特应性皮炎发病机制及危险因素研究进展
Research Progress on Pathogenesis and Risk Factors of Atopic Dermatitis
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.142581, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 139  浏览: 261  科研立项经费支持
作者: 洪永镇, 梁俊琴*:新疆医科大学研究生学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐;新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院皮肤性病科,新疆皮肤病临床医学研究中心,新疆皮肤病研究重点实验室(XJYS1707),新疆 乌鲁木齐
关键词: 特应性皮炎发病机制危险因素Atopic Dermatitis Pathogenesis Risk Factor
摘要: 特应性皮炎是一种慢性炎症性皮肤病,其发病机制与遗传因素、环境因素、免疫因素及皮肤屏障功能缺陷等有关。随着社会不断前进和发展,人们生活环境、饮食习惯不断变化,AD的发病率在全球范围内呈逐年上升趋势,严重影响患者的生活质量和生命活动,并给社会造成很大的医疗负担。本文重点探讨特应性皮炎患者发病机制及相关危险因素。从而更好的预测其在疾病风险中的价值,继而科学地指导易感人群的生活饮食行为、减少过敏反应的发生,为提升患者及其家庭的生活质量提供帮助。
Abstract: Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Its pathogenesis is related to genetic factors, environmental factors, immune factors and skin barrier dysfunction. With the continuous progress and development of society, people’s living environment and eating habits are constantly changing, and the incidence of AD is on the rise year by year worldwide, seriously affecting the quality of life and life activities of patients, and causing great medical burden to society. This article focuses on the pathogenesis and related risk factors of atopic dermatitis, in order to better predict its value in disease risk, and then scientifically guide the life and diet behavior of susceptible people, reduce the occurrence of allergic reactions, and provide help to improve the quality of life of patients and their families.
文章引用:洪永镇, 梁俊琴. 特应性皮炎发病机制及危险因素研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(2): 4196-4200. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.142581

1. 引言

特应性皮炎(atopic dermatitis, AD)是一种与遗传过敏等因素有关的慢性炎症性皮肤病,表现为反复的搔抓及剧烈的瘙痒,多形性皮损并有渗出倾向,见于儿童、青少年和成人 [1] 。AD患者通常有个人或家族特应性疾病病史,如哮喘、过敏性鼻炎和过敏性结膜炎 [2] 。有一项研究表明,过敏性鼻炎、哮喘和过敏性结膜炎的发生率分别为20.71%、2.68%和2.23%。有特应性疾病病史的一、二、三级亲属分别占31.29%、6.81%和2.68% [3] 。人们普遍认为,AD是一种全身疾病,而不仅仅是皮肤表现。婴儿期的AD被认为是导致随后的特应性过敏症的原因,超过一半患有中度到重度AD的儿童会发展成过敏性鼻炎和/或哮喘,高达78.4%的AD患者有过敏性疾病史,随着AD患者年龄的增长,在变态反应性疾病、哮喘和过敏性结膜炎的病史方面,年龄组之间观察到了“U”形曲线,这一现象可能具有过敏性疾病的特征 [4] 。

AD的临床表现具有多样性,学者提出三个阶段:婴儿期AD、儿童期AD和青春期/成人期AD [5] 。但AD的一些临床特征更多地是成年人特有的,包括地衣形成和瘙痒。肢端湿疹、干燥性湿疹、手部和足部湿疹被认为是AD的特殊类型 [6] 。Liu等人 [3] 报道,77.5%的成人和青少年AD患者在12岁后首次发病,AD发病年龄 < 12个月、或总IgE > 150 IU/mL的AD患儿更易发生食物致敏,食物致敏AD患儿生活质量更差,更易出现非特异性手足皮炎及掌纹症 [7] 。了解特应性皮炎患者发病机制及其危险因素,可有效防治及控制病情的发生发展。

2. 特应性皮炎发病机制

2.1. 皮肤屏障功能障碍

皮肤屏障功能障碍是AD发生发展的关键,其中丝聚蛋白(FLG)突变、抗菌肽缺乏、脂质代谢异常、皮肤生物菌群失调等多种因素会加重表皮屏障受损,从而激活核心驱动因子IL-4、IL-13的过表达。研究表明,IL-4和IL-13可调节表皮屏障,抑制抗菌肽的产生 [8] 。研究表明 [9] ,在老年患者中更易发生细菌感染,其原因为微丝蛋白是角质形成细胞/角质细胞中的一种结构蛋白,而编码微丝蛋白的Flg基因功能丧失突变导致角质层屏障破坏,从而允许外来抗原由外向内穿透并随后致敏 [10] 。皮肤屏障受损的患者更容易受到细菌感染,这反过来又增加了AD的严重程度 [11] 。

2.2. 免疫异常

Th2型炎症是AD的基本特征之一,由Th2细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞和2型固有淋巴样细胞构成,其产生的IL-4和IL-13是介导AD发病的核心驱动因子 [12] 。IL-4使T细胞分化成Th2细胞,并通过STAT6和IL-4Rα途径削弱Treg细胞抑制肥大细胞扩增,使Treg细胞转变为Th2型Treg并产生IL-13、IL-4进一步加重2型炎症 [13] 。而IL-13对2型炎症具有多效性作用,包括与IL-4一起降低屏障功能、参与B细胞同种型转换,以产生免疫球蛋白E,组织纤维化和瘙痒。IL-5是嗜酸性粒细胞的关键调节剂,负责嗜酸性粒细胞的生长,分化,存活和动员 [14] 。Licona研究发现,由T细胞、肥大细胞等产生的IL-9可促进T细胞生长、增殖和存活,B细胞IgE生成,肥大细胞增殖和分化,此外,IL-4,IL-13和IL-31参与感觉神经致敏和瘙痒,导致抓挠,进一步加剧炎症和屏障功能障碍 [15] 。

2.3. 遗传因素

AD是一种异质性疾病,关键屏障和免疫基因突变相关的基因组变化在发病机制中起着基础性作用 [16] 。更复杂的是,最近的研究表明表观遗传改变在疾病发展中的重要性。表观遗传修饰主要通过DNA甲基化、组蛋白乙酰化和特异性微RNA的作用来介导。已经确定AD患者的表观基因组不同于健康个体的观察结果。这尤其适用于调节免疫反应和炎症过程的基因,即参与Th1抑制和Th2偏倚的基因、先天免疫的基因以及编码表皮结构蛋白的基因 [17] 。对表观遗传修饰的进一步研究可能为疾病的新分子分类和个性化治疗的发展提供基础。

2.4. 环境因素

研究表明AD症状的严重程度与纬度呈负相关,与平均温度呈正相关,最低纬度地区20˚N~25˚N的AD发病率是最高纬度地区40˚N~45˚N的2.86倍 [18] 。夏季平均气温随纬度的降低而升高。其次温度、紫外线和湿度增加的地理区域与疾病控制不佳有关 [19] 。Halling等人研究发现AD在城市地区比农村地区更常见,居住地离街道或公路较近的儿童,其AD发病率较高 [20] 。

3. 危险因素

3.1. 儿童危险因素

多种食物致敏、秋季/冬季出生、AD发病年龄 < 12个月,或总IgE > 150 IU/mL的AD患儿更易发生食物致敏。多种食物致敏患儿与单一食物致敏患儿相比AD更严重。而AD患儿常见食物过敏原为鸡蛋、牛奶、小麦和大豆等。另外环境中食物过敏原与AD受损皮肤接触后,刺激表皮抗原呈递细胞产生特异性IgE抗体,诱导食物致敏发生,并可能进展为食物过敏。食物致敏可促进AD特应性进程 [21] 。另有研究显示,1岁时合并食物致敏的AD患儿3岁时患支气管哮喘和过敏性鼻炎风险显著增加 [22] 。吴俊杰等人研究发现,体内低维生素D水平与严重AD有关,持续低维生素D水平可增加食物致敏风险,维生素D缺乏可能通过破坏上皮屏障完整性和促进免疫失衡加重AD,增加食物抗原经皮致敏风险 [23] 。

3.2. 成人危险因素

AD的发生可能与遗传因素有关,但最近发病率显著上升更有可能归因于环境因素和生活方式的变化,如空气/水/土壤污染、空气过敏原增加、频繁洗澡和经常使用肥皂 [24] 。在成人前期AD中,体重指数(BMI)为25的患者的湿疹面积和严重程度指数(≥)得分显著高于体重指数为25的患者(P = 0.048)。另一方面,在性别、年龄、病程、家族史、BMI、EASI和总IgE、幽门螺旋杆菌感染、皮屏障功能受损、免疫失调和皮肤微生物失调、食物、药物过敏,蚊虫叮咬等方面也会影响AD疾病的发生发展 [25] 。研究表明,老年女性的平均血清雌二醇水平明显低于老年男性,雌激素的缺乏导致老年女性的T细胞主要产生IFN-α和IL-10,而60岁以上的老年AD患者通常血清总IgE水平升高,从而老年男性较女性更容易患AD [26] 。

4. 结语

随着生活水平的提高、社会不断的发展与进步,人们的饮食结构、生活方式,环境的改变等,使得近10年,特应性皮炎的患病率呈逐年上升趋势,继而给社会、家庭造成严重的医疗负担,日益成为严重的公共卫生问题,因此,全面深入的研究特应性皮炎患者的临床特征、危险因素等至关重要,为预防及控制疾病的发生发展必不可少。

基金项目

1) 新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金杰出青年科学基金项目(2022D01E81)。

2) 新疆维吾尔自治区天山英才–青年科技拔尖人才项目(2022TSYCCX0109)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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