达格列净应用慢性肾脏病治疗研究进展
Research Progress on the Application of Dapagliflozin in the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.141316, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 170  浏览: 343  科研立项经费支持
作者: 汪水发:景德镇市第三人民医院肾内科,江西 景德镇;徐承云*:南昌大学第二附属医院肾内科,江西 南昌
关键词: 达格列净钠–葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2抑制剂糖尿病肾脏病非糖尿病肾脏病临床疗效作用机制Dapagliflozin Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor Diabetic Nephropathy Non-Diabetic Nephropathy Clinical Efficacy Mechanism of Action
摘要: 目前,慢性肾脏病已成为全球严峻的健康挑战,其患病率和死亡率持续攀升。在我国,慢性肾脏病患者数量众多,然而可用的治疗手段却相对有限。近期研究指出,达格列净不仅是一种出色的血糖调节药物,同时可以降低心血管不良事件的发生风险,并能推迟糖尿病肾脏疾病的进展。在非糖尿病肾脏病的慢性肾脏病患者中也观察到肾脏获益。本文系统性地总结了达格列净在慢性肾脏病治疗中的最新研究进展和临床应用现状,对达格列净对慢性肾脏病患者的治疗策略、用药原则和潜在效果提供了理论基础,推动达格列净在慢性肾脏病中的进一步应用和开发。
Abstract: At present, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious global health problem, and its morbidity and mortality are increasing. There are many patients in our country, and the means of treatment are limited. Recently, it has been found that dapagliflozin is not only a good hypoglycemic drug, but also can reduce cardiovascular adverse events and delay the onset of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Renal benefits have also been observed in patients with non-diabetic nephropathy. This article systemat-ically summarizes the latest research progress and clinical application status of dapagliflozin in the treatment of chronic kidney disease, provides a theoretical basis for the treatment strategy, medi-cation principles and potential effects of dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease, thereby advancing further application and development in the field of chronic kidney disease.
文章引用:汪水发, 徐承云. 达格列净应用慢性肾脏病治疗研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(1): 2255-2260. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.141316

1. 引言

达格列净(Dapagliflozin)是一种用于治疗糖尿病的口服药物。达格列净属于钠–葡萄糖共转运蛋白2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, SGLT2)抑制剂 [1] ,它的作用机制是通过抑制肾脏中SGLT2蛋白的功能来降低血糖水平。SGLT2参与了肾小管对葡萄糖的再吸收过程。达格列净通过抑制这种蛋白质的作用,促使肾脏排出多余的葡萄糖,并减少人体对血糖的吸收,从而降低血糖水平。此药物通常用于治疗2型糖尿病(T2DM),可以单独应用或与其他糖尿病药物(如胰岛素或其他口服药物)联合使用,有助于控制血糖水平 [2] 。

近年来的研究表明,达格列净除了降血糖作用外,还具有对心脏和肾脏的保护作用。达格列净能够减少心血管事件的发生率,如心脏病发作、中风、心衰等,改善患者的生活质量。在糖尿病患者中,肾脏疾病是一个常见且严重的并发症,但达格列净的应用可以降低肾脏疾病的进展风险 [3] 。研究显示,使用达格列净的患者较少出现肾功能衰竭,并且可以减缓肾脏疾病的恶化速度,保护肾脏功能。综合来看,达格列净能显著改善慢性肾脏病(Chronic Kidney Disease, CKD),无论其与糖尿病是否相关 [4] [5] 。

本综述通过总结不同类型CKD患者使用达格列净的获益,深入探讨达格列净对肾脏的潜在保护机制,为在临床治疗CKD患者中应用达格列净提供科学依据。

2. 糖尿病肾病(Diabetic Nephropathies, DN)

慢性肾脏病(CKD)的临床诊断通常需要综合运用临床表现、实验室检查以及影像学等多种手段。一般来说,CKD的诊断并非仅依靠单一指标,而是结合多种因素进行评估。根据国际肾脏病学会(KDIGO)和其他相关指南,诊断CKD的基本标准包括肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtration rate, GFR)的估算,持续三个月以上的肾功能损伤,如蛋白尿、血肌酐升高等,以及肾脏结构异常的发现,如肾小囊肿、肾缩小等。GFR是评估肾脏功能的重要指标,通过MDRD方程或CKD-EPI方程计算,结合持续性的肾功能异常,有助于明确患者是否存在CKD [6] 。

据报道,我国CKD的患病率逐年上升,大约有10%至13%的成年人口患有CKD [7] 。CKD在中国已逐渐成为公共卫生领域的重要问题,而DN是CKD发生发展的主要因素。DN受血糖控制、血压管理、蛋白尿水平和血脂水平影响。特别是蛋白尿,被认为是DN发展的潜在风险因素和疾病进展的指标之一 [8] 。

2.1. 达格列净治疗2型糖尿病肾脏病临床试验

研究表明,早期2型糖尿病肾脏病患者中,达格列净组整体有效率95.12%高于常规治疗组78.05%,治疗后UACR水平显著低于常规组,达格列浄组治疗后BUN、SCr低于常规组,两组治疗后FPG、2hPG及HbAc水平均显著降低,且达格列净组治疗后FPG、2hPG及HbAc水平低于常规组,两组治疗后Cys-C水平显著降低,且达格列净组治疗后Cys-C水平低于常规组。两组治疗后,观察患者GFR水平无统计学差异(P > 0.05) [9] 。不良反应事件时有发生如低血糖、泌尿生殖器感染、血容量不足。伴有水肿的糖尿病肾脏疾病患者,达格列净联合利尿剂及白蛋白初始治疗7 d、3个月可显著改善水肿、降低体重、増加尿量,不同肾功能状态分组之间的疗效差异无统计学意义,随访6个月后,CKD 4~5期患者的治疗有效率与CKD 1~2期及CKD 3期相比,显著降低 [10] 。

2.2. 达格列净治疗1型糖尿病肾脏病临床试验

与安慰剂相比,达格列净可长期降低成人T1D患者的HbA1c和体重,但增加糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA)风险。与安慰剂相比,两种剂量的达格列净治疗在52周内改善了UACR,eGFR没有显著变化,每个治疗组中有相似比例的参与者出现不良事件和严重不良事件,包括低血糖和糖尿病酮症酸中毒 [11] [12] 。

3. 非糖尿病肾脏病

非糖尿病肾病(Non-diabetic kidney disease, NDKD)指的是那些肾脏损害或功能障碍的疾病,其原因并非由糖尿病引起。非糖尿病肾病涵盖了一系列不同的病理条件,包括但不限于:原发性肾小球疾病、继发性肾脏疾病、遗传性肾病、肾间质性疾病 [13] 。

达格列净治疗非糖尿病肾脏病临床试验

受试者为非糖尿病肾病,主要是肾小球硬化、IgA肾病、高血压肾病等。与安慰剂相比,达格列嗪治疗的mGFR在第6周有显著差异,但这种减少在达格列嗪停药后6周内完全可逆。与安慰剂组相比,达格列净体重减轻显著平均1.5 kg。并具有良好的安全性 [14] 。

4. DAPA-CDK实验

DAPA-CKD是一项跨国、多中心、事件驱动、随机、双盲、平行分组的临床试验,采用安慰剂对照,在21个国家的近400家研究中心招募约4300例CKD 2~4期和尿白蛋白排泄升高的患者。绝大多数患者在入组时将接受最大耐受剂量的肾素–血管紧张素系统抑制剂治疗。无论患者肾脏病变的原因是糖尿病导致的肾病变或其他原因引起的慢性肾脏疾病,达格列净都能够显著降低肾脏事件的风险。达格列净组显示出在主要肾脏不良事件(例如,终末期肾脏疾病、肾脏或心血管死亡、eGFR持续下降至少50%)以及全因死亡率方面的风险都有所降低,并且在糖尿病肾病(DN)和非糖尿病肾病中没有显示出差异 [15] - [21] 。

5. 达格列净治疗慢性肾脏病的可能机制

达格列净治疗CKD的机制涉及多个方面,这些机制共同作用于肾脏的不同环节。首先,达格列净可以通过抑制SGLT-2受体在近端肾小管中的活性,降低对葡萄糖和钠的重吸收,减少蛋白尿的发生,减轻肾小管的负担,从而促进肾小球反馈机制的恢复,并维持肾小球的正常功能,减少肾小球毛细血管的压力变化,维持肾小球滤过速率恒定,最终有助于减缓慢性肾脏病的进展 [22] 。其次,达格列净被发现可以降低促炎因子的释放,如TNF-α、IL-6等,从而减少了肾脏内炎症反应的程度,有助于减轻肾脏损伤 [23] 。它还能够抑制信号传导转录激活因子1转化生长因子-β1 (TGF-β1)通路的激活,该通路在慢性肾脏病的发展中起着重要作用,通过减少TGF-β1的释放和相关信号传导,达格列净有助于抑制肾小球硬化和纤维化的进展 [24] 。同时,它还降低了O-葡萄糖基化并减少了肾小管缺氧,从而进一步改善了肾小管间质的纤维化 [25] 。此外,达格列净可以抑制内质网应激介导的肾脏细胞凋亡,调节肾素–血管紧张素的局部活性,降低肾小球滤过压,减轻肾小球的过度滤过,从而保护肾脏功能 [26] [27] 。达格列净还能改善体重、脂质代谢等多个代谢指标 [28] 。这些改善可能有助于减少代谢性因素对肾脏的不良影响,从而减缓疾病的进展。综合而言,达格列净在治疗CKD的过程中通过多个途径在降压、调脂、降尿酸、降糖、减重等多方面产生综合作用,从而保护肾脏,以此延缓CKD的进展 [29] 。

6. 达格列净的前景和挑战

达格列净作为CKD治疗的新型药物,展现着巨大的潜力。然而,其临床应用仍需要进一步深入探究。其中包括但不限于以下几个方面:首先,尽管达格列净在DN患者和非糖尿病CKD患者中的肾脏保护作用已得到证实,但其长期使用的安全性、与其他药物的联合应用和副作用等问题仍需要更多的临床试验来确定和观察。一些报道指出,使用SGLT2抑制剂可能会增加尿路感染、骨折风险以及甚至出现酮症酸中毒等不良反应 [30] 。

目前的研究重点主要集中在2型糖尿病肾病的治疗上,因此对于其他类型的肾脏疾病,相关的临床研究和数据相对不足。对于非糖尿病性肾病,虽然一些初步的实验性和临床试验显示达格列净在某些非糖尿病性肾脏疾病患者中也表现出一定的肾脏保护作用,但关于其具体治疗机制以及在这些特定类型肾脏病变中的长期疗效和安全性仍然需要更多的深入研究。同样地,对于1型糖尿病肾病,尽管先期的研究和临床试验显示达格列净可能对1型糖尿病肾病具有一定的疗效,仍需要更多临床实验和长期随访的数据进行验证。因此,尽管达格列净在2型糖尿病肾病方面已取得显著的成果,但在非糖尿病性肾病和1型糖尿病肾病的研究仍处于探索阶段。深入的研究将有助于更全面地了解达格列净在不同类型肾脏病变中的治疗机制和效果,为更广泛范围的肾脏疾病提供更有效的治疗选择 [31] [32] [33] 。

达格列净作为一种SGLT2抑制剂,在治疗慢性肾脏病患者中具有显著的疗效,并且安全性良好。临床试验结果表明,达格列净能够降低肾功能恶化和心血管事件的风险,对于患有糖尿病和慢性心力衰竭的患者尤为适用。然而,达格列净在推广应用过程中,仍需要克服许多挑战。医学界需要探索其在不同CKD阶段和其他特定患者群体中的应用,进一步深入研究达格列净的安全性、有效性、剂量调整以及成本效益性,以确保其在临床实践中发挥最大的作用,并为患者提供更有效的治疗选择。

总体而言,达格列净为慢性肾脏病患者的治疗提供了一种新的途径,有望改善患者的预后和生活质量。

基金项目

江西省中医药管理局(2023A0068)景德镇市科技计划(20222SFZC005)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

参考文献

[1] Kong, J., Li, L., Yuan, H., et al. (2023) In Silico Discovery of Potential Sodium—Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors from Natural Products for Treatment of Heart Failure via Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Ap-proach. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 41, 8109-8120.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2022.2130983
[2] Tuttle, K.R. (2023) Digging Deep into Cells to Find Mecha-nisms of Kidney Protection by SGLT2 Inhibitors. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 133, E167700.
https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI167700
[3] Wheeler, D.C., StefÁNsson, B.V., Jongs, N., et al. (2021) Effects of Dapagliflozin on Major Adverse Kidney and Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease: A Prespecified Analysis from the DAPA-CKD Trial. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 9, 22-31.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30369-7
[4] Zhou, Y., Wang, F., Wen, F., et al. (2023) The SGLT2i-Mediated Regulation of Cardiovascular and Safety Outcomes among Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2453557/v1
[5] 刘姗姗, 赵璨, 罗力亚. 达格列净治疗老年2型糖尿病并心力衰竭患者的临床疗效及其对心功能的影响[J]. 实用心脑肺血管病杂志, 2022, 30(3): 107-111.
[6] 余蓓蕾, 姜玲, 李喆, 等. 肾小球滤过率对急慢性肾脏病患者溶质及电解质肾脏排泄分数的影响[J]. 肾脏病与透析肾移植杂志, 2023, 32(1): 1-7.
[7] Li, Y., Ning, Y., Shen, B., et al. (2023) Temporal Trends in Prevalence and Mortality for Chronic Kidney Disease in China from 1990 to 2019: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Clinical Kidney Journal, 16, 312-321.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfac218
[8] Khadilkar, A., Oza, C. and Mondkar, S.A. (2023) Insulin Resistance in Adolescents and Youth with Type 1 Diabetes: A Review of Problems and Solutions. Clinical Medi-cine Insights: Endocrinology and Diabetes, 16.
https://doi.org/10.1177/11795514231206730
[9] 王丽, 苏钢, 洪娟, 等. 达格列净对早期糖尿病肾病的疗效观察[J]. 中国医师进修杂志, 2023, 46(10): 930-933.
https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn115455-20220425-00355
[10] 储帆, 梁伟, 刘子康, 等. 达格列净治疗不同肾功能状态糖尿病肾脏疾病患者水肿的疗效与安全性分析[J]. 临床肾脏病杂志, 2023, 23(7): 575-584.
[11] Groop, P.H., Dandona, P., Phillip, M., et al. (2020) Effect of Dapagliflozin as an Adjunct to Insulin over 52 Weeks in Individu-als with Type 1 Diabetes: Post-Hoc Renal Analysis of the DEPICT Randomised Controlled Trials. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 8, 845-854.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30280-1
[12] Mathieu, C., Rudofsky, G., Phillip, M., et al. (2020) Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Dapagliflozin in Patients with Inadequately Controlled Type 1 Diabetes (The DEPICT-2 Study): 52-Week Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabo-lism, 22, 1516-1526.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14060
[13] Janković, A., Dimković, N., Todorov-Sakić, V., et al. (2023) Presence of Non-Diabetic Kidney Diseases in Biopsy Specimens of Diabetic Patients’ Single Center Experience. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24, Article 14759.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914759
[14] Cherney, D.Z.I., Dekkers, C.C.J., Barbour, S.J., et al. (2020) Effects of the SGLT2 Inhibitor Dapagliflozin on Proteinuria in Non-Diabetic Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (DIAMOND): A Randomised, Double-Blind, Crossover Trial. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 8, 582-593.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30162-5
[15] Gohda, T. and Murakoshi, M. (2022) Sodium-Glucose Co-transporter-2 Inhibitors—Miracle Drugs for the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease Irrespective of the Diabetes Status: Lessons from the Dedicated Kidney Disease-Focused CREDENCE and DAPA-CKD Trials. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23, Article 13749.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232213749
[16] Rossing, P., Inzucchi, S.E., Vart, P., et al. (2022) Dapagliflozin and New-Onset Type 2 Diabetes in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease or Heart Failure: Pooled Analysis of the DAPA-CKD and DAPA-HF Trials. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 10, 24-34.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00295-3
[17] Schechter, M., Jongs, N., Chertow, G, M., et al. (2023) Ef-fects of Dapagliflozin on Hospitalizations in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Post Hoc Analysis of DAPA-CKD. Annals of Internal Medicine, 176, 59-66.
https://doi.org/10.7326/M22-2115
[18] McEwan, P., Darlington, O., Miller, R., et al. (2022) Cost-Effectiveness of Dapagliflozin as a Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease: A Health-Economic Analysis of DAPA-CKD. Clinical Jour-nal of the American Society of Nephrology, 17, 1730-1741.
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03790322
[19] Wheeler, D.C., Jongs, N., Stefansson, B.V., et al. (2022) Safety and Efficacy of Dapagliflozin in Patients with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: A Prespecified Analysis of the Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Chronic Kid-ney Disease (DAPA-CKD) Trial. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 37, 1647-1656.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfab335
[20] Heerspink, H.J.L., Cherney, D., Postmus, D., et al. (2022) A Pre-Specified Analysis of the Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease (DAPA-CKD) Randomized Controlled Trial on the Incidence of Abrupt Declines in Kidney Function. Kidney Interna-tional, 101, 174-184.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2021.09.005
[21] Chertow, G.M., Correa-Rotter, R., Vart, P., et al. (2023) Effects of Dapagliflozin in Chronic Kidney Disease, with and without Other Cardiovascular Medications: DAPA-CKD Trial. Journal of the American Heart Association, 12, e028739.
https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.122.028739
[22] 张青青, 刘珊珊, 王英惠, 等. 达格列净治疗慢性肾脏病的研究进展[J]. 山东第一医科大学(山东省医学科学院)学报, 2022, 43(5): 388-392.
https://Doi.Org/10.3969/J.Issn.2097-0005.2022.05.014
[23] Bonnet, F. and Scheen, A, J. (2018) Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Systemic and Tissue Low-Grade Inflammation: The Potential Contribution to Diabetes Complica-tions and Cardiovascular Disease. Diabetes & Metabolism, 44, 457-464.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2018.09.005
[24] Huang, F., Zhao, Y., Wang, Q., et al. (2019) Dapagliflozin At-tenuates Renal Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis Associated with Type 1 Diabetes by Regulating STAT1/TGFβ1 Signaling. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 10, Article 441.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00441
[25] Hodrea, J., Balogh, D.B., Hosszu, A., et al. (2020) Reduced O-GlcNAcylation and Tubular Hypoxia Contribute to the Antifibrotic Effect of SGLT2 Inhibitor Dapagliflozin in the Diabetic Kidney. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, 318, F1017-F1029.
https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00021.2020
[26] Shibusawa, R., Yamada, E. and Okada, S. (2019) Dapagliflozin Rescues Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Cell Death. Scientific Reports, 9, Article No. 9887.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46402-6
[27] Elkazzaz, S.K., Khodeer, D.M., El Fayoumi, H.M. and Moustafa, Y.M. (2021) Role of Sodium Glucose Cotransporter Type 2 Inhibitors Dapagliflozin on Diabetic Nephropathy in Rats; Inflammation, Angiogenesis and Apoptosis. Life Sciences, 280, Article ID: 119018.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119018
[28] Jaikumkao, K., Pongchaidecha, A., Chueakula, N., et al. (2018) Dapagliflozin, a Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitor, Slows the Progression of Renal Complications through the Suppression of Renal Inflammation, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis in Prediabetic Rats. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 20, 2617-2626.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.13441
[29] Baer, P.C., Koch, B., Freitag, J., et al. (2020) No Cytotoxic and Inflam-matory Effects of Empagliflozin and Dapagliflozin on Primary Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells under Diabetic Conditions in Vitro. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21, Article 391.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020391
[30] Lupsa, B.C. and Inzucchi, S.E. (2018) Use of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes: Weighing the Risks and Benefits. Diabetologia, 61, 2118-2125.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-018-4663-6
[31] 曹丹, 张桂红, 赵钰. 达格列净在早期2型糖尿病肾病中的应用及对肾功能的影响分析[J]. 糖尿病新世界, 2023, 26(8): 106-108.
[32] Hallow, K.M., Boulton, D.W., Penland, R.C., et al. (2020) Renal Effects of Dapagliflozin in People with and without Diabetes with Moderate or Severe Renal Dysfunction: Prospective Modeling of an Ongoing Clinical Trial. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeu-tics, 375, 76-91.
https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.120.000040
[33] Van Bommel, E.J.M., Muskiet, M.H.A., Van Baar, M.J.B., et al. (2020) The Renal Hemodynamic Effects of the SGLT2 Inhibitor Dapagliflozin Are Caused by Post-Glomerular Vasodilatation Rather than Pre-Glomerular Vasoconstriction in Metformin-Treated Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in the Randomized, Double-Blind RED Trial. Kidney International, 97, 202-212.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2019.09.013