老年髋部骨折患者术后发生谵妄的危险因素研究进展
Research Progress on Risk Factors of Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Patients with Hip Fracture
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.143706, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 48  浏览: 100 
作者: 马力亚·阿力木, 麦尔甫哈·克热木, 蔡小丽*:新疆医科大学第五附属医院麻醉科,新疆 乌鲁木齐
关键词: 老年患者术后谵妄髋部骨折危险因素Elderly Patients Postoperative Delirium (POD) Hip Fracture Risk Factors
摘要: 术后谵妄是老年髋部手术患者的常见疾病。年龄是术后谵妄的风险因素。在这越来越老龄化的现况下,老年患者手术的比例在逐日增加。其中术后谵妄作为髋关节手术的常见并发症,在患者身体以及心理上带来很大损伤的同时导致患者长期认知功能障碍。术后谵妄是一个多因素问题,需要综合考虑患者的具体情况和围术期护理策略,以降低风险并改善患者的预后。因此术后谵妄的发生及其围手术期相关危险因素仍是我们研究的重点。本综述讨论了老年髋部手术患者术后谵妄的相关危险因素以及术后谵妄的评估以及干预措施。未来的研究致力于有效干预措施降低术后谵妄的风险,改善患者的预后和生活质量。
Abstract: Postoperative delirium is a common disease in elderly patients undergoing hip surgery. As we all know, age is a well-known risk factor. In this increasingly aging situation, the proportion of elderly patients undergoing surgery is increasing day by day. Among them, postoperative delirium is a common complication of hip surgery. It brings great physical and psychological damage to patients and leads to long-term cognitive dysfunction. Postoperative delirium is a multi-factor problem, which requires comprehensive consideration of the patient’s specific situation and perioperative nursing strategies to reduce the risk and improve the prognosis of patients. Therefore, the occur-rence of postoperative delirium and its perioperative related risk factors are still the focus of our research. This review discusses the related risk factors of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing hip surgery, as well as the evaluation and intervention measures of postoperative de-lirium. Future research is devoted to effective interventions to reduce the risk of postoperative de-lirium and improve the prognosis and quality of life of patients.
文章引用:马力亚·阿力木, 麦尔甫哈·克热木, 蔡小丽. 老年髋部骨折患者术后发生谵妄的危险因素研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(3): 338-344. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.143706

1. 介绍

据估计,由于人口结构的变化,全球老年人数将在未来几十年持续增加 [1] 。人口的提前老龄化可能会增加髋部骨折的绝对数量 [2] 。管理这些骨折并改变预防策略仍将是全球医疗系统的一项重要任务。髋部骨折患者通常为老年人,伴有已有合并症,包括术后谵妄以及频繁的多药治疗 [3] 。髋部骨折也同时潜在的导致患者身体功能受损、失去独立性或死亡 [4] 。几乎完全需要进行急诊手术,这增加了患者发生手术和医疗并发症的风险 [5] 。

我国逐渐进入老龄化社会,髋部骨折的发生率也在逐年上升,据统计髋部骨折发生率占老年全身骨折发生率的23.79%,对于65岁以上老年患者来说是第二常见的骨折 [6] 。髋关节置换手术通常用于患有髋关节骨折或退行性关节炎的老年患者 [7] [8] 。接受髋关节置换术的老年患者处于偶发谵妄风险,约20~50%的患者在髋关节手术后出现谵妄 [7] 。老年、合并症、出血在手术期间、麻醉和髋关节手术可能是术后谵妄(POD)的危险因素,这是术后功能结局降低、住院时间延长和死亡率的危险因素 [9] 。早期识别术后谵妄,对于改善老年髋部手术患者生活质量有着现实的临床意义。

2. 谵妄

2.1. 定义

术后谵妄(postoperative delirium, POD)是一种注意力和认知能力的急性下降,在65岁或以上的人群中是一种常见的、危及生命的和潜在可预防的临床综合征,与痴呆相反,术后谵妄(POD)是一种急性的精神错乱状态 [10] 。术后谵妄(POD)是一种非常常见且严重的并发症,尤其是在老年住院患者中多见,常发生于术后1~3天内,在接受复杂和紧急手术的老年患者发病率高达17%~61% [11] 。

术后谵妄常发生于老年人,是老年人最常见的手术并发症 [12] 。髋关节置换手术通常用于患有髋关节骨折或退行性关节炎的老年患者。接受髋关节置换术的老年患者处于偶发谵妄风险,约20~50%的患者在髋关节手术后出现谵妄 [13] ,而髋部骨折术后谵妄的发生率高达50% [14] 。据报告,术后谵妄(POD)可能会增加术后并发症的发生率以及围术期死亡率。与此同时,术后谵妄延长了患者的住院时间和增加了住院费用,给老年患者带来生活上长期的不便利 [13] 。虽然术后谵妄的一些风险因素已明确识别,包括年龄、性别(男性)、慢性神经认知障碍或精神疾病史、既往手术史等 [15] 。然而,这些风险因素不可改变,不能作为预防谵妄的靶点。因此,潜在的可变风险因素成为我们目前研究的热点问题。

2.2. 机制

术后谵妄的潜在机制是当前研究的热点之一,其中炎症学说备受关注。这一机制涉及多个方面,包括炎症介质的过度释放、胶质细胞的激活、血–脑脊液屏障的损伤,以及外周免疫细胞侵入中枢神经系统等。此外,术后炎症的延迟恢复也被认为是导致术后谵妄发生的重要因素之一 [16] 。小胶质细胞和星状细胞在中枢神经系统炎症反应中扮演着重要的调节作用 [17] 。作为中枢神经系统的常驻免疫细胞,小胶质细胞具有高度运动性,并能够促进突触活动和重塑。然而,手术引发的炎症反应会激活先天性免疫系统,进而刺激小胶质细胞活化,当小胶质细胞过度活化时,它可能会对中枢神经系统造成损伤,这种损伤进而降低了术后谵妄的发生阈值使得患者更容易出现术后谵妄的症状 [18] 。手术后,全身炎症反应被触发,激活了炎症介质并促进促炎因子释放,这一过程可能会破坏血–脑脊液屏障的完整性,一旦细菌产生的毒素通过血–脑脊液屏障,破坏中枢神经功能,这一系列连锁反应最终可能导致术后谵妄的发生 [19] 。与未出现术后谵妄的患者相比,术后谵妄的患者体内某些促炎因子(如TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10以及C-反应蛋白等)的水平显著升高 [20] 。综合来说,术后谵妄的发生可以归结为两个核心要素。首要的是患者多为老年人群,这主要是因为随着年龄的增长,人体的生理机能会逐渐衰退,从而削弱了机体的代偿能力和对外界刺激的应对能力。其次,经历创伤、手术或麻醉等应激事件时,这些刺激会导致体内激素和炎性因子水平发生改变,进而引发多巴胺能神经递质与胆碱能神经递质之间的平衡失调。正是这种失衡状态,最终诱发了患者的谵妄症状。

3. 影响老年髋部手术患者发生术后谵妄的危险因素

众多影响因素中,高龄已被多数学者认为是术后谵妄的独立危险因素。包括术前危险因素、术中危险因素以及术后危险因素等。这些分别包括可控因素以及不可控因素 [21] 。在这些因素中年龄、性别、术前存在的认知功能障碍(痴呆,MMSE评分筛查认知功能)以及躯体功能障碍,合并症(糖尿病,抑郁症,焦虑等),营养状态和功能状态(白蛋白,功能评分Katz评分表,维生素D水平),手术类型(骨科、心血管手术、骨科手术、急诊),手术类型(髋部骨折、粗隆间骨折、粗隆下骨折、全髋置换等)。可变因素包括患者围术期服用药物以及种类、炎症、感染、围术期疼痛、电解质紊乱、围术期输血、围术期血流动力学变化、麻醉方式(全麻/椎管内麻醉)、麻醉深度、术中补液等。

Vibeke [22] 等进行的一项前瞻性研究证实发病前已存在的认知功能障碍、创伤以及发热是髋部骨折患者术后谵妄的独立危险因素。Cristiana [23] 等也证明了老龄 [24] 和低功能储备也是术后谵妄的独立危险因素。术前中风史、术前手术史、术前低血氧饱和度、术前睡眠差、术中芬太尼等麻醉药物使用剂量过大、输血以及感染等事件都证明是术后谵妄的独立危险因素 [25] 。目前维生素D缺乏症被认为是一个世界性的问题。由于与年龄相关的日光暴露水平和膳食维生素D摄入不足,老年人特别容易出现维生素D缺乏症。许多研究报告了低维生素D水平与认知障碍之间的相关性 [26] [27] [28] 。维生素D在维持钙磷稳态以外,还能通过预防心血管病来保护大脑免受认知损伤。有相关研究指出血清25-OH-D浓度与认知功能存在剂量相关性 [28] ,但是目前的研究中血清25-OH-D浓度与认知功能的关系尚不明确。

术后谵妄常发生于老年人,是老年人最常见的手术并发症 [29] 。髋关节置换手术通常用于患有髋关节骨折或退行性关节炎的老年患者。接受髋关节置换术的老年患者处于偶发谵妄风险,约20~50%的患者在髋关节手术后出现谵妄 [11] ,而髋部骨折术后谵妄的发生率高达50% [30] 。老年、合并症、出血在手术期间、麻醉和髋关节手术可能是术后谵妄(POD)的危险因素,这是术后功能结局降低、住院时间延长和死亡率的危险因素 [31] 。据报告,术后谵妄(POD)可能会增加术后并发症的发生率以及围术期死亡率。与此同时,术后谵妄延长了患者的住院时间和增加了住院费用,给老年患者带来生活上长期的不便利 [11] 。虽然术后谵妄的一些风险因素已明确识别,包括年龄、性别(男性)、慢性神经认知障碍或精神疾病史、既往手术史等 [13] 。而在一些其他研究中 [32] [33] 提出了抑郁症作为术后谵妄(POD)的危险因素。也有相关报道指出患者围术期的疼痛是术后谵妄的独立危险因素 [34] ,疼痛评分越高,发生谵妄的概率就越高 [35] 。然而,这些风险因素不可改变,不能作为预防谵妄的靶点。因此,潜在的可变风险因素是我们目前研究的热点问题。包括术前营养状态、维生素D水平、氧分压、血色素,以及术中电解质变化、手术时间、麻醉时间,以及整个围术期的疼痛都可以经过改善和缩短来降低术后谵妄发生的风险。

4. 老年髋部手术患者术后谵妄防治

4.1. 评估方法

术前尽早使用谵妄评估工具进行早期的诊断和治疗是改善老年患者围术期预后的一项重要措施。在我们临床工作中,应对年龄超过65岁的老年患者进行术前评估,筛选出术前的危险因素,在围术期进行更好的临床干预,尽可能减少术后谵妄的发生。以往国内多数研究常使用谵妄量表(CAM)、简易智力精神状态检查量(MMSE)来对患者术后认知功能进行评价 [36] 。而还有一种术后认知功能障碍评定采用蒙特尔认知功能评估量表(MoCa),是由Nasreddine [37] 教授于2004年研究编制,用于针对轻度认知功能障碍(Mild Cognitive Impairment, MCI)进行快速筛查的评估工具,评定的认知领域包括注意与集中、执行功能、记忆、语言、视结构技能、抽象思维以及计算和定向力。尽可能用标准化量表来将进行早期评估识别,将各种评估量表应用道临床工作事实践中,为我们临床工作提供便利。

4.2. 预防干预措施

医护人员应从患者住院初期全面评估患者整体状况,根据不同病情制定不同诊疗方案的同时快速给予对症的处理。这大大降低患者的负面情绪,提高患者住院的体验。术前减轻患者疼痛十分重要,大部分骨科患者多以疼痛为主要症状,高龄患者往往因疼痛无法耐受,严重影响患者情绪及睡眠质量,严重者会引起精神症状。术后疼痛也是一个重要的影响因素,Lynch等 [38] 收集了477例择期非心脏大手术患者资料以探讨术后疼痛与出现谵妄之间的关系,发现静止痛评分越高,出现谵妄的风险越大。一项前瞻性研究发现,中度、重度疼痛及术后第1日基线疼痛程度升高均是术后谵妄的独立预测风险因素 [39] 。

患者术后往往因为手术创伤等原因,容易发生术后谵妄,特别是老年人。针对这些患者,首先是必要的心理疏导,对切口疼痛及渗血等进行必要的解释,努力消除患者紧张的负面情绪。这可以大大降低患者术后焦虑尽可能会降低术后谵妄的发生率。明确术后康复目标,有效监测患者血糖,及时通过胰岛素控制患者血糖。通过自体血回输、术前输血等方式纠正围术期贫血,对中重度贫血应在术前予以纠正 [40] 。饮食方面应给予高蛋白、易消化饮食,保持大便通畅,及时纠正低蛋白血症 [41] [42] 。采用多模式镇痛超前镇痛方式提前镇痛干预保证患者休息和睡眠。这些护理措施都可以有效的减少术后谵妄的发生。

5. 小结

我们在围术期明确老年髋部手术患者术后谵妄相关的危险因素,为术后谵妄的发生提供预测价值。术后谵妄作为术后神经系统疾病,导致老年患者认知功能障碍减退和长期的功能结局不良。因此我们基于目前危险因素可以制定一系列临床干预及预防措施来显著降低术后谵妄的发病率。近两年新发的新型冠状病毒(新冠肺炎)作为一项呼吸系统疾病,严重影响患者的生存率以及生活质量。有报道称一发现新冠肺炎是术后谵妄(POD)的新危险因素 [43] 。因此,在未来的研究中需进一步进行临床研究,明确新型冠状病毒患者与术后谵妄的关系,成为未来的新趋势。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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