儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征相关炎症标志物的研究进展
Research Progress of Inflammatory Markers Associated with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome in Children
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.141284, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 121  浏览: 185 
作者: 米尔吾提·布尔勒克, 马香萍*:新疆医科大学第一附属医院儿科中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐
关键词: 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征儿童炎症标志物Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome Child Inflammatory Markers
摘要: 儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome, OSAHS)是一种严重危害儿童健康的疾病,未经治疗的儿童OSAHS可导致多个系统器官的损害。多导睡眠监测是目前诊断儿童OSAHS的金标准,但是由于操作过程复杂等限制导致很多患者无法及时诊断和评估病情。越来越多的研究表明,儿童OSAHS与全身炎症反应有关,本文就儿童OSAHS相关炎症标志物的研究进展予以综述。
Abstract: Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome in children is a disease that seriously endangers the health of children. Untreated obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome in children can cause damage to multiple system organs. At present, polysomnography is the gold standard for the diag-nosis of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome in children, but due to the complex operation and other limitations, many patients are unable to diagnose and evaluate the disease in time. More and more studies have shown that obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome in children is re-lated to systemic inflammatory response. This article reviews the research progress of inflammato-ry markers related to obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome in children.
文章引用:米尔吾提·布尔勒克, 马香萍. 儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征相关炎症标志物的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(1): 2021-2027. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.141284

1. 引言

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome, OSAHS)是指儿童睡眠过程中频繁发生部分或完全上气道阻塞,干扰儿童的正常通气和睡眠结构而引起的一系列病理生理变化。儿童OSAHS的发病率为1.2%~5.7% [1] ,常见症状包括习惯性打鼾、夜间睡觉张口呼吸、白天嗜睡,夜间遗尿,注意力不集中或多动等。未经治疗的儿童OSAHS对儿童心血管系统、神经认知功能及生长发育等方面有严重影响 [2] 。在患有OSAHS儿童中,发生代谢综合征的风险是健康患儿的6倍 [3] 。患有OSAHS的儿童相比同年龄段非OSAHS儿童对家庭经济和生活质量造成了更大的负担 [4] 。儿童OSHAS的发病原因很多包括扁桃体和(或)腺样体肥大,肥胖,鼻部疾病如慢性鼻炎、鼻息肉、鼻中隔偏曲,口咽部疾病如舌体肥大、先天性喉软骨软化、气道狭窄,颅面畸形等。多导睡眠监测(polysomnography, PSG)是目前诊断儿童OSAHS的金标准,但是由于操作过程复杂、检查费用较高、患儿配合程度低等特点以及部分地区医疗条件的限制,导致很多患儿无法及时诊断和治疗 [5] 。研究者们试图用更简单、更客观、更易获取的指标来诊断和评估病情,越来越多的研究表明,儿童OSAHS与全身炎症反应有关,本文就儿童OSAHS相关炎症标志物的研究进展予以综述。

2. 儿童OSAHS与炎症

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的发病机制是多因素的,目前仍未完全确定。它涉及多种机制,包括炎症分子通路的选择性激活、内皮功能障碍、代谢失调和氧化应激 [6] 。OSAHS的发病机制尚无准确定论,既往研究 [7] 指出,炎性因子在OSAHS的发生过程中起到了关键性的作用,而炎性因子升高也会导致OSAHS相关疾病的发生率上升,故目前对于炎性因子与OSAHS之间的关系研究已经成为OSAHS病因学研究的热点。间歇性低氧是OSHAS的主要病理生理特征,其特征是夜间反复出现低氧后迅速复氧,这个过程触发炎症因子如C反应蛋白、肿瘤坏死因子-α、白介素10 (IL-10)和氧化应激的产生,导致心脏、脑、肺和血管的并发症 [8] 。Tauman等人 [9] 在2004年首次将炎症与儿童OSAHS联系起来,提出儿童OSHAS中慢性间歇性低氧血症可能是炎症反应的基础,最终导致心血管、认知和行为疾病。所以研究儿童OSAHS与炎症标志物可能会为诊断和评估带来更多的信息。

3. 儿童OSAHS与炎症标志物

3.1. 儿童OSAHS与C反应蛋白(C-Reactive Protein, CRP)

C反应蛋白是一种重要的血液炎症标志物,它产生于肝脏,主要受促炎症细胞因子白介素6 (IL-6)调节。有研究 [10] 提示较高的CRP水平与OSAHS风险的增加具有前瞻性的相关性,而在OSAHS儿童中检测到的这些异常高的CRP水平在扁桃体切除术后显著降低。近年有学者 [11] 在OSAHS患者中检测到高水平的IL-6和CRP,并发现升高的水平与OSAHS的严重程度相关,证实了OSAHS与炎症是相互关联的,有一项Meta分析 [12] 也提出OSAHS患者血清CRP水平与疾病严重程度有关。此外,研究还发现 [13] ,在儿童OSAHS中,CRP水平升高与神经认知损害的风险增加有关。然而关于儿童OSAHS与C反应蛋白水平也有不同的结果,既往研究中Kaditis等人 [14] 、Tam [15] 等人和Sharma [16] 等人没有发现儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征和C反应蛋白水平之间的独立相关性。因此,有必要进一步研究儿童OSAHS与C反应蛋白水平之间的关系。

3.2. 儿童OSAHS与肿瘤坏死因子-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, TNF-α)

肿瘤坏死因子-α是脂肪细胞和单核巨噬细胞系统分泌的一种常见的细胞因子,调节免疫系统,诱导炎症,并参与脂肪代谢的调节,它与许多疾病的发病机制有关,如动脉粥样硬化、炎症性肠病和自身免疫性疾病 [17] 。Rockstrom等人 [18] 提出TNF-α还调节睡眠,并与白天过度困倦、夜间睡眠紊乱和缺氧有关。一项研究 [19] 表明,较高的TNF-α水平与OSAHS儿童的某些神经认知缺陷显著相关。也有研究 [7] 表明TNF-α和IL-6水平及其基因多态与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的易感性显著相关。一项Meta分析 [20] 表明对于成年人来说,与健康对照组相比,血清和血浆中的TNF-α水平都更高。因此,至少对于患有OSAHS的成年人来说,评估血浆或血清似乎并不具有临床重要性。相反,对于儿科样本,与健康对照组相比,血清中观察到更高的TNF-α水平,但血浆中没有观察到,但这可能与儿科样本数量太少有关。同时这项研究提出OSAHS患者体内TNF-α水平的升高似乎与疾病的严重程度有关。Olszewska等人 [21] 提出手术治疗可减轻OSAHS患者TNF-α表达的炎症反应。但在另一项研究 [22] 中,测量了33名OSAHS患者和24名匹配的对照组患者的IL-6和肿瘤坏死因子-α水平,并评估了持续正压治疗的影响,结果显示,持续正压治疗的基线水平没有差异,持续正压治疗对这些细胞因子的平均水平也没有明显的影响。很少有研究评估治疗前后的肿瘤坏死因子-α水平,这是评估疾病和潜在生物标记物之间的关联时的一个重要考虑因素。这些问题在儿科研究中更加明显 [23] 。所以未来研究方向可以从对OSHAS患儿的干预是否以及在多大程度上对肿瘤坏死因子-α水平有影响考虑。

3.3. 儿童OSAHS与常见的白细胞介素

IL-6是一种具有多种功能的细胞因子,具有多种生物学活性,如T淋巴细胞的增殖、B淋巴细胞的分化和刺激免疫球蛋白的分泌。据报道 [24] ,活化的缺氧诱导因子-1α (HIF-1a)和核因子kb (NF-kb)可上调OSAHS中IL-6的表达。有一项Meta分析 [25] 结果显示OSAHS患者的IL-6水平与疾病的严重程度有关。此外,年龄对OSAHS和IL-6水平之间的相关性有影响。另一项研究 [26] 也证实IL-6水平与OSAHS的严重程度相关,此外,有效的OSAHS干预可降低IL-6水平。De Luca Canto等人 [27] 在分析了117项成人生物标记物研究后得出结论,IL-6在筛查和诊断OSAHS患者方面具有很好的前景。

IL-8是一种趋化细胞因子,由多种组织和血细胞产生,单核巨噬细胞是其主要来源。当受到适当的刺激时,上皮细胞和内皮细胞也可以产生IL-8。在炎症区域,IL-8吸引并激活中性粒细胞,通过诱导中性粒细胞产生髓过氧化物酶并吸引其他炎症细胞来维持炎症。有研究 [28] 提出夜间良好的睡眠和第二天良好的身体状态与IL-8分泌减少有关,而IL-8分泌增加可能与白天过度嗜睡和疲劳有关。OSAHS患者血清和血浆IL-8浓度随病情加重而升高,提示血清和血浆IL-8浓度可反映OSAS的严重程度。慢性间歇性低氧可导致促炎细胞因子IL-8增加,单位时间缺氧次数越多,缺氧程度越严重,IL-8升高越明显 [29] [30] 。在2021年进行的一项荟萃分析 [31] 中也研究了血清IL-8浓度与OSAHS之间的关系,分析表明,与对照组相比,OSAHS患者的IL-8浓度升高。IL-8水平可用于OSAHS患者的诊断和治疗后随访。Hirsch等人 [32] 还指出,OSAHS儿童心脏反应受损与血清IL-8水平升高有关。所以未来可以从IL-8与儿童OSAHS并发症方向研究。

IL-10是由激活的T细胞(主要是Treg细胞和Th2细胞)、单核/巨噬细胞和肥大细胞分泌的多功能细胞因子,具有广泛的抗炎作用,可以抑制促炎因子,如IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α等,抑制巨噬细胞的抗原提呈和中性粒细胞的聚集。IL-10水平降低促进炎症因子的分泌,从而促进血管炎症,从而导致OSAHS相关性心脑血管疾病。但IL-10浓度与OSAHS之间的关系仍存在争议。Leon-Cabrera等人 [33] 发现OSAHS的严重程度与抗炎因子的浓度有关,IL-10的浓度随呼吸暂停低通气指数的增加而降低。既往也有荟萃分析 [27] 提出血浆IL-10水平可能是识别或排除成人OSAHS的良好标记物。但另一项荟萃报告 [34] 提出IL-10浓度与OSAHS关系不大。不过作者也认为,所获得的证据完全基于观察研究,因此潜在的混杂因素可能无法控制,还有另一个重要的限制是,大多数研究中包含的样本量很小,这可能不能有力地证明IL-10水平与OSAHS之间的联系。根据Chen VG等人 [35] 的研究,OSAHS儿童扁桃体中的IL-10水平较高,但作者也表示,考虑到IL-10是一种抗炎细胞因子,扁桃体似乎不是OSAHS炎症的病理生理决定因素。所以未来需要大样本数据和更多的儿童数据来分析IL-10与OSHAS之间的相关性。

IL-17是一种由辅助性T细胞分泌的促炎细胞因子,与其他细胞因子如IL-1、TNF-α和IL-6共同作用,诱发炎症性疾病,在自身免疫的发展中发挥重要作用 [36] 。IL-23是一种细胞因子,作用于记忆簇指定-4(+)T细胞,激活转录激活物,刺激干扰素的产生。Huang等人 [19] 报道了儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者IL-17和IL-23水平显著升高。这些标记可作为儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的生物标志物。

3.4. 儿童OSAHS与血小板/淋巴细胞比值(PLR)与中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)

在感染、炎症和血栓形成过程中,血小板、中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞相互作用,并相互调节功能。高血小板计数反映了潜在的炎症状态,因为血小板是急性时相反应物,是对包括全身感染、出血和肿瘤在内的各种刺激的反应而产生的。淋巴细胞水平低代表了一种无法控制的炎症途径。因此,PLR的增加是一个有用的炎症标志物,因为它反映了炎症状态下血小板数量的增加和淋巴细胞数量的减少 [37] 。基于这种相互作用,人们认为PLR和NLR可能在OSAHS的发病机制中发挥作用,有些研究表明,它们可以预测OSAHS [38] [39] [40] 。有一项Meta分析报告 [41] 称,白细胞计数、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞和血小板活化可能是OSAHS患者炎症反应的良好指标。有一项在确定肥胖儿童睡眠呼吸暂停的诊断和严重程度的研究 [42] 中发现,NLR和PLR值的增加与AHI的增加之间存在相关性。但近年来也有不同的观点,Zorlu等人 [43] 研究结果提示NLR和PLR水平并没有随着OSAHS严重程度的增加而增加,认为它们不能作为炎症标志物来预测疾病的严重程度。不过作者也提出研究局限是样本量太小。未来的研究可能需要多中心,大样本数据来进一步了解NLR和PLR与OSHAS之间的关系。

3.5. 儿童OSAHS与其他炎性标志物

人软骨糖蛋白(YKL-40)是一种促炎因子,由巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞、成纤维细胞、肝星状细胞、内皮细胞和上皮细胞分泌。YKL-40维持各器官的动态平衡,并参与炎症反应。据报道,YKL-40在成人OSAHS患者中升高,其水平与成人OSAHS患者的呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)相关 [44] 。有一篇新的研究 [45] 首次提出YKL-40可作为筛查儿童OSAHS的潜在生物标志物和OSAS严重程度的指标。

血清淀粉样蛋白A (SAA)是一类多基因编码的多形态蛋白家族,属于组织淀粉样蛋白A的前体物质,是一种急性期的反应蛋白,SAA水平的升高可能是全身炎症反应的一个标志。有研究 [46] 表明SAA与OSAHS患者的认知功能障碍有关,并与相应大脑功能连接的异常有关。通过CPAP治疗,OSAHS患者白天嗜睡、注意力不集中表现较强改善,血清SAA浓度比治疗前降低。提出SAA可作为评估重度OSAHS患者认知预后的生物学指标。

4. 小结和展望

随着对儿童OSAHS发病及其危害性的深入研究,儿童OSAHS早期诊断受到学者的广泛关注。现有的诊断方法,存在诸多不足,寻找简单方便、重复性好且有效的诊断标志物,为诊断及治疗儿童OSAHS提供可靠的诊断方法具有重要意义。越来越多的研究表明,儿童OSAHS与全身炎症反应有关,目前的研究已经发现许多与儿童OSAHS相关的炎症标记物,但是结果并没有取得一致性的意见,且多数研究选取的样本量小,选择指标的特异性、灵敏度仍需进一步提高,相关研究仍需深入广泛地开展。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

参考文献

[1] 倪鑫. 中国儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停诊断与治疗指南(2020) [J]. 中国循证医学杂志, 2020, 20(8): 883-900.
[2] Thomas, S., Patel, S., Gummalla, P., et al. (2022) You Cannot Hit Snooze on OSA: Sequelae of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Children, 9, Article No. 261.
https://doi.org/10.3390/children9020261
[3] Lo Bue, A., Salvaggio, A. and Insalaco, G. (2020) Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Developmental Age. A Narrative Review. European Journal of Pediatrics, 179, 357-365.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-019-03557-8
[4] Bergeron, M. and Ishman, S.L. (2021) Persistent Obstructive Sleep Apnea Burden on Family Finances and Quality of Life. Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, 165, 483-489.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599820986566
[5] 吕梦. 儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征筛查诊断的研究进展[J]. 国际儿科学杂志, 2022, 49(2): 104-108.
[6] Cofta, S., Winiarska, H.M., Płóciniczak, A., et al. (2019) Oxidative Stress Markers and Severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. In: Pokorski, M., Ed., Pulmonology, Springer, Berlin, 27-35.
https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2019_433
[7] 阿布利克木•依明, 阿不拉江•托合提, 艾力根•阿不都热依木, 等. 炎症因子水平及其基因多态性与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停发生的倾向性评分匹配分析[J]. 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志, 2021, 35(8): 728-732.
https://doi.org/10.13201/J.Issn.2096-7993.2021.08.012
[8] Maniaci, A., Iannella, G., Cocuzza, S., et al. (2021) Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Biomarker Expression in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients. Journal of Clinical Medi-cine, 10, Article No. 277.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10020277
[9] Tauman, R., Ivanenko, A., O’Brien, L.M., et al. (2004) Plasma C-Reactive Protein Levels among Children with Sleep-Disordered Breathing. Pediatrics, 113, e564-e569.
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.113.6.e564
[10] Kang, K.T., Weng, W.C., Lee, P.L., et al. (2022) C-Reactive Protein in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Effects of Adenotonsillectomy. Auris Nasus Larynx, 49, 92-99.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2021.06.001
[11] Rocchi, C., Valentina, C., Totaro, V., et al. (2022) Inflammation Markers in Moderate and Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea: The Influence of Sex. Sleep and Breathing, 26, 1703-1709.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-021-02537-3
[12] Imani, M.M., Sadeghi, M., Farokhzadeh, F., et al. (2021) Evalu-ation of Blood Levels of C-Reactive Protein Marker in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. Life, 11, Article No. 362.
https://doi.org/10.3390/life11040362
[13] Kheirandish-Gozal, L. and Gozal, D. (2017) Pediatric OSA Syndrome Morbidity Biomarkers: The Hunt Is Finally on! Chest, 151, 500-506.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2016.09.026
[14] Kaditis, A.G., Alexopoulos, E.I., Kalampouka, E., et al. (2005) Morning Levels of C-Reactive Protein in Children with Obstructive Sleep-Disordered Breathing. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 171, 282-286.
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200407-928OC
[15] Tam, C.S., Wong, M., McBain, R., et al. (2006) Inflammatory Measures in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnoea. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 42, 277-282.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2006.00854.x
[16] Sharma, S.K., Mishra, H.K., Sharma, H., et al. (2008) Obesity, and Not Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Is Responsible for Increased Serum Hs-CRP Levels in Patients with Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Delhi. Sleep Medicine, 9, 149-156.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2007.02.004
[17] Jang, D., Lee, A.H., Shin, H.Y., et al. (2021) The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) in Autoimmune Disease and Current TNF-α Inhibitors in Therapeutics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22, Article No. 2719.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052719
[18] Rockstrom, M.D., Chen, L., Taishi, P., et al. (2018) Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Sleep Regulation. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 40, 69-78.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2017.10.005
[19] Huang, Y.S., Guilleminault, C., Hwang, F.M., et al. (2016) In-flammatory Cytokines in Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Medicine, 95, e4944.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000004944
[20] Imani, M.M., Sadeghi, M., Khazaie, H., et al. (2020) Serum and Plasma Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Levels in Individuals with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Me-ta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. Life, 10, Article No. 87.
https://doi.org/10.3390/life10060087
[21] Olszewska, E., Pietrewicz, T.M., Świderska, M., et al. (2022) A Case-Control Study on the Changes in High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Levels with Surgical Treatment of OSAS. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23, Article No. 14116.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214116
[22] Ünüvar Doğan, F., Yosunkaya, Ş., Kuzu Okur, H., et al. (2014) Rela-tionships between Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment, and Inflamma-tory Cytokines. Sleep Disorders, 2014, Article ID: 518920.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/518920
[23] Kheirandish-Gozal, L. and Gozal, D. (2019) Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Inflammation: Proof of Concept Based on Two Illustrative Cytokines. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20, Article No. 459.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030459
[24] Malkov, M.I., Lee, C.T. and Taylor, C.T. (2021) Regulation of the Hy-poxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) by Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines. Cells, 10, Article No. 2340.
https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10092340
[25] Imani, M.M., Sadeghi, M., Khazaie, H., et al. (2020) Evaluation of Se-rum and Plasma Interleukin-6 Levels in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. Frontiers in Immunology, 11, Article No. 1343.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01343
[26] Yi, M., Zhao, W., Fei, Q., et al. (2022) Causal Analysis between Altered Levels of Interleukins and Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Frontiers in Immunology, 13, Article ID: 888644.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.888644
[27] De Luca Canto, G., Pacheco-Pereira, C., Aydinoz, S., et al. (2015) Diagnostic Capability of Biological Markers in Assessment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 11, 27-36.
https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.4358
[28] Yang, H., Engeland, C.G., King, T.S., et al. (2020) The Relationship between Diurnal Variation of Cytokines and Symptom Expression in Mild Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 16, 715-723.
https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.8332
[29] Wang, Z., Zeng, Y. and Lin, H. (2021) The Effect of Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia on Atherosclerosis in Rat Offspring. International Journal of Cardiology, 335, 98-103.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.04.065
[30] Ke, D., Kitamura, Y., Lejtenyi, D., et al. (2019) Enhanced Inter-leukin-8 Production in Mononuclear Cells in Severe Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Im-munology, 15, Article No. 23.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13223-019-0338-1
[31] Li, X., Hu, R., Ren, X., et al. (2021) Interleukin-8 Concentrations in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Bioengineered, 12, 10650-10665.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2021.2001203
[32] Hirsch, D., Evans, C.A., Wong, M., et al. (2019) Biochemi-cal Markers of Cardiac Dysfunction in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA). Sleep and Breathing, 23, 95-101.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-018-1666-y
[33] Leon-Cabrera, S., Arana-Lechuga, Y., Esqueda-León, E., et al. (2015) Reduced Systemic Levels of IL-10 Are Associated with the Severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Insulin Resistance in Morbidly Obese Humans. Mediators of Inflammation, 2015, Article ID: 493409.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/493409
[34] Li, X., Wu, L., He, J., et al. (2023) Interleukin-10 Is Not Associated with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. Medicine, 102, e35036.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000035036
[35] Chen, V.G., Fonseca, V.M.G., Amaral, J.B., et al. (2020) Inflammatory Markers in Palatine Tonsils of Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, 86, 23-29.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2018.08.001
[36] Bhatt, S.P., Guleria, R. and Kabra, S.K. (2021) Metabolic Altera-tions and Systemic Inflammation in Overweight/Obese Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. PLOS ONE, 16, e0252353.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252353
[37] Balta, S., Demırkol, S. and Kucuk, U. (2013) The Platelet Lymphocyte Ratio May Be Useful Inflammatory Indicator in Clinical Practice. Hemodialysis International, 17, 668-669.
https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12058
[38] Domagała-Kulawik, J., Kwiecień, I., Bielicki, P., et al. (2019) Fas-Positive Lymphocytes Are Associated with Systemic Inflammation in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Sleep and Breathing, 23, 673-678.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-018-1713-8
[39] Koseoglu, S., Ozcan, K.M., Ikinciogullari, A., et al. (2015) Rela-tionship between Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine: Official Organ Wroclaw Medical University, 24, 623-627.
https://doi.org/10.17219/acem/58969
[40] Altintas, N., Çetinoğlu, E., Yuceege, M., et al. (2015) Neutro-phil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Obstructive Sleep Apnea; A Multi Center, Retrospective Study. European Review for Med-ical & Pharmacological Sciences, 19, 3234-3240.
[41] Wu, M., Zhou, L., Zhu, D., et al. (2018) Hematological Indices as Simple, Inexpensive and Practical Severity Markers of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 10, 6509-6521.
https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2018.10.105
[42] Erdim, I., Erdur, O., Oghan, F., et al. (2017) Blood Count Values and Ratios for Predicting Sleep Apnea in Obese Children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 98, 85-90.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.04.043
[43] Zorlu, D., Özyurt, S., Bircan, A., et al. (2021) Do Complete Blood Count Parameters Predict Diagnosis and Disease Severity in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome?
[44] Mutlu, L.C., Tülübaş, F., Alp, R., et al. (2017) Serum YKL-40 Level Is Correlated with Apnea Hypopnea Index in Patients with Ob-structive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 21, 4161-4166.
[45] Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Lin, W., et al. (2023) Inflammatory Markers in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 11, Article ID: 1134678.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2023.1134678
[46] Wang, X., Bai, Z., He, Y., et al. (2023) Relationship between Blood Amyloid A and Resting Magnetic Resonance Functional Brain Connections in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome. Sleep and Breathing, 27, 477-485.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-022-02613-2