多囊卵巢综合征患者的月经周期与胰岛素抵抗的关系
Relationship between Menstrual Cycle and Insulin Resistance in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.143691, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 150  浏览: 215 
作者: 张晓宇, 林 琳*:新疆医科大学第一附属医院妇科,新疆 乌鲁木齐
关键词: 多囊卵巢综合征月经周期胰岛素抵抗Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Menstrual Cycle Insulin Resistance
摘要: 育龄期妇女多囊卵巢综合征的患病率约6%~20%,是一种常见的生殖内分泌代谢疾病。胰岛素抵抗和月经周期紊乱是多囊卵巢综合征的特征,50%~70%多囊卵巢综合征患者有胰岛素抵抗,月经周期异常是多囊卵巢综合征患者诊断的必要条件,多达85%的多囊卵巢综合征患者早期表现出明显的月经周期异常。最近几年来,有研究结果表明,多囊卵巢综合征患者月经周期与胰岛素抵抗相关,本文主要对多囊卵巢综合征患者的月经周期与胰岛素抵抗的关系进行综述。
Abstract: The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in women of reproductive age is about 6%~20%, which is a common reproductive endocrine metabolic disease. Insulin resistance and menstrual cy-cle disorder are the characteristics of polycystic ovary syndrome. 50%~70% of polycystic ovary syndrome patients have insulin resistance. Abnormal menstrual cycle is the necessary condition for the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome, and up to 85% of patients with polycystic ovary syn-drome show significant early menstrual cycle abnormalities. In recent years, some studies have shown that the menstrual cycle of polycystic ovary syndrome patients is associated with insulin re-sistance. This article reviews the relationship between the menstrual cycle and insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome patients.
文章引用:张晓宇, 林琳. 多囊卵巢综合征患者的月经周期与胰岛素抵抗的关系[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(3): 241-245. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.143691

1. 引言

多囊卵巢综合征(Polycystic ovary syndrome, PCOS)是以排卵障碍、高雄激素血症(Hyperandrogenism, HA)为主要表现的女性生殖代谢性疾病。其病因尚不明确,具有高度的临床异质性,以稀发排卵和不排卵等月经周期异常为主要特征,50%~70% PCOS患者有胰岛素抵抗(Insulin resistance, IR) [1] 。IR和/或HA是PCOS患者许多生殖代谢特征的基础,从而导致糖尿病、高血压、心血管和脑血管疾病等因代谢功能障碍导致的远期并发症;因此,确定临床和/或生物指标检测PCOS患者早期IR将在一定程度上降低糖尿病和女性代谢综合征的发生率,改善PCOS患者的生活质量和长期并发症。月经稀发和周期不规则,尤其是月经周期时间延长是PCOS患者的重要特征,多达85%的PCOS患者早期表现出明显的月经周期异常,85%~90%月经过少(月经周期 > 35天)的女性患有PCOS,30%~40%闭经(月经周期 > 90天)的女性患有PCOS [2] 。IR与患者体内雌激素水平相互作用,较高的雌激素水平会增加促黄体生成素的分泌,减少卵泡刺激素的分泌,从而IR对育龄妇女的生殖内分泌影响主要表现为稀发排卵和不排卵,远期并发症导致子宫内膜癌的发生率升高 [3] ;伴有HA的PCOS患者IR更加显著,互为恶性循环 [4] 。因此,通过月经周期这一表观指标,早期确定PCOS患者的IR将在一定程度上降低代谢综合征的发生率,同时恢复PCOS患者生殖功能障碍,改善生活质量和长期预后。

2. 月经周期与IR的关系

一项回顾性研究 [5] 发现稳态模型评估胰岛素抵抗指数(Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA-IR)与月经周期紊乱程度之间呈正相关。与一项横断面研究 [6] 的结果一致,在该研究中,月经周期延长至35天的PCOS患者比健康对照组的女性具有更高的HOMA-IR,这表明PCOS患者月经周期延长的程度可能与IR呈正相关。在Jiali Niu [7] 的研究中,按照月经周期将PCOS患者分为21~35天组、35~90天组和 > 90天组,随着月经周期延长,PCOS患者的HOMA-IR不断增加,而且HOMA-IR增加与月经周期紊乱水平之间存在剂量–反应关系。Xiaojia Li等 [8] 研究发现,73%的PCOS患者月经周期 > 45天。与对照组相比,PCOS患者的空腹胰岛素、HOMA-IR、HOMA-β均高于对照组,但空腹血糖和QUICK I水平较低。在月经周期为45~90天组中,空腹胰岛素水平和1小时血胰岛素值较对照组及 < 45天组均增加,但在葡萄糖负荷2小时后,胰岛素值降至与其他组相似的水平。与月经周期 > 90天组的PCOS患者相比,月经周期为45~90天组的PCOS患者HOMA-IR和HOMA-β较高,Matsuda指数较低,随着月经周期延长,胰岛素峰值延迟的发生率增加,说明月经周期超过90天的PCOS患者胰岛β细胞功能较差。Chuyue Zhang [9] 研究表明,患有IR的PCOS患者会加剧颗粒细胞中类固醇的异常产生,这与无排卵有关。IR会破坏卵巢卵泡发育,随着生活方式的改变、减肥手术或胰岛素增敏剂,高胰岛素血症的减少可以促进排卵并恢复月经周期 [10] 。因此,临床上月经周期延长可用于预测PCOS患者的IR,月经周期延长程度与HOMA-IR呈正相关,有时闭经的PCOS患者可能因胰岛β细胞功能较差而表现出HOMA-IR较低,而并非IR得到改善。

3. 月经周期与HA、IR的关系

除IR外,HA被认为是PCOS的另一个重要病理机制 [11] 。有研究表明 [12] ,月经过少或闭经与较高的雄激素水平和较低的性激素结合球蛋白水平有关,随着月经周期延长,PCOS患者的睾酮水平逐渐升高。UcheEzeh [13] 研究表明,月经周期延长的严重程度与HA的程度无关,HA的平均测量值(即改良Ferriman-Gallway评分和硫酸脱氢表雄酮、总睾酮、游离睾酮和性激素结合球蛋白的循环水平)在月经周期延长不同程度组中相似,而HOMA-IR随着月经周期延长而增高,提示月经周期与IR相关而与HA无关。不同观点表明 [14] ,月经周期延长的程度与PCOS患者的HA和IR有关,有HA的PCOS患者的2型糖尿病患病率是雄性激素正常的PCOS患者的四倍,2型糖尿病发病更快,PCOS患者月经周期与IR和HA有关,HA可能会加重PCOS的IR的严重程度,更严重的IR诱导雄激素的持续过量产生。

关于月经周期与HA,有研究指出HA是PCOS患者卵泡发育的第一个障碍,卵泡中的高雄激素水平促进了小卵泡的募集,过度募集的小卵泡会抑制优势卵泡的选择过程,这些研究表明 [15] ,PCOS患者的HA可能会损害卵泡的正常发育,从而扰乱月经周期。也有相关研究表明 [16] ,葡萄糖转运蛋白4 (Recombinant glucose transporter 4, GLUT4)在胰岛素敏感组织中表达,是负责胰岛素介导的葡萄糖转运到脂肪细胞的主要蛋白质,在调节葡萄糖耐量、葡萄糖代谢和胰岛素敏感性方面发挥重要作用,并且GLUT4功能障碍可能导致PCOS中IR的发生。研究表明 [17] ,患有HA的PCOS患者的子宫内膜上皮细胞中GLUT4的表达水平显著低于非HA的PCOS患者,颗粒细胞中GLUT4表达的失调可能是IR与月经过少之间的内在联系。Haolin Zhang等 [18] 研究指出,HA通过脂肪细胞功能障碍导致PCOS患者的IR,包括身体成分的改变,脂肪细胞形态的改变和非酯化游离脂肪酸动力学,并通过抑制脂肪生成或/和脂肪分解,促进脂肪生成,增加内脏脂肪或脂肪组织IR增加。以上研究表明,HA可能会加重PCOS患者的 IR从而导致月经周期延长。

4. 年龄、BMI对月经周期与IR关系之间的影响

Xin Huang等 [19] 研究发现,在身体质量指数(Body mass index, BMI)较高(≥24 kg/m2)的患者中,IR与月经周期延长之间的剂量–反应关系显著。相反,BMI水平较低的患者暴露于月经过少和闭经的机会较小,研究中一半月经周期正常的患者BMI较低(<24 kg/m2)。因此,由于HOMA-IR水平较低,BMI较低的PCOS患者暴露于过量激素和月经过少的机会较小。Habib Erensoy等 [20] 发现,年龄小于25岁的PCOS患者IR与月经周期延长之间的相关性比老年PCOS患者更显著。年轻的PCOS患者的IR水平明显高于老年患者,并且焦虑和抑郁的风险明显更高,这会影响月经周期。一项病例对照研究 [21] 表明,年轻的PCOS患者颗粒酶-B水平显著升高,IR风险增加,IR会影响性激素水平,从而有月经周期异常的风险。因此,年轻的PCOS患者IR水平较高,更需要对月经过少和闭经的年轻PCOS患者的IR进行早期诊断和干预。

5. 排卵状态与月经周期对IR的影响

大约10%的PCOS患者有排卵,尽管她们的月经周期不规律 [22] 。一项研究中 [23] ,根据有无排卵将PCOS患者分为排卵组和无排卵组,与排卵组相比,无排卵组的改良Ferriman-Gallway评分、空腹血糖水平、1和2小时胰岛素值呈上升趋势,导致HOMA-IR、HOMA-β和QUICK I水平相对较高,SHBG和Matsuda指数呈下降趋势。也有研究表明 [24] ,闭经的PCOS患者,以及无排卵性月经过少的PCOS患者,其HOMA-IR高于排卵性月经过少的PCOS患者。因此,排卵状态和月经周期延长与IR成正相关。

6. 小结

综上所述,PCOS患者月经周期延长程度与HOMA-IR呈正相关,月经周期长短反映的月经紊乱可能是预测PCOS患者IR的有效指标。HA加重IR,IR、HA和卵泡旁分泌信号变化引起的高胰岛素血症会干扰卵泡的激活、生长和选择,并损害卵泡的正常发育和排卵。PCOS患者排卵状态与IR成正相关,并且PCOS患者月经周期可能受到年龄及BMI的影响。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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