贝利尤单抗治疗风湿性疾病临床研究进展
Progress in Clinical Research on Belimumab in the Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.141240, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 641  浏览: 770  国家自然科学基金支持
作者: 刘保成, 颜苏艳, 杨清锐, 麻贞贞*:山东第一医科大学附属省立医院风湿免疫科,山东 济南
关键词: B淋巴细胞风湿性疾病贝利尤单抗B Lymphocytes Rheumatic Diseases Belimumab
摘要: 近年来,随着分子靶向干预水平的不断提高,生物制剂在风湿病中的应用日趋广泛。贝利尤单抗是一种重组人源化的IgG1-λ单克隆抗体,选择性针对B淋巴细胞刺激因子(B lymphocyte stimulator, BLyS)发挥作用。本文就贝利尤单抗及其在风湿性疾病治疗中的研究现状作一综述。
Abstract: In recent years, with the continuous improvement of molecular targeted intervention, the applica-tion of biological agents in rheumatic diseases has become increasingly widespread. Belimumab is a recombinant humanized IgG1-λ monoclonal antibody, which selectively targets B lymphocyte stim-ulator (BLyS). This article provides a review of belimumab and its current research status in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.
文章引用:刘保成, 颜苏艳, 杨清锐, 麻贞贞. 贝利尤单抗治疗风湿性疾病临床研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(1): 1673-1683. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.141240

1. 引言

风湿性疾病是一类以免疫功能异常为基础,以皮肤、关节、血管等多种结缔组织受累为主要临床表现的自身免疫性炎性疾病。贝利尤单抗是一种重组人源化的IgG1-λ单克隆抗体,特异性识别B淋巴细胞刺激因子(B lymphocyte stimulator, BLyS)并阻断其与B淋巴细胞受体结合,从而抑制反应性B淋巴细胞的存活,诱导凋亡发生 [1] 。贝利尤单抗上市后,逐渐应用于多种风湿性疾病的治疗。

2. 药物动力学

贝利尤单抗有静脉注射和皮下注射两种剂型,目前在中国市场上只有静脉注射剂型。皮下注射(每周200 mg)和静脉注射(10 mg·kg1前3次每2周给药一次,随后每4周给药一次)剂型的血药浓度相当,静脉注射吸收更快,但血药浓度波动较大 [2] 。一项中国人群的群体药代动力学I期开放性研究证实:静脉注射剂型贝利尤单抗的药代动力学符合无吸收的线性二室模型 [3] 。在此模型中,贝利尤单抗输注1 h可达到的血清峰浓度(Cmax)为221 μg·mL−1,血药浓度–时间曲线下面积(area under the curve, AUC)为2395 d·μg·mL−1,终末半衰期t1/2为14.6 d,系统清除率为4.06 mL(kg·d),分布容积为85.7 mL·kg−1 [4] 。在日本 [5] 和美国 [6] 的SLE患者中静脉注射贝利尤单抗(10 mg·kg1)后,峰浓度(Cmax)分别是222 μg·mL1和192 μg·5 mL1,t1/2分别为15.7和10.6 d。皮下注射剂型贝利尤单抗,药物会以相对稳定的速度被吸收,此模型中吸收滞后时间约为4.25 h,药物的生物利用度为74%,药物达到最高血药浓度时间(tmax)需要大约5.1 d,t1/2为18.7~19.4 d [7] 。

3. 作用机制

BLyS,亦称为B淋巴细胞活化因子(B lymphocyte activation factor, BAFF),由髓系细胞产生,属于肿瘤坏死因子配体家族 [8] 。研究表明BAFF与其受体相结合,在调节B淋巴细胞成熟、增殖及活性功能等方面发挥重要作用 [9] [10] 。具体作用机制主要与BAFF下游3种调控靶点有关,有研究表明BAFF对BAFF受体(BAFF receptor, BAFFR)和跨膜蛋白活化物及钙调亲环素配体相互作用分子(transmembrane activator and calciummodulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor, TACI)的亲和力高于B细胞成熟抗原(B-cell maturation antigen, BCMA) [11] [12] 。BAFFR仅能与BAFF结合,而TACI和BCMA可同时作为BAFF及其同质细胞因子A增殖诱导配体(a proliferation-inducing ligand, APRIL)的受体 [13] 。BAFFR分布于除记忆细胞之外的所有B淋巴细胞中,已有研究表明BAFFR可通过由IκB激酶1 (IKK1)和IκB激酶2 (IKK2)激活的非经典和经典NF-κB通路,维持B淋巴细胞凋亡抑制因子水平;BAFFR对过渡性B淋巴细胞和未成熟B淋巴细胞的存活和成熟至关重要 [14] [15] 。抗BAFF治疗(如贝利尤单抗)可抑制幼稚B淋巴细胞的发育和记忆B淋巴细胞的存活,导致成熟B淋巴细胞、循环中浆细胞及记忆B淋巴细胞减少,进一步降低IgM、IgG水平,而IgA的分泌不受BAFFR的影响,表现为IgA水平正常或升高 [8] 。TACI主要分布于除幼稚B淋巴细胞之外的所有B淋巴细胞中,TACI通过影响NF-κB通路维持浆细胞的存活;TACI水平上调后介导T细胞非依赖性B淋巴细胞(如边缘区B淋巴细胞和滤泡性B淋巴细胞)对抗原产生应答。BAFF和APRIL通过免疫球蛋白类别转换(也称为类别转换重组)功能来维持B淋巴细胞形态,并提高体内IgA和IgG水平 [8] [16] 。BCMA是浆细胞存活所需的肿瘤坏死超家族的细胞表面受体,负责浆细胞的分化和存活。BAFFR、TACI、BCMA三种受体在B淋巴细胞发育的不同时期扮演不同的角色,确保B淋巴细胞的分化及成熟 [17] ,具体作用机制见图1

Figure 1. Mechanism of belimumab targeting B lymphocytes in the treatment of SLE

图1. 贝利尤单抗靶向B淋巴细胞治疗SLE的机制

贝利尤单抗与BAFF结合并通过BAFFR、BCMA和TACI抑制对未成熟B淋巴细胞、过渡B淋巴细胞和浆细胞的增殖、分化、成熟及抗体分泌 [18] 。而APRIL仍可与TACI和BCMA结合,贝利尤单抗治疗以未成熟B淋巴细胞减少最为常见 [19] 。临床上常用于治疗自身抗体阳性、低补体、SEIENA-SLEDAI ≥ 8分的高疾病活动性的5岁及以上的儿童及成年的SLE患者 [20] [21] 。神经精神性狼疮、获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS),活动期的感染、结核、乙肝、丙肝,细胞移植史患者禁用 [22] 。

4. 临床应用

4.1. 系统性红斑狼疮(Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, SLE)

SLE是一种以多系统、多器官损害为主要特征的慢性自身免疫性疾病,好发于育龄期女性,其临床表现多样,可累及多个器官及系统 [23] 。在临床实践中,SLE病情常呈反复发作与缓解交替,不同程度上对患者的生活质量产生负面影响。目前SLE的治疗主要包括糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂等。研究发现,与传统治疗(激素联合免疫抑制剂)相比,贝利尤单抗对延缓SLE疾病进展有更好的疗效 [24] 。

贝利尤单抗作为一种辅助治疗药物在SLE患者中的临床应用较为广泛。张奉春等人 [25] 在东北亚开展了一项多中心随机、双盲、安慰剂为对照组的III期临床试验,这是首次针对于亚洲人群SLE患者有效性、安全性的研究。677例活动性SLE患者(贝利尤单抗组451例,对照组226例)采取随机双盲平行对照研究方法进行了为期52周的临床观察。在该研究中,贝利尤单抗组SLE患者接受贝利尤单抗(10 mg·kg−1)静脉注射联合标准化治疗,对照组在SLE标准化治疗基础上加用安慰剂。研究时,贝利尤单抗和安慰剂分别于前3次每2周给药一次,随后每1月给药一次,结果显示:贝利尤单抗组(10 mg·kg−1) 52周时SLE反应指数4 (SRI4)、SLE反应指数7 (SRI7)、系统性红斑狼疮疾病活动性指数(SELENA-SLEDAI)评分降低 ≥ 4分均高于对照组[(53.8% vs 40.1%),(32.4% vs 23.5%)及(55.7% vs 42.2%)],且安慰剂组的糖皮质激素用量显著高于贝利尤单抗组(P < 0.01),表明贝利尤单抗可显著降低SLE患者糖皮质激素使用量。两组之间总体不良事件发生率相似(75.7% vs 74.9%),其中大多数不良事件的严重程度为轻度或中度,最常见不良事件为上呼吸道感染(分别为16.6%和13.8%)。两项全球、多中心大型随机III期临床试验BLISS-52 [26] 和BLISS-76 [27] 同样证实了贝利尤单抗对活动期的SLE患者的安全性及有效性。在BLISS-52研究中,干预52周时,与安慰剂组相比,贝利尤单抗10 mg·kg−1组SRI4应答率显著增高(58% vs 44%, P < 0.001);BLISS-76研究同样发现,静脉注射贝利尤单抗(10 mg·kg−1)治疗52周的SLE患者SRI4应答率优于安慰剂组(43.2% vs 33. 5%, P < 0.05)。BLISS-52和BLISS-76对高疾病活动SLE患者亚组的汇总分析显示,与安慰剂组相比,贝利尤单抗组疾病严重复发风险显著降低(HR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.44~0.85, P = 0.004),各组间不良事件的发生率差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。荟萃分析与真实世界研究同样显示贝利尤单抗可有效减少SLE患者激素的用量,获益良好,贝利尤单抗可作为活动期的SLE患者最新选择 [28] [29] 。

狼疮肾炎(Lupus Nephritis, LN)

是SLE最常见且最严重的并发症之一,在SLE患者中,高达60%的患者存在肾脏组织病理学异常 [30] 。目前LN的标准治疗方案为糖皮质激素联合免疫抑制剂治疗,但在标准治疗方案下,LN的缓解率和复发率仍有待改善 [31] 。LN的发病机制尚不明确,目前认为性激素(尤其是雌激素)和环境因素的暴露可导致遗传易感个体的免疫系统功能障碍,B和T淋巴细胞过度反应、对自身抗原免疫耐受丧失、自身抗体的产生和清除障碍,免疫复合物的沉积,补体和细胞因子过度激活等造成肾脏的损伤 [1] 。近期一项研究表明,APRIL缺陷型狼疮肾炎小鼠模型的死亡率降低,血清IgM、IgG、和抗dsDNA抗体水平降低。另一项关于快速进展型LN小鼠的研究显示抑制BLyS表达可预防和治疗LN,显著降低蛋白尿水平,延长生存期 [32] 。

为了评估贝利尤单抗长期治疗LN的安全性和有效性。Sciascia等人进行了一项基于11项研究的系统综述,纳入了接受贝利亚单抗治疗的234例活动性LN患者,结果表明,超过50%患者肾脏指标得到改善,LN年复发率仅为1.7%。基线时24 h蛋白尿定量高于0.2 g的患者,24 h蛋白尿定量的下降幅度可达38%;基线时24 h蛋白尿定量高于1 g的患者,高达70%的患者实现了LN缓解 [33] 。在一项为期2年的多中心、随机、安慰剂对照组的III期随机对照研究(NCT01639339)中,在接受标准治疗的背景下,贝利尤单抗10 mg/kg治疗组患者达到主要终点–肾脏反应(primary efficacy renal response)的比例显著高于安慰剂组患者[43%和32%,OR = 1.55,95% CI (1.04, 2.32),P = 0.0311]。此外,在其他4个主要的次要终点(完全肾脏相关的并发症等)也显示出明显的临床获益 [34] 。此外,基于利妥昔单抗和贝利尤单抗序贯治疗LN的临床试验也进入筛选患者阶段(NCT02260934和NCT02284984)。这些研究有望在将来进一步明确贝利尤单抗对于LN患者的临床疗效。

4.2. 干燥综合征(Sjogren’s Syndrome, SS)

SS好发于女性,发病年龄多在40~50岁左右,男女比例为1:9,是一种主要以唾液腺和泪腺受累为主要特征的结缔组织病 [35] 。新近研究发现,贝利尤单抗对治疗SS疗效甚佳。为了评估贝利尤单抗长期治疗SS患者的有效性和安全性,Mariette等人 [36] [37] 进行了一项为期28周的前瞻性、开放性II期试验研究,并对24周的扩展试验进行随访。初始试验纳入30例高疾病活动度的SS患者,其中有19例患者在扩展试验中进行进一步随访。研究时所有患者均在在第0、2、4周接受静脉注射贝利尤单抗(10 mg·kg−1)治疗,然后每4周分别给药1次,若患者病情需要也可以同时使用非甾体抗炎药、泼尼松、免疫调节药和抗疟药等。结果表明:第28周,SS患者的眼干、口干、乏力、关节不适、EULAR干燥综合征患者报告指数(ESSPRI)以及EULAR干燥综合征疾病活动指数(ESSDAI)均得到改善;并且在第52周患者上述症状及指标进一步得到改善,并缓解了非恶性涎腺肿大症状,尽管患者唾液流率和泪液分泌实验并无明显改善。60%的SS患者在贝利尤单抗治疗后半年至1年间没有任何新增的不良反应事件,显示出药物良好的安全性。因此,EULAR建议贝利尤单抗作为严重、难治性、系统性的pSS病例的挽救疗法 [38] 。Gandolfo等人 [39] 报道了1例pSS合并黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤和难治性冷球蛋白血症性血管炎患者接受贝利尤单抗联合利妥昔单抗治疗后,pSS病情得到明显改善。近期一项为期68周的II期随机、双盲、安慰剂为对照组的贝利尤单抗作为利妥昔单抗序贯治疗的研究中 [40] ,将86例活动性pSS的成年患者按1:2:2:2随机分为四组:安慰剂组、皮下注射贝利尤组、利妥昔单抗组和序贯贝利尤单抗组及利妥昔单抗组。研究时安慰剂组(第1周至51周皮下注射贝利尤单抗安慰剂,第8周和第10周静脉注射利妥昔单抗安慰剂)、序贯贝利尤单抗 + 利妥昔单抗组(第1周至24周皮下注射贝利尤单抗200 mg,第25周至51周皮下注射贝利尤单抗安慰剂,第8周和第10周静脉注射利妥昔单抗1000 mg)、贝利尤单抗单药组(第1周至51周皮下注射贝利尤单抗200 mg,第8周和第10周静脉注射利妥昔单抗安慰剂)、利妥昔单抗单药组(第1周至51周皮下注射贝利尤单抗安慰剂,第8周和第10周静脉注射利妥昔单抗),结果表明:仅在贝利尤单抗联合利妥昔单抗组pSS患者中观察到唾液腺CD20+ B淋巴细胞几乎完全耗尽。利妥昔单抗联合贝利尤单抗组患者ESSDAI降低5.7%,贝利尤单抗单药组仅降低了3.9%,利妥昔单抗单药组仅降低了4.4%,安慰剂组仅降低了1.8%。第68周时使用干燥综合征相关复合终点(CRESS)评估发现,35.3%为利妥昔单抗联合贝利尤单抗的缓解者,贝利尤单抗单药组为36.8%,利妥昔单抗单药组为18.8%。贝利尤单抗联合利妥昔单抗组可改善pSS患者的唾液流率,但患者的口干症状尚无明显改善。

4.3. 抗磷脂综合征(Antiphospholipid Syndrome, APS)

是一种以反复动静脉血栓、自发性流产、血小板减少等为主要临床表现,伴有抗磷脂抗体(aPL)阳性的慢性炎症性自身免疫性疾病,可分为原发性APS与继发性APS,后者多继发于SLE、SS等结缔组织病 [41] 。Yazici等人 [42] 报道贝利尤单抗可以减少两例以弥漫性肺泡出血和皮肤溃疡为主要临床表现的原发性APS患者的糖皮质激素用量,获益良好。尚无贝利尤单抗用于原发性APS的其他报道。已有研究表明在SLE合并APS患者中,贝利尤单抗治疗与aPL水平降低密切相关 [43] 。近期对SLE合并APS患者中两项随机安慰剂对照试验的事后分析表明,与安慰剂组相比,接受贝利尤单抗干预的患者aCL-IgG水平降低更显著(32.1% vs 22.7%, P < 0.05),其他亚型的aPL尚未进行评估 [44] 。BAFF水平升高常与高疾病活动性的APS患者相关,贝利尤单抗可能有助于治疗具有微血栓表现的APS患者 [45] 。此外,贝利尤单抗已被证实可显著改善对糖皮质激素和利妥昔单抗耐受的APS患者的血小板减少 [46] 。

4.4. 系统性硬化症(Systemic Sclerosis, SSc)

SSc是一种不明原因出现局限性或弥漫性皮肤及内脏增厚、变硬为临床特征的自身免疫性疾病,其特征为皮肤和内脏器官(肺、心血管、肾脏、消化道等)纤维化以及微血管病变。女性好发,男女比例为1:(4~6),男性患者往往病情较重,更容易表现出弥漫性皮肤病变、指端溃疡、间质性肺炎及肺动脉高压,预后较差 [47] 。目前,SSc及其并发症的治疗主要包括:糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂及对症处理等治疗。

BLyS在B淋巴细胞的增殖、分化和激活中发挥重要作用,B淋巴细胞活化促进机体炎症反应的发生及补体途径的激活,从而促进纤维化的产生 [48] 。已有研究证明BAFF刺激皮肤成纤维细胞胶原蛋白的分泌和促纤维化细胞因子的表达 [49] 。研究表明,在SSc患者中高水平BlyS与高疾病活动度有关 [50] 。Mwangi等人 [51] 报道了1例SLE-ILD合并SSc的重叠综合征患者,在接受羟氯喹及环磷酰胺治疗后病情无明显改善,在应用贝利尤单抗后,患者肺功能参数FVC和DLCO得到显著改善,获益良好。Mami Hara等人 [52] 报道了1例SLE合并SSc-ILD患者,患者在用糖皮质激素及硫唑嘌呤治疗效果不佳后,给予贝利尤单抗后,患者激素平均日剂量显著减少,病情改善明显;Gordon等人 [53] 在一项为期52周小型单中心、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照组的试验研究中,以评估贝利尤单抗在霉酚酸酯(MMF)治疗背景下治疗早期弥漫性皮肤系统性硬化症(dcSSc)患者的安全性和有效性。20例dcSSc患者按照1:1随机分配,分为静脉注射贝利尤单抗(10 mg·kg−1)组和安慰剂组,结果表明:接受贝利尤单抗治疗的dcSSc患者改良罗德南皮肤评分(modified Rodney skin score, mRSS)表现出更大的改善,尽管两组间并无统计学差异(P = 0.411);与安慰剂组相比,贝利尤单抗组mRSS改善的患者皮肤中B淋巴细胞信号传导通路和纤维化相关基因(包括胶原蛋白、游离细胞外基质蛋白和TGFB/TGFBR)的表达显著降低。两组的不良事件发生率无明细差异(贝利尤单抗组53例,安慰剂组56例;P = 0.868)。尚需要大规模的临床试验来证实贝利尤单抗在SSc患者中的安全性及有效性。

4.5. 特发性炎性肌病(Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies, IIM)

IIM是一组以累及皮肤和四肢骨骼肌为主要特征的系统性自身炎性疾病。IIM的病理特点为肌纤维肿胀,横纹肌消失,肌浆透明化,肌纤维膜细胞核增多,肌组织内炎症细胞浸润。最近研究表明IIM患者血清中BAFF水平是健康人的10倍以上,与肌炎疾病活动度独立相关 [54] ;IIM患者体内BAFF和BAFFR高表达与浸润肌肉组织的B淋巴细胞活化和浆细胞增殖有关,进一步引起肌肉组织分泌自身抗体 [55] [56] 。崔贝贝等人 [57] 首次报道了1例贝利尤单抗应用于抗SRP抗体阳性免疫介导的坏死性肌病(IMNM)的患者,患者对贝利尤单抗表现出良好的反应性与耐受性。Marder等人 [58] 进行了为期40 周的小型多中心随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验研究,并持续进行了24周的扩展试验。初始试验纳入17例难治性特发性炎症性肌病患者(Refractory idiopathic inflammatory myopathy),其中15例患者在扩展试验中进行随访,患者按照1:1随机分配为贝利尤单抗(10 mg·kg−1)联合标准化治疗组和标准化治疗组联合安慰剂组,结果表明:贝利尤单抗组与安慰剂组治疗有效率并无统计学差异(P = NS)。贝利尤单抗并未减少IIM患者糖皮质激素用量,在贝利尤单抗组中,尽管B血细胞总数没有减少,但贝利尤单抗组可诱导IIM患者幼稚B淋巴细胞耗竭。55.5% IIM患者在接受贝利尤单抗治疗后改善定义(DOI)和总改善评分(TIS)方面表现出更大的改善。未来仍需要进行大型多中心、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验进一步探究贝利尤单抗在IIM的安全性和有效性。

4.6. 类风湿关节炎(Rheumatoid Arthritis, RA)

一种慢性炎症性疾病,以对称性、多关节炎为主要临床表现。主要表现为关节肿痛,晚期发生强直、畸形及功能障碍。目前临床上常用治疗RA的药物,包括非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDS)、糖皮质激素、抗风湿药物(DMARDS)和生物制剂 [59] 。BAFF在RA的发生发展中发挥重要作用,贝利尤单抗在RA的治疗中具有重要的研究价值。Stohl等人 [60] 进行了一项II期、双盲、安慰剂对照、剂量范围试验。主要入选标准是符合美国风湿病学会(American College of Rheumatology, ACR)标准诊断为RA,病程至少一年。共283例患者(安慰剂组69例,贝利尤单抗组214例)接受24周干预,并有237例患者在开放标签研究中继续使用贝利尤单抗。研究对象在进入研究前60 d停用其他DMARDs,前30 d开始使用固定剂量的NSAIDS或糖皮质激素(10 mg·kg−1)治疗;贝利尤单抗以1 mg·kg−1、4 mg·kg1和10 mg·kg1的剂量分别在第0、14和28 d静脉给药,之后每28 d给药一次。在第24周达到ACR20应答的患者比例是主要终点。结果表明:干预24周,安慰剂组和贝利尤单抗1、4、10 mg·kg1干预组ACR20达标率分别为15.9%、34.7% (P = 0.010)、25.4% (P = 0.168)和28.2% (P = 0.080)。观察48周,安慰剂组在24周后改为贝利尤单抗(10 mg·kg1)的RA患者与单纯贝利尤单抗组ACR20达标率分别是42%、41%,安慰剂组改为10 mg·kg1贝利尤单抗治疗后有更好的治疗效果。贝利尤单抗对RA显示出良好疗效,并且对既往治疗失败的RA具有良好耐受性,可为RA治疗提供新选择。

4.7. 其他风湿病

自身免疫性肝炎(autoimmune hepatitis, AIH):是一种原因不明,伴循环自身抗体和高球蛋白血症的慢性炎症反应性肝脏疾病。大部分AIH患者起病缓慢,轻者甚至无症状,约25%患者可有急性发作过程 [61] 。Arvaniti等人 [62] 报道了2例贝利尤单抗作为难治性AIH患者的第三线附加治疗方案,患者均获得完全缓解,并在接受低剂量皮质类固醇治疗时持续缓解,并未观察到不良事件,贝利尤单抗可作为难治性AIH患者治疗新选择。

IgG4相关疾病(IgG4-related disease, IgG4-RD)是一种慢性炎症伴有纤维化的系统性疾病,可累及全身多个部位,绝大多数患者出现血清IgG4水平升高,受累器官组织中可见大量IgG4阳性浆细胞浸润和纤维化 [63] 。新近研究发现贝利尤单抗对IgG4-RD疗效甚佳。M Yamamoto等人 [64] 报道了1例以颈部、纵隔和腋窝区光敏性皮疹和淋巴结肿大为首发表现狼疮肾炎合并IgG4-RD病例,糖皮质激素及霉酚酸酯治疗效果不佳后,给予患者贝利尤单抗治疗,患者蛋白尿完全消失,皮疹、全身乏力以及血清IgG4水平得到改善,SLE合并IgG4-RD病情得到缓解。Yu Katayama等人 [65] 报道了1例SLE缓解后合并IgG4-RD反复发作的病例,患者在用糖皮质激素及他克莫司治疗后,反复出现唾液腺肿大、淋巴结肿大,CT示腹主动脉周围炎,血清IgG和IgG4升高,补体下降,给予贝利尤单抗后,患者唾液腺肿大、淋巴结肿大以及血清学表现明显好转,IgG4-RD病情改善明显。

5. 不良反应

贝利尤单抗在治疗SLE和其他风湿性疾病方面具有重要的临床应用价值。为了评估其安全性,进行了多项研究并取得了一些重要的成果。临床试验如BLISS-52、BLISS-76、BLISS-LN和BLISS东北亚等,比较了贝利尤单抗治疗组与安慰剂组之间的不良事件发生率。研究结果显示,贝利尤单抗的安全性与安慰剂相当,未出现严重的安全性问题。然而,一些不良事件仍然被观察到,包括关节炎、头痛、输注或注射部位的反应/过敏反应、感染及恶性肿瘤 [25] [66] 。其中,对于高疾病活动度SLE患者,特别是涉及到神经精神方面症状时,应用贝利尤单抗可能增加严重不良事件(如进展性多灶性脑白质病、抑郁和自杀)的风险 [67] [68] 。未来,仍需要进一步开展大样本、长期随访的研究,以全面了解贝利尤单抗的安全性和潜在的副作用,并为临床实践提供更可靠的依据。

国内外的近期研究也提供了关于贝利尤单抗安全性的一些新的见解。这些研究包括观察真实世界中贝利尤单抗的使用情况、安全性评估以及长期随访等。一项国内研究通过回顾性分析贝利尤单抗治疗SLE患者的数据发现,贝利尤单抗的应用在一定程度上改善了患者的症状和生活质量,并且在短期内没有观察到明显的安全性问题 [69] ;一项国外的研究则对贝利尤单抗在治疗SLE患者中的安全性进行了系统回顾,结果显示,贝利尤单抗的应用在缓解症状方面具有显著疗效,并且在短期内的安全性表现良好 [70] 。总体而言,现有的研究和临床试验结果表明,贝利尤单抗在治疗SLE患者时具有较好的安全性。贝利尤单抗在其他CTDs患者中的安全性尚缺乏相关数据。

6. 结论与展望

贝利尤单抗在帮助风湿性疾病患者改善症状、达标治疗、激素减量和预防复发的过程中起到了重要作用。对于常规治疗无效的CTDs患者有较高治疗价值,且安全性高,值得临床推广应用。

基金项目

国家自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(82201994),山东省自然科学基金资助项目(No. ZR2022MH016、No. ZR2021QH043)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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