副肿瘤性小脑共济失调1例病例报道及文献复习
Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Ataxia: A Case Report and Literature Review
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.143708, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 41  浏览: 65 
作者: 刘 静:河北医科大学研究生院,河北 石家庄 ;董爱勤*:河北医科大学附属沧州市中心医院神经内三科,河北 沧州
关键词: 肿瘤运动失调头晕病例报道Tumor Motor Disorders Dizziness Case Report
摘要: 副肿瘤性小脑变性(paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, PCD)也称为副肿瘤性小脑共济失调,是最常见的副肿瘤性神经综合征之一。本文报告了1例主因头晕1月,双下肢无力10天,加重伴构音障碍6天的患者,经相关辅助检查及治疗后,确诊为PCD。根据该病例,我们进行了相关文献的回顾。
Abstract: Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD), also known as paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia, is one of the most common paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. This article reports a patient who suffered from dizziness for one month, weakness in both lower limbs for 10 days, and worsening accompanied by articulation disorders for 6 days. After auxiliary examination and treatment, the patient was diagnosed with paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia. Based on this case, we conducted a re-view of relevant literature.
文章引用:刘静, 董爱勤. 副肿瘤性小脑共济失调1例病例报道及文献复习[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(3): 350-353. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.143708

1. 病例回顾

患者,72岁,女性,主因头晕1月,双下肢无力10天,加重伴构音障碍6天入院。既往体健。1个月前患者出现持续性头晕,呈昏沉感,与体位改变无关,行走不稳,伴恶心,未呕吐;10天前出现双下肢无力,搀扶尚可行走,伴吞咽困难,无饮水呛咳;6天前自觉上述症状较前加重,伴构音障碍,尚能与人正常交流。查体:T:36.5℃,P:79次/分,R:18次/分,BP:128/74 mmHg。神志清楚,双眼左侧注视时可见水平震颤,构音障碍,吟诗样言语,咽反射减弱。四肢肌力Ⅳ级,肌张力正常,躯干及四肢肌肉无萎缩,双侧指鼻试验及跟膝胫试验欠稳准,醉酒步态,无不自主运动。双侧感觉未见异常。两侧肱二头肌反射(+)、肱三头肌反射(+)、膝腱反射(+)、踝反射(+)。

颅脑CT及MRI未见异常,胸CT平扫及增强示右肺上叶不规则片状实变,考虑肿瘤性病变可能性大,建议穿刺活检。化验血自身抗体谱检测:ANA抗核抗体阳性。抗神经节苷脂谱抗体:血清中抗GM4抗体IgG呈现弱阳性,血清中抗GM3、GM4抗体IgM呈现弱阳性。脑脊液墨汁染色、抗酸染色及自身免疫脑炎性抗体6项、小脑15项未见明显异常。肿瘤全项无异常。期间患者症状逐渐加重,一般状态差,考虑为:PCD,给予激素治疗效果欠佳,加用丙种球蛋白治疗,症状明显好转。后转入胸外科行CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检,病理回报:(右肺上叶)中分化腺癌,进一步验证为PCD。

2. 讨论

PCD是一种罕见疾病,是第二常见的免疫介导的小脑共济失调,表现为快速进展的小脑综合征 [1] [2] 。如本病例所示,PCD的患者症状可能会迅速进展并且非常虚弱,这些症状常在患者的恶性肿瘤被发现之前表现出来。因此,早期诊断是至关重要的,因为它可能会导致隐性癌症的发现 [3] 。

2.1. 发病机制

大量文献表明,PCD的发病机制可归因于自身免疫反应 [4] [5] 。当潜在的恶性肿瘤接触到免疫特异性神经元的蛋白质时,特别是当表面受体是抗原时,就会引发自身免疫反应 [6] ,从而引发细胞毒性T细胞反应或抗体的直接致病作用。PCD的主要特征之一是浦肯野神经元的破坏,临床表现通常是亚急性小脑综合征,即类似于后循环脑卒中或前庭神经元炎 [7] [8] [9] 。

2.2. 相关抗体

PCD是在没有肿瘤或转移灶直接侵袭的情况下,而由癌症的远程影响引起的 [10] ,它神经功能的缺陷可能发生在确诊癌症之前的数月或数年,约80%的PCD患者中,可以检测到神经元抗体 [11] 。研究表明:自身抗体是多种多样的,这些抗体主要针对细胞内的抗原(细胞核及细胞质)和质膜抗原 [12] 。其中与细胞内抗原结合的抗体包括与小脑蛋白cdr2结合的抗Yo (PCA1)抗体(可抑制c-Myc)、影响RNA转录后调节的抗Hu (ANNA1)抗体和与RNA结合蛋白NOVA家族结合的抗Ri (ANNA2)抗体 [13] [14] 。另一部分与质膜抗原结合的抗体包括作用于Delta/notch样表皮生长因子相关受体的PCA-Tr抗体、mGLUR1-IgG和VGCC-IgG [15] [16] 。可以推测,虽然并不是所有PCD均会有特异性的抗体出现,但是如果这些抗体被检测出来后,我们应持续观察患者的病情变化,因为其高度可提示为PCD。

2.3. 影像学检查

磁共振成像(MRI)为PCD的患者提供了又一个重要的诊断依据,其结果取决于疾病的阶段。例如:急性PCD在MRI中通常是正常的,但在慢性疾病中可以显示小脑萎缩,尤其在T1序列中最为明显 [17] 。目前也已发现了与特定抗体相关的影像学病例。其中,在患有Hu或Yo抗体的患者的报告中,MRI就能显示弥漫性脑白质病变 [18] 和两个小脑半球的弥漫性软脑膜增强。

2.4. 治疗

小脑综合征在发病时症状可能很轻微,但会在几天或几周内恶化 [19] 。治疗包括立即根除潜在的癌症、类固醇、免疫球蛋白、血浆置换和维持性免疫疗法。有效的早期肿瘤治疗可以通过减少抗原呈递来降低自身免疫驱动力,从而治疗副肿瘤综合征。但这些效应不能立即显现,因此在大多数情况下,皮质类固醇被选择作为急性免疫治疗的一线治疗方法。从病理生理学的角度来说,一方面它可以减轻脑部的炎症、水肿和血脑屏障的破坏,另一方面它又可以导致产生抗体的浆细胞凋亡 [20] 。如果患者对皮质类固醇缺乏治疗效果、症状严重或者快速恶化时,应同时考虑静脉注射免疫球蛋白(IVIG) [21] 或血浆置换(PLEX) [22] 来使循环自身抗体减少,以缓解患者的症状。

总之,随着辅助检查技术的进步与发展,副肿瘤性疾病在如今临床工作中越来越常见,尤其是PCD。本研究通过报道PCD的病例1例,对其发病机制、相关抗体、影像学检查及治疗的相关文献进行了复习。随着对PCD研究的深入,期望更多的预防及治疗措施应用于临床。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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