动脉瓣置换术(transcatheter aortic valve replacement, TAVR)的预测价值。方法:选取2017年11月至2022年7月在我中心接受经导管主动脉瓣置换术的103例患者作为研究对象,收集其基线资料、术前用药、术前和术后NLR、PLR化验检查、术中相关资料、术后植入永久起搏器、再入院、死亡等数据并使用ROC曲线、独立样本t检验、卡方检验、Cox回归、生存曲线进行回顾性分析,所有患者随访满1年。根据不同时间NLR、PLR等对1年预后的预测作用使用ROC曲线分析曲线下面积(AUC)及最佳截断值,并根据最佳截断值分组,通过Cox回归模型和生存曲线继续进行预后分析,以风险比(Hazard Ratio, HR)表示死亡风险及再入院风险大小;以Log-Rank p表示再入院率和死亡率的差异,p < 0.05时考虑存在统计学意义。结果:在本研究中共入选103例患者,经导管主动脉瓣置换术1年永久起搏器植入率21.4%,1年再入院率14.6%,1年死亡率5.8%。ROC曲线:1年植入永久起搏器:术前NLR (AUC:0.755,最佳截断值:2.98,p < 0.0001)、术后NLR (AUC:0.732,最佳截断值:6.82,p = 0.001)。术前PLR (AUC:0.650,最佳截断值:112.45,p = 0.031)、术后PLR (AUC:0.663,最佳截断值:179.66,p = 0.020)。1年再入院术前NLR (AUC:0.759,最佳截断值:2.35,p = 0.001)、术后NLR (AUC:0.594,最佳截断值:10.37,p = 0.246)。术前PLR (AUC:0.663,最佳截断值:116.97,p = 0.044)、术后PLR (AUC:0.479,最佳截断值:495.52,p = 0.793)。术前NLR (AUC: 0.848, p < 0.0001)。1年死亡:术前NLR (AUC:0.790,最佳截断值:2.75,p = 0.017)、术后NLR (AUC:0.840,最佳截断值:9.22,p = 0.005)。术前PLR (AUC:0.675,最佳截断值:181.27,p = 0.151)、术后PLR (AUC:0.409,最佳截断值:659.25,p = 0.456)。Cox回归:高术前NLR组术后1年再入院风险增加(HR: 9.56, p = 0.003),高术前NLR组术后1年再入院率29.3%,低术前NLR组术后1年再入院率3.6% (Log-Rank p = 0.0003)。高术前NLR组术后1年死亡风险增加(HR: 11.68, p = 0.025),高术前NLR组1年生存率84.4%,低术前NLR组1年生存率98.6% (Log-Rank p = 0.0044)。结论:在本研究中术前NLR可以较好的预测TAVR术后1年植入起搏器、再入院及死亡,术后NLR预测能力次之,术前PLR和术后PLR的预测能力较差。高术前NLR显著增加1年再入院的风险以及死亡的风险,高NLR组具有更高的再入院率及死亡率。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the predictive value of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Methods: We selected 105 patients who underwent transcatheter aortic valve replacement in our hospital as the study objects and collected data of baseline data, preoperative medication, preoperative and postoperative NLR, PLR test, intraoperative relevant data, postoperative permanent pacemaker implantation, readmission, death and other data were collected, and ROC curve, independent sample t test, Chi-square test, Cox regression, and survival curve were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were followed up for 1 year. ROC curve was used to analyze the area under the curve (AUC) and the best cutoff value according to the prediction effect of NLR and PLR on 1-year prognosis at different times, and the groups were grouped according to the best cutoff value. Prognostic analysis was continued through Cox regression model and survival curve, and Hazard Ratio (HR) was used to represent the risk of death and readmission. Log-Rank p was used to represent the difference between readmission rate and mortality, with statistical significance considered when p < 0.05. Results: A total of 103 patients were enrolled in this study. The 1-year permanent pacemaker implantation rate was 21.4%, the 1-year readmission rate was 14.6%, and the 1-year mortality rate was 5.8%. ROC curve: 1 year permanent pacemaker implantation: preoperative NLR (AUC: 0.755, best cutoff: 2.98, p < 0.0001), postoperative NLR (AUC: 0.732, best cutoff: 6.82, p = 0.001). Preoperative PLR (AUC: 0.650, best cutoff value: 112.45, p = 0.031), postoperative PLR (AUC: 0.663, best cutoff value: 179.66, p = 0.020). Preoperative NLR (AUC: 0.759, best cutoff value: 2.35, p = 0.001) and postoperative NLR (AUC: 0.594, best cutoff value: 10.37, p = 0.246). Preoperative PLR (AUC: 0.663, best cutoff value: 116.97, p = 0.044) and postoperative PLR (AUC: 0.479, best cutoff value: 495.52, p = 0.793). Preoperative NLR (AUC: 0.848, p < 0.0001). Death at 1 year: preoperative NLR (AUC: 0.790, best cutoff: 2.75, p = 0.017), postoperative NLR (AUC: 0.840, best cutoff: 9.22, p = 0.005). Preoperative PLR (AUC: 0.675, best cutoff value: 181.27, p = 0.151) and postoperative PLR (AUC: 0.409, best cutoff value: 659.25, p = 0.456). Cox regression: The risk of readmission 1 year after surgery was increased in the high preoperative NLR group (HR: 9.56, p = 0.003); the readmission rate 1 year after surgery was 29.3% in the high preoperative NLR group and 3.6% in the low preoperative NLR group (Log-Rank p = 0.0003). The risk of death at 1 year after surgery was increased in the group with high preoperative NLR (HR: 11.68, p = 0.025), and the 1-year survival rate was 84.4% in the group with high preoperative NLR and 98.6% in the group with low preoperative NLR (Log-Rank p = 0.0044). Conclusion: In this study, preoperative NLR was a good predictor of pacemaker implantation, readmission and death 1 year after TAVR, followed by postoperative NLR, and the predictive ability of preoperative PLR and postoperative PLR was poor. High preoperative NLR significantly increased the 1-year risk of readmission and the risk of death, and the high NLR group had higher readmission and mortality rates.
文章引用:高政, 屈占军, 国鹏飞, 刘伟丽, 赵庆哲, 江磊. 中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比率和血小板与淋巴细胞比率对经导管主动脉瓣置换术的预测价值[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(4): 1099-1109. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1441130

1. 引言

主动脉瓣是心脏瓣膜中最重要的瓣膜,随着年龄增长,主动脉瓣狭窄发生率也在增加,成为困扰我国老年人的常见的瓣膜疾病 [1] [2] ;一旦病变进展为重度狭窄后,药物疗效有限,外科主动脉瓣置换术成为严重主动脉瓣疾病对因治疗的唯一有效方式,一度成为严重主动脉瓣疾病的治疗金标准 [3] 。外科主动脉瓣置换术对于高龄高危心功能差的患者来说,手术创伤大,术后恢复缓慢,手术死亡率高。随着微创手术的兴起,经导管主动脉瓣置换术(Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement, TAVR)的出现和发展为高龄、高危开胸手术患者带来希望,作为SAVR手术的替代方案具有不劣于SAVR的短期治疗效果,并且已被越来越多的老年病患所接受 [4] 。相较于常规开胸手术患者,TAVR术后早期植入起搏器比例更高(10.1% vs. 3.5%, OR = 3.11) [5] ,而且患者多为高危患者,身体素质较差 [6] ,术后发生心因相关再入院会影响患者手术效果进而导致生活质量下降甚至发生死亡等不良结局,但临床上尚缺乏能够预测TAVR预后的因素。中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞的比率(NLR)和血小板与淋巴细胞的比率(PLR)作为新兴炎症因子,在心血管疾病中广受关注 [7] 。已有相关研究 [8] [9] [10] 指出NLR、PLR与心力衰竭、心肌梗死及再住院等不良事件呈正相关,NLR和PLR高的心血管疾病患者预后更差。NLR是否具有TAVR预后的预测价值,仅有国外研究提供参考,国内鲜有报道。本研究纳入青岛大学附属医院近年来行TAVR患者的临床资料开展回顾性分析,分析NLR、PLR对TAVR预后的预测及预后的关系,探讨其是否具有预测TAVR预后的价值。

2. 方法

2.1. 研究对象

本研究纳入青岛大学附属医院从2017年11月至2022年7月于我中心接受TAVR治疗的患者。纳入标准:1) 符合重度主动脉瓣狭窄诊断标准;2) 存在胸痛、呼吸困难等与主动脉瓣狭窄或关闭不全相关的临床症状;3) 预期寿命大于1年。排除标准:1) 术前应用抗生素或术前感染;2) 合并血液系统疾病或恶性肿瘤;3) 应用类固醇激素药物患者;4) 术前发生恶性心律失常或永久起搏器置入;5) 术前6个月内接受过其他手术;6) 术前6个月内发生脑血管意外;7) 严重肾功能不全;8) 术中行二尖瓣置换术;9) 术中行体外循环;10) 转开胸手术;11) 经心尖入路;12) 资料缺失。最终共计103例患者纳入本研究,并且随访满1年。

2.2. 统计方法

本研究使用SPSS24.0进行数据统计学分析。数据根据其特性分为连续变量和分类变量。连续变量需要进行正态性检验。符合正态分布的数据以平均值±标准差的方式表示,采用独立样本t检验比较两组间的差异;非正态数据以中位数(四分位间距)的方式表示,采用Mann-Whitney U非参数检验比较两组间的差异。分类变量以频数(百分比)的方式表示,并采用卡方检验比较两组间的差异,必要时根据期望频数T选用连续性校正(1 < T < 5时)或Fish精确检验(T < 1时)的结果。所有数据采用双边检验,且当p < 0.05时考虑存在统计学意义。应用受试者工作(ROC)曲线分析不同时间NLR、PLR的曲线下面积及最佳截断值,根据最佳截断值分组,分别通过Cox回归模型和生存曲线进行分析,以风险比(Hazard Ratio, HR)表示死亡风险及再入院风险大小;以Log-Rank p表示再入院率和死亡率的差异,以p < 0.05时考虑存在统计学意义。

3. 结果

在本研究中共入选103例患者,经导管主动脉瓣置换术1年永久起搏器植入率21.4%,1年再入院率14.6%,1年死亡率5.8%。

3.1. ROC曲线分析

本研究术后1年预后ROC曲线分析如图1图2图3所示,对术后永久起搏器植入的预测模型中,术前、术后NLR和术前、术后PLR均具有预测能力(p < 0.05),其中术前NLR (AUC = 0.732, p < 0.0001)和术后NLR (p = 0.001)预测能力更好。对术后1年再入院的预测模型中,术前NLR和术后PLR具有预测能力(p < 0.05),术前NLR (AUC = 0.759, p = 0.001)预测能力更优;而术后NLR和术后PLR的预测能力不佳(p > 0.05)。对术后1年死亡的预测模型中,术前NLR和术后NLR具有预测能力(p < 0.05),术后NLR (AUC = 0.840, p = 0.005)预测能力更优;而术前PLR和术后PLR的预测能力不佳(p > 0.05),如表1所示。

3.2. TAVR术后1年分析

根据上述ROC预测模型的结果,相对于PLR指标,NLR的综合预测效能更佳,因此我们继续探索

Figure 1. ROC curve of permanent pacemaker

图1. 永久起搏器ROC曲线

Figure 2. ROC curve of readmission

图2. 再入院ROC曲线

Figure 3. ROC curve of death

图3. 死亡ROC曲线

NLR对TAVR术后1年再入院及死亡的影响,术后NLR对术后1年再入院预测的效能不高,在此只分析术前NLR组,术前NLR根据最佳截断值(2.35)分为高NLR组和低NLR组,基线资料如表2,可见高NLR组具有更长的术后住院时间,高NLR组具有更少的球囊后扩张应用,其他资料差异无统计学意义。继续应用COX回归分析,结果显示高术前NLR患者术后1年再入院风险增加,具有显著性差异(HR: 9.56, 95%CI: 2.15~42.38, p = 0.003),如表3所示。生存曲线分析结果显示TAVR术后1年高术前NLR组再入院率29.3%,低术前NLR组再入院率3.6%,二者存在统计学差异(Log-Rank p = 0.0003),如图4所示。

Table 1. ROC curve analysis at 1 year after TAVR

表1. TAVR术后1年ROC曲线分析

Table 2. Baseline readmission data 1 year after surgery (Preoperative NLR grouping)

表2. 术后1年再入院基线资料(术前NLR分组)

*为精确实验结果。BMI:体质指数;EuroScore:欧洲心血管手术危险因素评分;ACEI/ARB:血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂/血管紧张素受体拮抗剂。

Table 3. Cox regression analysis of readmission 1 year after TAVR

表3. 术后1年再入院Cox回归

Figure 4. The 1-year readmission rate after TAVR

图4. TAVR术后1年再入院率

继续探索NLR对TAVR术后1年死亡的影响,基线资料如表4,术前NLR根据最佳截断值(2.75)分为高NLR组和低NLR组,基线资料如表4示,可见高NLR组具有更长的术后住院时间,高NLR组具有更少的球囊后扩张应用。应用COX回归分析术前NLR (HR: 11.68, 95%CI: 1.36~99.96, p = 0.025)、术后NLR (HR: 98.59, 95%CI: 0.12~84538.81, p = 0.183),如表5所示。结果可见高术前NLR患者TAVR术后1年死亡风险增加,具有显著性差异(p = 0.025),而术后NLR的p值 > 0.05,对预测TAVR术后1年死亡的风险没有统计学意义。

生存曲线分析结果显示TAVR术后1年高术前NLR组生存率84.4%,低术前NLR组生存率98.6%,二者存在统计学差异(Log-Rank p = 0.0044),如图5所示。

Table 4. Baseline death data 1 year after TAVR (Preoperative NLR grouping)

表4. 术后1年死亡基线资料(术前NLR分组)

*为精确实验结果。BMI:体质指数;EuroScore:欧洲心血管手术危险因素评分;ACEI/ARB:血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂/血管紧张素受体拮抗剂。

Table 5. Cox regression analysis of death 1 year after TAVR

表5. 术后1年死亡Cox回归

Figure 5. The 1-year survival rate after TAVR

图5. TAVR术后1年存活率

4. 讨论

对本次研究,得出了以下结果:1) NLR和PLR对术后1年植入起搏器的具有预测效能,术前NLR对于1年再入院及死亡的预测效能更好,术后NLR次之,PLR较差。2) 术前NLR ≥ 2.35显著增加1年再入院的风险,术前NLR ≥ 2.75显著增加术后1年死亡的风险。高术前NLR组具有更高的再入院率和死亡率。3) 术前NLR对TAVR中期预后具有预测价值。

TAVR相较于传统的SAVR手术具有更高的永久起搏器的植入率,这是目前临床上比较关注的问题,随着近年技术不断进步、产品不断革新,起搏器植入率有所下降,但仍为常见的TAVR并发症 [11] ,在此之前,已有不少研究 [11] [12] [13] 表明术后植入永久起搏器的危险因素包括可以干预的瓣膜植入深度、瓣膜类型和其他的不可干预的术前传导阻滞、膜部室间隔长度、术中传导束损伤、主动脉瓣钙化等。最近Antonio Torato等人研究发现,较高的NLR与永久起搏器植入率增加相关 [14] ,而且较高的NLR患者随访时间应进一步延长,避免延迟性永久起搏器植入的发生,这与我们的研究类似,炎症反应在心血管疾病进展中已经被证实,包括主动脉瓣狭窄的钙化程度 [15] ,术前瓣膜钙化可能具有更高的术前NLR、PLR值,而更重的瓣膜钙化有更高的永久起搏器植入率 [16] ;另外术中人工瓣膜植入后会对周围组织产生挤压导致周围组织水肿进而造成传导束损伤,进一步诱发炎症反应 [17] ,这可能是术后NLR和PLR与术后永久起搏器植入相关的原因。

再入院指患者出院后一定时间内再次入院接受治疗,TAVR术后再入院大多是出现术后感染、出血、血管并发症、心力衰竭、心肌梗死等情况,再入院会给患者带来诸多不良影响,其一老年高危患者身体状况普遍偏弱,TAVR术后再入院多合并更重的病情变化,发生死亡等恶性不良事件几率更高;其二再入院会给老年患者带来沉重的心理压力,对长期预后产生影响。我们的研究发现术前高NLR有更高的再入院风险及再入院率,类似地,Bahira Shahim等人的一项大型PARTNER实验表明高基线NLR与3年再入院风险增加相关(HR: 1.39, p < 0.0001) [10] 。炎症和氧化应激与心血管疾病的发病机制相关,NLR作为其中一员,已被发现与心律失常、急性心力衰竭、急性冠脉综合征等疾病的严重程度和预后相关 [18] [19] 。我们的研究中,PLR对术后1年预后的预测效能较差,Jose F Condado等人研究 [20] 表明,PLR对于术后早期的预后具有一定预测能力,但与术后1年的预后无关,这与我们的研究类似。术前高NLR可能预示患者具有更差的左心功能 [21] ,提示患者可能有更差的预后,这有助于临床医师早期筛选高危患者,合理的调整治疗计划,制定个性化的出院康复方案,尽可能预防术后并发症,减少再入院的发生。

本研究的局限性:NLR作为一种非特异性的炎症标记物,会受到很多其他炎症条件的影响,因此我们严格按照纳排标准最终纳入了103例患者进行研究,总体病例数有限,对于潜在影响因素,并不能客观的反应其影响作用。另外我们的研究是单中心的经验,结果可能不能代表一般人群,且随访时间只有1年。随着TAVR手术的普及应用,更多的病例数将允许我们做进一步分类研究,进一步延长随访时间,得到更反映真实情况的结果以及对长期预后的预测。本次研究仅有术前和术后当天2个时间点的NLR、PLR值,术后不同时间点的NLR、PLR可能也有更好的预测价值,术后NLR水平下降幅度可能对预后也具有预测价值,我们并未列出。此外,我们研究得出的最佳截断值与先前其他研究的值不同,是否需要一个标准化的截断水平,我们将在未来继续进行研究讨论。

5. 结论

在本研究中我们发现术前NLR可以较好的预测TAVR术后1年植入起搏器、再入院及死亡,术后NLR预测能力次之,术前PLR和术后PLR的预测能力较差。高术前NLR显著增加1年再入院的风险以及死亡的风险,高NLR组具有更高的再入院率及死亡率。术前计算患者NLR值能够帮助临床医师早期筛选高危患者,合理的调整治疗计划从而达到满意的治疗效果。

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