甘油三酯葡萄糖指数与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性研究进展
Research Progress on the Relationship between Triglyceride Glucose Index and Carotid Atherosclerosis
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.142440, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 48  浏览: 116  科研立项经费支持
作者: 蒋 叶:新疆医科大学第四临床医学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐;温晓林:新疆医科大学研究生学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐;买买提·依斯热依力:新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院科教中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐;李 岚*:新疆医科大学第四临床医学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐;新疆医科大学第四附属医院,心血管内科,新疆 乌鲁木齐
关键词: 心血管疾病甘油三酯葡萄糖指数动脉粥样硬化颈动脉斑块Cardiovascular Diseases Triglyceride Glucose Index Therosclerosis Carotid Plaque
摘要: 近年来甘油三酯葡萄糖指数已被提议可作为胰岛素抵抗的简单可靠的替代指标,是心血管病结局的独立预测因子。研究表明甘油三酯葡萄糖指数与颈动脉粥样硬化的发生显著相关。颈动脉粥样硬化程度在一定水平上可以反应周身血管病变的严重程度,有心血管事件预测方面的优势。基于国内外文献,现主要就甘油三酯葡萄糖指数对颈动脉粥样硬化的临床应用价值及最新研究进展作以总结叙述。
Abstract: In recent years, triglyceride glucose index has been proposed as a simple and reliable alternative index of insulin resistance and an independent predictor of cardiovascular outcome. Studies have shown that triglyceride glucose index is significantly related to the occurrence of carotid athero-sclerosis. The degree of carotid atherosclerosis can reflect the severity of systemic vascular lesions to a certain extent, and has the advantage of predicting cardiovascular events. Based on domestic and foreign literature, this paper mainly summarizes the clinical application value and the latest research progress of triglyceride glucose index in carotid atherosclerosis.
文章引用:蒋叶, 温晓林, 买买提·依斯热依力, 李岚. 甘油三酯葡萄糖指数与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(2): 3106-3113. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.142440

1. 引言

心血管疾病(Cardiovascular Disease, CVD)作为我国的重大公共卫生问题之一,其占全球死亡总数的31%,2015年全球估计有1790万人的死亡与心血管疾病相关,据估计,到2030年,每年约有2360万人死于心血管疾病 [1] 。2019年我国农村、城市心血管疾病分别占死因的46.74%和44.26%,推算CVD现患人数3.3亿,其中与动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease, ASCVD)相关的急性心肌梗死和急性脑血管病死亡率升高的趋势仍在持续 [2] 。ASCVD广义上是指冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(Coronary Heart Disease, CHD)、脑卒中及外周动脉疾病(Peripheral Arterial Disease, PAD)等疾病的总称 [3] 。尽管在预防和治疗心血管疾病方面取得了重大突破,但冠状动脉疾病和卒中等仍然是全球死亡和残疾的主要原因。因此,探寻有效的风险预测因子及预防措施,早期识别高危人群并控制危险因素对于防治心血管疾病来说至关重要。

近年来,甘油三酯–葡萄糖指数(Triglyceride-Glucose Index, TyG指数)已被证明可成为胰岛素抵抗的简单可靠的替代指标,其对心血管事件风险的评估具有一定的预测价值 [4] 。同样,研究表明TyG指数升高与脑卒中发病率和复发风险增加有关 [5] ,主要的推测机制是动脉粥样硬化。动脉斑块往往同时存在于全身血管床的多个部位,颈动脉粥样硬化程度可以预测周身血管病变的严重程度。因此,本文基于国内外文献对TyG指数与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性进行阐述。

2. 颈动脉粥样硬化与心血管疾病的关系

2.1. 动脉粥样硬化危险因素

动脉粥样硬化是一种进行性炎症性疾病,可导致冠状动脉疾病、外周血管疾病和缺血性脑血管疾病,在许多国家的患病率很高,也是死亡率高的原因之一 [2] 。其主要危险因素包括高脂血症、高血压、吸烟、糖尿病、遗传因素、性别与年龄、代谢综合征、肥胖和缺乏体力活动 [6] 。

动脉粥样硬化发病机制复杂,与高脂血症、内皮损伤、动脉平滑肌细胞的增殖和迁移、慢性炎症等密切相关,其中脂质代谢至关重要 [7] 。Michaeli等 [8] 研究表明,总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇增高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低,与冠心病和缺血性脑卒中等心血管事件的发病风险增加显著相关。动脉粥样硬化病变发展的早期阶段被称为脂肪条纹,其特征是巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞在细胞内膜下聚集,造成内皮的慢性持续性损伤 [9] 。代谢综合征,特别是血糖升高、脂代谢异常都被认为是心血管疾病和全因死亡的潜在危险因素。Wang等 [10] 研究结果表明糖代谢紊乱与高脂血症密切相关,高血糖可致低密度脂蛋白胆固醇氧化,促进血液单核细胞迁入内膜及转变为泡沫细胞,加速动脉粥样硬化。因此临床医生在筛查心血管疾病高危患者时,不仅要关注高血糖、高甘油三酯的患者,还应关注血糖、甘油三酯正常或临界的患者。

2.2. 颈动脉粥样硬化预测心血管疾病风险

亚临床血管疾病以颈动脉内中膜厚度(CIMT)增加和颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成为特征,颈动脉斑块的不同特征代表了动脉粥样硬化发展的不同阶段 [11] 。CIMT ≥ 1.0 mm被认为是CIMT增厚,CIMT > 1.5 mm表示有斑块形成。颈动脉狭窄程度小于50% 为轻度狭窄,50%~69%为中度狭窄,70%~99%为重度狭窄,没有血流信号且狭窄率达到100%为完全闭塞 [12] 。

Song等 [1] 国内的研究者在一项荟萃分析当中发现,2020年在全球范围内,30~79岁人群的CIMT增加的患病率估计为27.6%,颈动脉斑块形成估计为21.1%,颈动脉狭窄估计为1.5%,且颈动脉斑块的存在与冠心病和脑卒中的发病率升高有关。Gudmundsson等 [13] 研究提出颈动脉斑块负荷作为动脉粥样硬化总量的衡量指标,与未来发生的卒中和心血管事件独立相关。Ihle-Hansen等 [14] 在一项前瞻性队列研究中提出,颈动脉斑块是预测缺血性中风(危险比[HR],1.25 [95% CI, 1.15~1.36])和主要心血管不良事件(HR, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.14~1.27])的有力预测指标。Shenouda等 [15] 指出颈动脉粥样硬化改变和冠状动脉疾病的程度和严重程度具有相关性,当存在颈动脉斑块时,往往提示心血管系统可能存在冠状动脉斑块情况。因此早期识别颈动脉斑块相关危险因素、发现颈动脉斑块高危人群极为重要。

3. 颈动脉粥样硬化的生物学标志物

3.1. 侵入性影像的生物标志物

血管内成像技术如血管内超声(Intravascular Ultrasound, IVUS)、光学相干层析成像(Optical Coherence Tomography, OCT)、近红外光谱(Near-Infrared Spectrum Instrument, NIRS)和颈动脉血管造影术等,其比非侵入性成像方法具有更高的图像分辨率,更有利于评估颈动脉疾病罪犯病变。然而,由于其侵入性和高昂的成本,目前正面临挑战。颈动脉造影作为评价颈动脉狭窄的金标准,可以提供解剖学细节包括狭窄程度、与颌骨角度相关的分支位置、斑块范围以及对侧颈动脉和侧支血流的状态,对于指导治疗有良好的参考价值 [16] ,但并不适用于亚临床血管疾病的筛查。

3.2. 非侵入性成像的生物标志物

非侵入性成像技术包括颈动脉超声、经颅多普勒超声(Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound, TCD)、颈动脉CT等。超声是检查动脉最有效、廉价和无创的方法。然而,根据最新的指南 [17] ,在心血管危险分层中不推荐使用颈动脉超声检查,因为超声检查缺乏标准化。并且超声诊断一定程度上依赖于操作者的技术水平,可能存在一定误差。此外,还有颈动脉磁共振成像(Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI)、正电子发射断层扫描(Positron Emission Tomography, PET)技术等,然而因其价格昂贵且检查耗时,临床应用并不广泛。

3.3. 血清生物标志物

动脉粥样硬化是一种多层次的血管疾病,对某一特定血管区域的研究不应排除其他血管区域。越来越多的研究致力于发掘可作为心血管疾病风险预测的前哨生物标志物。Dinoto等 [18] 的研究通过对一系列血清生物标志物(同型半胱氨酸、C-反应蛋白和氧化低密度脂蛋白)的监测,发现以上血清生物标志物水平与患有严重颈动脉疾病的患者卒中风险增加相关。在此报告的经验中,结合多种生物标志物方法可有效地早期识别颈动脉疾病进展风险较高的患者。Li等 [19] 的研究测量了颈动脉严重狭窄患者的丙二醛、氧化低密度脂蛋白、同型半胱氨酸、F2-异前列烷、肿瘤坏死因子-α、高灵敏度的C反应蛋白、前列腺素E2和干扰素-γ水平,结果指出这些血清学生物标志物水平在颈动脉重度狭窄患者中显着升高(P < 0.001),高水平的氧化应激和炎症可能与患者颈动脉冠状动脉严重狭窄有关。此外,近年来有学者提出TyG指数也可作为颈动脉病变的早期预测指标物。

4. TyG指数与颈动脉粥样硬化进展相关

4.1. TyG指数越高,颈动脉粥样硬化的可能性越大

TyG指数已被发现与心血管事件发生和复发风险增加有关 [20] 。一项关于TyG指数与缺血性卒中患者颈动脉粥样硬化之间的相关性研究中TyG指数和异常平均颈总动脉内膜中层厚度及异常最大颈总动脉内膜中层厚度之间均存在线性相关性 [21] 。此外,TyG指数还提供了超出既定风险因素的增量预测能力,表现为净重新分类改进和综合区分改进的增加(P < 0.05)。现有的流行病学研究表明 [22] ,较高的TyG指数会增加一般人群颈动脉粥样硬化发病的风险。Lu等 [23] 研究结果指出TyG 指数较高(≥8.55)的患者体重指数、高血压和糖尿病风险也较高;与TyG指数较低(<8.55)的人相比,他们的血脂水平包括总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白也较高。Zhong等 [24] 的一项荟萃分析同样表明相对较高的TyG指数可能与动脉硬化发生率增加有关,TyG指数最高的亚组与最低的组相比,发生高动脉硬化的风险是其1.85倍(风险比[RR]:1.85,95%置信区间:1.54~2.33,I2 = 70%,P < 0.001)。

4.2. TyG指数与颈动脉粥样硬化关系的定性与定量分析

研究表明TyG指数可作为中国人群颈动脉斑块剂量反应性指标,颈动脉斑块的风险随着TyG指数升高而增加。在Zhang等 [25] 的一项有关TyG指数与颈动脉斑块发生率之间关联的队列研究中,COX回归分析显示,男性(HR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.10~1.61)、高血压(HR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1.01~1.02)、低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.50~0.93)、糖尿病(HR: 2.21, 95% CI: 1.64~2.97)、高血压(HR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.23~1.81)显著增加颈动脉斑块形成的风险。Li等 [26] 在中国中老年人群中研究了TyG指数与颈动脉粥样硬化之间的关系,研究纳入59,123名受试者,多因素Logistic回归分析显示,TyG指数与颈动脉粥样硬化患病率(OR: 1.48; 95% CI 1.39~1.56)、颈动脉内中膜厚度(CIMT) (1.55; 1.45~1.67)、斑块(1.38; 1.30~1.47)、狭窄程度(>50%) (1.33; 1.14~1.56)显著相关。Li等 [27] 的研究是在10,535名冠心病患者中进行的,他们研究同样指出TyG指数与颈动脉斑块显著相关。同样,Yang等 [28] 的一项横断面研究也提出TyG指数的最高三分位数(高于8.57)与日本成年人的亚临床动脉粥样硬化呈正线性相关,可作为预测标志物。

高TyG指数提示颈动脉粥样硬化进展的风险更高。在Tang等 [29] 的研究纳入的脑卒中高危人群中颈动脉内膜中层增厚、颈动脉斑块和颈动脉狭窄的患病率分别为21.97%、39.3%和6.1%,研究结果表明升高的TyG指数是40岁以上高卒中风险人群颈动脉斑块的潜在预测因子,TyG较高的受试者更可能有颈动脉斑块。Yu等 [30] 在一项前瞻性队列研究中也指出,TyG指数每增加1个标准差,颈动脉硬化进展的风险增加7% (HR = 1.067, 95% CI 1.006~1.132)。Jiang等 [31] 的研究结论表明TyG指数每增加一个单位,高颈动脉斑块负荷的风险就会增加1.595倍。然而目前有关TyG指数与颈动脉粥样硬化相关性的定量分析研究仍然较少,未来需要进一步的前瞻性大规模研究来探讨二者关系的潜在机制。

5. TyG指数与其他ASCVD的关系

多国研究均指出TyG指数与ASCVD发生密切相关,可用作亚临床动脉粥样硬化和动脉僵硬风险增加的独立预测因子 [32] [33] [34] 。TyG指数在研究中与各种心脏代谢性疾病有关。Morales-Gurrola等 [35] 研究表明TyG指数与危险因素(高血压、高血糖、高甘油三酯血症、低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇存在显著线性正相关。Gao等 [36] 的研究发现,在23年的中位随访期内,TyG指数每增加1-SD (0.58),发生PAD的风险增加11.9% [危险比,1.119 (95% CI, 1.049~1.195)],表明较高的TyG指数与发生PAD的风险增加显著相关。

5.1. TyG指数与冠心病的相关性

Jung等 [37] 一项基于人群的队列研究表明,心血管事件(缺血性心脏病、缺血性卒中或心力衰竭)住院率与TyG指数分级正相关,与参考组(TyG指数 < 8)相比,TyG指数 ≥ 10的风险增加55%。TyG指数每增加1个单位,心血管事件住院率增加16%,急性心肌梗死住院率增加45%。Karadeniz等 [38] 研究发现较高的TyG指数值与急性冠脉综合征患者的心血管不良事件风险增加之间存在显着关联,TyG指数可能有助于预测急性冠脉综合征患者的临床结果。TyG指数与冠状动脉疾病 [39] 的患病率以及动脉硬化 [40] 的风险增加有关。Ding等 [41] 的一项包括超500万参与者的荟萃分析也表明,TyG指数分别与冠状动脉疾病和卒中风险增加1.4倍和1.3倍独立相关。因此,TyG指数可能为心血管疾病的危险分层提供一种新的思路。

5.2. TyG指数与缺血性脑卒中的相关性

TyG指数对普通人群的未来卒中有预测作用,可以作为优化卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作风险分层的一个简易的标志 [5] 。Wang等 [42] 的研究指出TyG指数与缺血性卒中风险之间存在线性关系。在近期发生卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作的患者中,TyG指数与心血管不良事件和复发性卒中的风险之间也存在独立的相关性。在Zhou等 [43] 的研究中TyG指数中位数为8.73 (四分位距,8.33~9.21),TyG指数的第四个四分位数与卒中复发风险增加相关。由此可见,TyG指数可作为评估缺血性卒中发生及临床预后的简单便捷的工具,同时也有助于在缺血性卒中的早期阶段识别心血管事件复发的高危个体。

6. 总结与展望

综上,本文针对TyG指数对人群颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性做了详细阐述,TyG指数计算简单,检查费用廉价,可以成为临床实践中简单而有效的风险评估工具。TyG指数可作为中国人群颈动脉斑块剂量反应性指标,且TyG指数对多种心血管疾病发生的风险具有一定预测价值。然而,目前有关TyG指数与颈动脉粥样硬化不同病变程度的相关性证据仍然较少,未来需要更多的研究来证明TyG指数在评估颈动脉粥样硬化中的潜在作用价值,从而在动脉粥样硬化疾病发生前根据预测的不同风险水平向个体提供有效的预防措施,以期有效降低远期心血管不良事件的发生。

基金项目

新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金(2021D01C175)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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