结直肠癌的相关因素在传统腺瘤和锯齿状息肉之间的区别
The Difference between Traditional Adenoma and Serrated Polyp in the Related Factors of Colorectal Cancer
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.142630, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 44  浏览: 91 
作者: 张 盼, 葛 彪, 孟存英*:延安大学附属医院消化内科,陕西 延安
关键词: 结直肠癌传统腺瘤锯齿状息肉危险因素Colorectal Cancer Traditional Adenoma Serrated Polyps Risk Factors
摘要: 随着我国饮食结构逐渐西方化及人口年龄老龄化,我国结直肠癌总体发病率与死亡率呈明显上升趋势,大部分结直肠癌被认为来自于癌前息肉,主要有两种病理类型:传统腺瘤和锯齿状息肉,尽管传统腺瘤和锯齿状息肉有许多共同的结直肠癌危险因素及保护因素,但有大量证据支持它们之间存在病因异质性,可能一些因素与一种病变的相关性比另一种更强或个别因素是两种病变所特有的,因此深入研究两者的区别,是临床所迫切需要的,本篇综述将试图通过总结结直肠癌的相关因素在传统腺瘤与锯齿状息肉之间的区别,来提高人们对疾病的认识及医生对于不同类型息肉的重视程度。
Abstract: With the gradual westernization of diet and the aging of the population in China, the overall inci-dence and mortality of colorectal cancer in China show a significant upward trend. Most of colorectal cancer is thought to come from precancerous polyps. There are mainly two pathological types: tra-ditional adenoma and serrated polyps, although traditional adenomas and serrated polyps have many common risk and protective factors for colorectal cancer. However, there is a great deal of ev-idence to support the etiological heterogeneity between them, some factors may have a stronger correlation with one kind of lesion than another, or individual factors are unique to the two kinds of lesions, so an in-depth study of the difference between the two diseases is urgently needed clinical-ly, this review will try to summarize the difference between traditional adenomas and serrated polyps of colorectal cancer to raise people’s awareness of the disease and doctors’ attention to dif-ferent types of polyps.
文章引用:张盼, 葛彪, 孟存英. 结直肠癌的相关因素在传统腺瘤和锯齿状息肉之间的区别[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(2): 4538-4547. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.142630

1. 引言

据2020年全球癌症统计报告解读 [1] 所示:结直肠癌是全球发病率第3位,病死率第2位的恶性肿瘤,目前我国结直肠癌发病率、病死率分别为恶性肿瘤的第2位及第5位,其起源于结直肠黏膜上皮,转归和预后与病变分期紧密相关。目前发达国家的结直肠癌发病率主要由于内窥镜筛查的普及和人们体检意识的提高而下降,但发展中国家在各种原因的综合影响下发病率呈明显提高,尤其是早发性结直肠癌 [2] 。大约60%~80%的结直肠癌发生、发展是通过“传统腺瘤–癌”途径,其特征是癌基因和肿瘤抑制基因进行一系列突变,在组织学上可分为管状腺瘤、绒毛状腺瘤、管状绒毛混合型腺瘤 [3] ,结直肠癌也可以通过“锯齿状息肉–癌”途径发展而来,是以BRAF突变、CpG岛甲基化表型(CpG island methylator phenotype, CIMP)为特征,伴有或不伴有微卫星不稳定性(microsatellite instability, MSI) [4] ,包括增生性息肉(hyperplastic polyp, HP)、广基锯齿状腺瘤/息肉(sessile serrated adenoma/polyp, SSA/P)和传统锯齿状腺瘤(traditional serrated adenoma, TSA)。有研究 [5] [6] 发现锯齿状息肉与传统腺瘤的恶变风险相似甚至前者更高,但两者之间的相关因素研究结果大不相同,至今结论仍众说纷纭。因此,对结直肠癌的相关因素在传统腺瘤和锯齿状息肉发生、发展中的区别进行汇总分析,尤其是一些人为可以改变的生活方式进行探索,如:吸烟、饮酒、体育锻炼、饮食和身体肥胖等,不仅可以为结直肠癌的病因异质性提供文献支持,而且在一定程度上对病人有警示作用,对于结直肠癌的预防也有一定的协同作用。因此本文结合国内外最新研究,从家族史、年龄、性别、相关疾病、服用相关药物等多个方面来阐述结直肠癌的相关因素在传统腺瘤与锯齿状息肉的区别。

2. 结直肠癌的危险因素

2.1. 家族史

众多研究表明结直肠癌患者的直系亲属患传统腺瘤的风险增高,受影响人数的数量及年龄相关,相关的数量越多及患病时年龄越小,相关性越强,并且切除后发生异时性结直肠癌及传统腺瘤的可能性也较大 [7] [8] [9] ,并且Hang等 [10] 纳入了27,426名患者进行随访研究发现相比于锯齿状息肉,结直肠癌家族史与传统腺瘤具有较强的相关性,并且晚期传统腺瘤相关性更强,这与国外其他研究 [11] [12] 结果类似,然而He等 [13] 未发现结直肠癌家族史在传统腺瘤与锯齿状息肉之间存在显著差异,但是为了达到结直肠癌的二级预防,有结直肠癌家族史的患者我国2020年结直肠癌筛查指南 [14] 推荐一级亲属筛查的起始年龄为40岁或比一级亲属中结直肠癌最年轻患者提前10岁。

2.2. 年龄、性别

年龄是结直肠癌及传统腺瘤明确的危险因素,通常其发病率、检出率及恶性度随年龄增长而增加 [7] [12] [14] [15] ,然而Chang等 [16] 提出了不同的观点,表示传统腺瘤、HP及TSA检出率多与年龄增加相关,而SSA/P没有发现随年龄增加而检出率增加的趋势。国内外研究 [16] [17] [18] 发现患传统腺瘤的患者年龄普遍高于锯齿状息肉的发病年龄。传统腺瘤、锯齿状息肉与结直肠癌一样有明显的性别倾向,多项研究 [12] [19] [20] 表明传统腺瘤好发于男性,因为女性可以从内源性雌激素的保护作用中获益,但是也有研究表明 [6] [18] [21] 女性患锯齿状息肉的风险和男性相同或略高于男性。

2.3. BMI、腰围

肥胖最常用的两种测量方法是BMI和腰围,前者代表全身肥胖程度,后者主要反映腹部肥胖程度。研究 [13] [22] 表明BMI与锯齿状息肉的相关性强,同时患有锯齿状息肉和传统腺瘤的相关性更强 [13] ,Bailie等 [23] 将BMI最高的患者与最低的个体进行对比后表示,BMI增加患锯齿状息肉的风险显著提高(RR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.24~1.63)。并且研究 [12] [24] 发现腹部肥胖比BMI更能影响结直肠癌前体的发生,并且与锯齿状息肉的相关性强,尤其当全身肥胖与腹部肥胖同时存在时,锯齿状息肉相关性更为明显 [24] ,可能的原因是脂肪组织释放出多种炎症细胞因子,包括白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α、C-反应蛋白等,当大量内脏脂肪沉积,有助于全身慢性炎症、胰岛素抵抗及高胰岛素血症,随后上调的胰岛素样生长因子-1可能促进细胞有丝分裂,促进细胞过渡到G1期,并抑制正常肠上皮细胞和结肠癌性细胞的凋亡,从而促进结直肠癌及前体的发生及发展 [23] [25] 。

2.4. 个人因素

2.4.1. 吸烟

Ifewumi等 [26] 进行探讨表示吸烟会适度增加患传统腺瘤及锯齿状息肉的风险,与吸烟时间存在着明显的剂量反应性关系。Zorron等 [22] 提出吸烟与传统腺瘤有关,但与锯齿状息肉无关,然而更多的研究 [10] [13] [23] 表明吸烟与锯齿状息肉之间的关联性更强,尤其是增加了患SSA/P的风险 [23] ,并且同步患锯齿状息肉和传统腺瘤时相关性更强 [13] [27] 。因为烟草中有多种致癌物质,包括芳香胺、亚硝胺和杂环胺,这都有可能导致基因突变,更多的吸烟暴露可能会使一个人面临两种途径损伤的风险,但是吸烟与锯齿状途径联系更紧密,因为吸烟可增加体细胞BRAF基因突变、KRAS野生型、CIMP的风险,这些都是锯齿状途径的分子和表观遗传特征 [23] [27] ,于是Kim等 [12] 试图分析调节饮食结构能否减轻吸烟带来的危害,显然是否定的,不能改善吸烟对锯齿状息肉的不利影响,但是戒烟可能会降低患锯齿状息肉的风险,却不能改变患传统腺瘤的风险,因此对于吸烟者我们推荐其戒烟。

2.4.2. 饮酒史

Fagunwa等 [26] 表明酒精摄入与传统腺瘤和锯齿状息肉的风险均显著增加,风险与剂量之间呈剂量-反应性关系 [23] [28] ,并且He等 [13] 发现酒精与患锯齿状息肉的风险更强,因为酒精可激活BRAF基因突变、诱导CIMP,从而抑制结直肠上皮细胞的正常凋亡,此外酒精还可以改变肠道菌群环境,从而促进亚硝胺类致癌物质的合成,进而增加了患锯齿状息肉的风险 [13] [28] ,但关于饮酒与锯齿状息肉的研究文章数量不足,因此还需进一步分析其原因。

2.4.3. 饮食习惯

在结直肠癌的发展中不良饮食习惯是一个重要的相关因素。Li等 [29] 表明健康饮食模式与传统腺瘤和锯齿状息肉风险均呈负相关,但对锯齿状息肉的贡献大于传统腺瘤。喜食红肉与结直肠癌的风险增加息息相关,Kim及其同伴 [12] 发现以红肉为主的西方饮食模式可以通过减少食用次数或剧烈运动来降低得传统腺瘤的风险,但是却不能降低患锯齿状息肉的风险,但是红肉对于癌前病变生成的风险大小是否与摄入量呈正相关,He等 [13] 没有发现存在显著关联。

2.4.4. 体育锻炼

He等 [12] 发现每周运动时超过60小时的个体患传统腺瘤的风险较低,然而,锻炼时长与锯齿状息肉没有明显关联,不同的是Li等 [29] 得出体育活动时间的增加与患传统腺瘤和锯齿状息肉风险均呈负相关,并且锯齿状息肉的相关性更强,Bailie等 [23] 也验证了体力活动时间的长短与锯齿状息肉相关性更强,可能的原因是锻炼可增强患者免疫功能,减少胆汁酸分泌,以及随着体力活动的增加缩短了排便时间,减少了有害毒素在肠道中的聚集。

2.5. 合并疾病

2.5.1. 糖尿病

Mikaeel等 [30] 表明患2型糖尿病不会增加患传统腺瘤或锯齿状息肉的风险,然而Zorron等 [22] 发现2型糖尿病患者发生结直肠癌或结直肠前体的几率是非糖尿病患者的2.4倍,并且2型糖尿病的患者更容易患锯齿状息肉,并且还会影响从HP到SSA/P和TSA的进展 [12] ,但需要深入研究其机制。

2.5.2. 幽门螺旋杆菌感染

Wang等 [31] 发现幽门螺旋杆菌感染并不会增加患结直肠癌前体的发病率,也不会影响其病理类型,然而Kumar等 [11] 指出幽门螺旋杆菌感染会增加患锯齿状息肉和传统腺瘤的风险,并且和锯齿状息肉的关系更加紧密,而Lu等 [32] 大量回顾后并综合分析表明幽门螺旋杆菌感染与传统腺瘤、晚期传统腺瘤和HP独立相关,但与SSA/P无关,因为研究表明 [11] [32] 幽门螺旋杆菌感染会引起高胃泌素血症,可促进结直肠黏膜增生,同时可影响肠道菌群,综合因素下会影响结直肠息肉生成、瘤变及其癌变,因此及时根除并监测对成人预防结直肠癌的发生具有重要意义。

2.5.3. 大肠黑变病

大肠黑变病是脂褐素在固有层内巨噬细胞中积聚而引起的结直肠黏膜呈黑色或褐色的病变,主要是由长期便秘或滥用泻药引起,尤其与长期服用蒽醌类泻药有关,多种因素共同影响下,巨噬细胞吞噬凋亡小体形成脂褐素 [33] 。研究 [33] [34] 表明大肠黑变病可能类似于色素内窥镜检查的对比作用,增加检测出那些容易被遗漏小病变的能力,从而增强了检出率,与传统认知相比,Kassim等 [35] 发现大肠黑变病可能是结直肠癌发生的前兆,因为会增加患增生性息肉及低级别传统腺瘤的风险,风险大小随年龄的增加而增加,Katsumata等 [36] 也得出类似看法,在重度大肠黑变病患者中传统腺瘤的检出率更高,息肉的大小也更大,并且发现了与癌发生相关通路的蛋白表达增强,从而促进了息肉的发展,但我国Zhang等 [37] 表明大肠黑变病不会影响息肉的组织学类型更不会影响其进展。

2.5.4. 胆囊疾病及胆囊切除术

李琰等 [38] 荟萃分析表明胆囊疾病与结直肠肿瘤之间可能存在相关,可通过改变胆汁酸代谢、肠道生物群落及炎症微环境等促进了肿瘤的发生、发展,各机制之间相互作用。Liu等 [39] 对胆囊疾病的病因进行分类,提出了胆囊息肉和胆囊结石与男性患传统腺瘤的风险增加有关的结论,但是Polychronidis等 [40] 并未发现胆结石或者胆囊切除术后状态与传统腺瘤或锯齿状息肉有任何关联。

2.5.5. 牙周病变

Kim等 [41] 发现牙周炎患者患传统腺瘤的风险增加,特别与患近端晚期腺瘤的关联明显,其局限性是没有纳入锯齿状息肉。Lo等 [42] 表明已经患过牙周疾病的患者患锯齿状息肉和传统腺瘤风险都会适度增加,并且牙齿脱落的数量与锯齿状息肉的风险呈正相关,与传统腺瘤无关。因为研究 [42] [43] 发现牙周生物菌群的改变可影响肠道生物菌群的失调,可诱导宿主炎症反应和免疫失调,而炎症与锯齿状途径有着密切联系。

2.6. 相关药物

抗生素会引起肠道菌群的改变,会降低宿主对肠道外来细菌侵犯的抵抗能力,可导致宿主免疫稳态失调,来增加了疾病易感性。Song等 [44] 揭示了使用抗生素的患者患锯齿状息肉的风险高于传统腺瘤,风险大小随着使用次数的增加而增加,将传统腺瘤进行组织学分类后,患绒毛状腺瘤的风险高于管状–绒毛状或管状腺瘤,Cao等 [45] 也证实了使用抗生素可增加患传统腺瘤的风险,但需要尽早使用,但是对于已经患传统腺瘤的患者Passarelli等 [46] 表明切除后口服抗生素可能不会影响异时性传统腺瘤的发生及发展。

3. 结直肠癌的相关保护因素

3.1. 药物

3.1.1. 阿司匹林

既往荟萃分析 [47] [48] 表明不论阿司匹林剂量多少,都对传统腺瘤的发生、发展和复发有一定的保护作用。然而Eddi等 [49] 发现服用阿司匹林可以增加患传统腺瘤的风险,并且Troelsen等 [50] 也得出首次使用小于150 mg的阿司匹林可以使传统腺瘤和锯齿状息肉的患病率增加1.3倍,近端患病率高了1.7倍,可能是阿司匹林有一定的出血副作用,这对病人有一定的警示作用,进而提高了检出率,Anderson等 [27] 表明每周服用任何剂量的阿司匹林至少3次可降低传统腺瘤及锯齿状息肉转变为高危风险的可能,因为环氧化酶2 (cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2)表达上调可抑制肿瘤细胞凋亡、促进血管形成和抑制机体免疫,而阿司匹林可以通过抑制COX-2来抑制肿瘤生长 [51] 。

3.1.2. 二甲双胍

既往研究 [52] [53] 表明2型糖尿病患者口服二甲双胍治疗可以降低传统腺瘤的风险,尤其是晚期传统腺瘤风险,并且2021年美国胃肠病学协会专家共识 [54] 建议2型糖尿病患者,临床医生可考虑使用二甲双胍来预防结直肠癌及癌前息肉的发生,因为二甲双胍可以降低机体高血糖、高胰岛素血症和IGF-1水平,这些都是与癌症发展和进展相关的生长因子。目前二甲双胍与锯齿状息肉的研究数量较少,证据不足。

3.1.3. 叶酸摄入

Gao等 [55] 发现持续3年每天服用1 mg叶酸可以降低50岁以上患者患散发性传统腺瘤的风险,但Passarelli等 [56] 也进行3年随访研究却没有发现每天补充1 mg叶酸可以改变结直肠瘤变的总体风险,并且在延长服用7年后发现患SSA/P的风险反而增加,这种适度增加的风险在停止治疗后并不持续。高占娟 [57] 等表明每日补充小于800 ug的叶酸是有益的,但当传统腺瘤已经形成后,叶酸缺乏对病变具有抑制作用,而补充叶酸可能增加其进展风险,因此2021年美国胃肠病学协会专家共识 [54] 不推荐临床医师对于叶酸不缺乏患者,通过补充叶酸来预防结肠癌及癌前息肉的发生。

3.1.4. 钙与维生素D摄入

既往研究 [58] 表明人体中较高的钙及维生素D可产生广泛的抗癌特性,包括抑制炎症反应、调节细胞增殖、诱导细胞凋亡、分化及抗血管生成等作用,因此可用来降低早发性结直肠癌及结直肠癌前病变的风险,并且Kim等 [59] 发现每天膳食中总维生素D增加400 IU患传统腺瘤的风险降低(OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.65~0.88),患锯齿状息肉的风险也降低(OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.75~0.97),但Song等 [60] 随访了中位期为5.3年后,发现每天补充2000 IU维生素D,并没有降低患传统腺瘤或锯齿状息肉的风险,并且Crockett等 [61] 发现每天补充1200 mg的元素钙或者联合1000 IU的维生素D治疗6到10年后患SSA/P风险反而增加,通过补充钙及维生素D来降低结直肠癌前体仍存在争议,并且2021年美国胃肠病学协会专家共识 [54] 也不建议临床医生单独使用钙或联合维生素D来预防结直肠病变,因为过量使用维生素D或钙补充剂会增加肾毒性、高钙血症和其他代谢异常风险。

3.1.5. 多不饱和脂肪酸

n-6及n-3多不饱和脂肪酸是构成细胞膜重要的脂肪酸结构,已被证实可以通过调节多种因素来影响结直肠癌的发生,包括改变细胞信号传导、炎症和肠道微生物菌群等 [62] [63] ,一项纳入了50万人的队列研究 [64] 发现每天高摄入量n-3多不饱和脂肪酸可以降低14%的结直肠癌风险,但是膳食中摄入较多的多不饱和脂肪酸与结直肠癌变体是否相关,现研究结果仍不明朗,Song等 [65] 对美国普通人群进行研究发现每天补充1 g海洋n-3多不饱和脂肪酸与降低结直肠癌前体风险无关,Wang等 [66] 对三个队列进行前瞻性也没有发现红细胞多不饱和脂肪酸水平与结直肠癌前体风险相关,但是n-6多不饱和脂肪酸可能与较高的近端锯齿状息肉风险有关,以及二十碳二烯酸、二十碳三烯酸可能与较低的晚期传统腺瘤发生风险有关。

4. 总结与展望

目前早发性结直肠癌及间隔期结直肠癌的患病率在逐年上升,肠镜检查在实际操作中受诸多条件的制约,因此为了减少结直肠癌的发生,一级预防是必须重视的,并且了解不同类型的结直肠息肉是如何在日常生活方式中影响结直肠癌的发生,避免接触可能的危险因素、增加对高危人群的筛查或者给予适量的化学预防方式,都可以减少结直肠癌前体的发生。通过本次研究不难发现结直肠癌家族史、中老年男性、肥胖体型、喜食红肉及具有烟酒嗜好的患者可能为结直肠传统腺瘤及锯齿状息肉的易患人群,且吸烟、饮酒及肥胖可能与锯齿状息肉的关联更强,口服一定量的药物作为化学预防可能与传统腺瘤的相关性更强,如二甲双胍、阿司匹林等。至今对于合并有2型糖尿病、牙周疾病、幽门螺旋杆菌感染、胆囊疾病及长期使用抗生素的患者或者通过额外补充叶酸、维生素D、多不饱和脂肪酸等来预防结直肠癌前体的发生,其疗效仍未得到充分证实。但这些结果可以给传统腺瘤和锯齿状息肉的病因异质性提供一定的理论支持,也有助于提供个体化的生活方式建议,尤其对于高危风险的人群,我们可以对其进行临床健康宣教,使某些潜在的生活方式改变(如:戒烟、限酒,保持健康的体重,适度体育活动)来作为内镜筛查后的补充治疗方法,从而提高患者的生活质量,但是仍需要进一步的研究来证实我们的发现并阐明潜在的分子机制。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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