影响冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者认知功能障碍的风险因素分析
Analysis of Risk Factors Affecting Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients with Coronary Ath-erosclerotic Heart Disease
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.13112570, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 243  浏览: 381 
作者: 古丽尼莎汗·热西提, 幸世峰*:新疆医科大学第五附属医院心内科,新疆 乌鲁木齐
关键词: 冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病认知功能障碍风险因素Coronary Atherosclerotic Heart Disease (CAD) Cognitive Dysfunction Risk Factor
摘要: 冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(CAD)是一种全球范围内广泛存在的心血管疾病,对患者的生活质量和健康状况产生严重影响。除了威胁生命之外,CAD还与认知功能障碍密切相关,引发广泛关注。认知功能障碍包括记忆、注意力、思维、语言和执行功能等多个领域的认知功能下降,对患者的日常生活、工作能力和社交互动带来负面影响。本综述旨在深入分析CAD患者认知功能障碍的风险因素,为未来的研究和临床实践提供重要的指导。
Abstract: Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CAD) is a widespread cardiovascular disease worldwide that has a serious impact on the quality of life and health of patients. In addition to threatening lives, CAD is also closely related to cognitive dysfunction, which has caused widespread concern. Cognitive impairment includes a decline in cognitive function in several areas, including memory, attention, thinking, language and executive function, which negatively affects the patient’s daily life, ability to work and social interaction. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the risk factors for cognitive dysfunction in CAD patients and provide important guidance for future research and clin-ical practice.
文章引用:古丽尼莎汗·热西提, 幸世峰. 影响冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者认知功能障碍的风险因素分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(11): 18307-18312. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13112570

1. 引言

冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(Coronary Artery Disease, CAD)是一种全球性心血管疾病,严重威胁着患者的健康与生活质量 [1] 。该疾病源于冠状动脉的狭窄或阻塞,通常由动脉粥样硬化(Atherosclerosis)所引发,导致心肌缺血,甚至可能发展为致命的心肌梗死 [2] 。据世界卫生组织的统计数据,CAD已为全球心血管病死亡的主要原因,每年夺去数百万人的生命。CAD的一个未被充分认识但特别重要的症状是认知障碍;CAD患者在多个认知领域表现出特定的中断,并且轻度认知障碍、血管性认知障碍(VCI)和痴呆的风险增加 [3] [4] 。认知功能的受损不仅对患者的日常生活产生深远影响,还可能影响其工作能力和社交互动,进一步加剧了生活质量的下降 [5] 。因此,对于冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者,认知功能障碍的严重性日益凸显,迫切需要深入的研究来探索解决之道。

2. 冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病与认知功能

2.1. 认知功能

认知功能涵盖一系列高级脑功能,包括记忆、注意力、思维、语言和执行功能等多个关键方面 [6] 。其组成要素相辅相成,共同构建个体的智力和认知能力,对个体的日常生活和社会互动至关重要。简而言之,记忆是指个体存储和检索信息的能力,分为工作记忆(Short-Term Memory)和长期记忆(Long-Term Memory),在学习、问题解决和信息处理中发挥关键作用。注意力是专注于某一任务或信息的能力,是认知功能的起点,影响着信息处理的深度与效率。思维则包括判断、决策和问题解决的过程,在处理复杂问题和应对日常挑战中发挥关键作用。语言涉及理解和表达言语的能力,是社交互动和知识传递的重要媒介。执行功能则包括计划、组织、自我控制和灵活性等能力,对于有效完成日常任务和处理复杂问题至关重要 [7] 。认知功能的协调运作不仅支持个体的日常生活,还影响其在教育、职业和社交层面的表现。

2.2. 冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病与认知功能

冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(CAD)对认知功能的影响既可通过直接途径,也可通过间接途径产生深远的影响。Prisco A R [8] 等研究NSS时发现,CAD引发冠状动脉供血不足,导致大脑缺氧的情况,可能直接威胁认知功能的正常运作。而CAD患者常伴随微血管功能障碍,也对大脑血流产生不利的影响。此外,微循环问题可能妨碍脑细胞的正常代谢和功能 [9] ,从而影响记忆、思维和注意力等认知能力。Gelosa P [10] 等指出,CAD的严重并发症,例如心肌梗死,也可能引发脑部损伤,造成认知功能的直接受损。另一方面,CAD的一些常见风险因素,如高血压、高血脂和慢性炎症,在长期内对认知功能产生负面影响,引发或加剧脑血管疾病,包括脑缺血和小血管病变,进而导致脑部结构和功能的受损 [11] 。

2.3. 认知功能障碍对患者生活质量的影响

认知功能障碍对冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(CAD)患者的影响不仅限于生物学层面,还深刻地影响他们的社会生活质量。其会导致患者在日常生活中面临各种挑战,如忘记重要事项、难以维持注意力,或遇到语言和思维方面的困难。不仅威胁着他们的工作能力,还可能增加社交互动方面的困扰,甚至引发抑郁和焦虑等心理健康问题 [12] 。在日常生活中,忘记约会、忽略重要的任务或错失关键细节会导致不必要的困惑和焦虑,对于工作和家庭生活的正常进行构成了障碍。而在社交互动中,语言和思维方面的困难可能导致交流障碍,降低了患者的自信心,也可能影响他们的人际关系。

3. 风险因素

3.1. 年龄

年龄在探讨冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(CAD)患者认知功能下降的关系中扮演着不可或缺的关键角色。随着年龄的逐渐增长,人体经历了一系列显著而持久的生理和神经系统的变化,对认知功能产生了深远的影响。老年人通常更容易经历认知功能下降,其表现包括但不限于记忆能力减退、难以集中注意力、信息处理速度减缓等症状 [13] 。在CAD患者中,与年龄相关的认知功能下降可能表现得更为明显,因为这些患者需要同时应对CAD本身带来的生理负担和年龄引起的认知挑战。值得注意的是,年老者往往经历与大脑结构和功能相关的逐渐变化,包括大脑体积的减小、神经元数量的减少以及突触连接的稀疏化 [14] [15] 。因年龄引起的生理改变可能导致认知功能下降,尤其是在复杂认知任务和记忆方面 [16] 。

3.2. 心脏病严重程度

冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(CAD)的严重程度是一个关键的因素,其对认知功能的影响程度呈现出显著的差异。不同CAD严重程度之间的差异可能导致不同程度的认知功能下降 [17] 。尤其是在CAD患者中,重度CAD常伴随着心肌缺血和心肌梗死等严重并发症,可能直接影响大脑的生理功能,从而引发认知功能下降 [18] 。心肌缺血会导致心肌细胞氧供不足,对大脑供血产生不利影响,进一步导致认知功能下降 [19] [20] ,包括心律失常和低血压对大脑功能产生不利影响,对认知功能产生直接威胁。

3.3. 代谢综合症

Van den Berg等研究 [21] 已经证实代谢综合症与认知功能障碍之间存在紧密的关联,其中包括高血压、高血糖、高胆固醇和肥胖等。这些因素对认知功能产生一系列不可忽视的不良影响,将认知功能障碍的风险提高到令人深感忧虑的水平。

Zlokovic B V [22] 等指出,高血压引发的一系列脑血管病变问题,包括动脉硬化和小血管病变,都可能对大脑供血产生不利影响,导致认知功能下降。心血管疾病与认知功能下降的关联尤为明显,尤其是记忆和注意力等高级认知功能的受损 [23] 。特别值得强调的是代谢综合症的构成因素,如糖尿病、高血压和高血脂,不仅单独存在时对认知功能产生影响,而且当它们联合存在时,可能显著加速认知功能下降的风险 [24] 。这不仅对一般人群具有重要意义,对于冠状动脉心脏病(CAD)患者而言尤为紧要。

3.4. 炎症和免疫系统

炎症与免疫系统在冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(CAD)患者中之间相互作用错综复杂,而其在认知功能领域的重要性备受关注。van der Meijden P E J [25] 等研究指出,炎症的存在可能催生血管炎症和动脉硬化,引发潜在的病理生理过程,对认知功能施加不可忽视的负面影响。炎症引发的血管炎症不仅增加了动脉硬化的概率,还可直接干扰大脑血液供应 [26] ,从而在认知功能领域,尤其是记忆和注意力方面,产生有害后果。Williams A L [27] 等指出,慢性炎症及自身免疫疾病被视为对认知功能产生不良影响的潜在威胁。炎症相关的疾病导致免疫系统异常激活,诱发炎症反应,并可能在大脑功能中引发一系列损害。尽管使用免疫抑制剂被视为治疗这些疾病的有效方式,但却存在对认知功能潜在产生不利影响的风险 [28] 。

3.5. 药物治疗

冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(CAD)的治疗策略常伴随药物治疗,然而,药物对认知功能可能存在潜在的影响,而探讨这一问题涉及多种复杂和多样的因素。各种不同类型的心脏病治疗药物与认知功能之间的相互关系颇为错综复杂 [29] ,因此,确切了解它们对认知功能的影响不容小觑。同药物种类对认知功能可能产生不同影响,有些可能对某些认知领域产生积极效应,而对其他领域则带来负面效应 [30] [31] 。而不同药物类型,如抗血小板药物、β受体拮抗剂、钙通道拮抗剂等,可能对认知功能产生不同的影响。Perkins J D [32] 等研究发现,药物的剂量和治疗时间可能对其对认知功能的影响产生显著影响。此外,CAD患者之间可能存在年龄、性别、共患疾病、遗传因素和生活方式等方面的差异,这些因素可能对药物对认知功能的影响产生多样性 [33] [34] 。因此,未来的研究需要以个体化治疗为目标,以确保针对不同患者制定最佳治疗策略,最大限度地维护其认知功能。

4. 结论

冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(CAD)与认知功能障碍之间的紧密关联跨足多个认知领域 [35] ,如记忆、注意力、思维、语言和执行功能。这一关联的深刻性也受到不同风险因素的影响,其中年龄、心脏病严重程度、代谢综合症、高血压、炎症和药物治疗等因素在这个关系中扮演着重要角色。因此,在临床实践中,将认知功能的评估和监测纳入CAD患者的综合管理计划,为他们提供定制的支持和干预措施是至关重要的 [36] 。同时,长期追踪研究对于更深入地了解认知功能障碍的发展过程和治疗效果至关重要。进一步的研究还需要深入探讨CAD患者心脏病和认知功能障碍之间的相关性 [37] ,以及不同亚群体之间的认知功能变化,这将为未来的研究和临床实践提供更精确的指导。

本研究表明年龄对冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(CAD)患者认知功能下降的关键作用。随着患者年龄的不断增长,更容易经历认知功能下降的局面,这一现象在老年患者中尤为显著。老年CAD患者的认知功能陷入下降,通常以记忆力的减退、注意力不集中以及信息处理速度减缓等症状表现出来。此外,本研究也明确指出,心脏病的严重程度直接干预认知功能,尤其是心肌缺血和心脏手术等严重并发症,可能对认知功能产生不利影响。而与代谢综合症的关系密切,尤其是糖尿病、高血压和高血脂等因素。无论是单独存在还是相互关联,都可能大幅增加认知功能下降的风险。高血压在CAD患者中被认为是增加认知功能障碍风险的重要因素。此外,本研究发现了免疫系统和炎症与认知功能之间的错综复杂关系。炎症可能引发血管炎症和动脉硬化,对认知功能产生不利影响,尤其是在记忆和注意力等领域。同时,慢性炎症和自身免疫疾病引起的异常免疫活动也可能对认知功能产生不利影响,而治疗这些疾病的免疫抑制剂使用可能产生积极或负面的效应。CAD的治疗通常伴随药物使用,然而,这些药物对认知功能的潜在影响需要进一步深入研究,尤其是在不同CAD患者之间的个体差异方面。

综上所述,认知功能障碍对CAD患者的生活质量和治疗管理产生重要影响。对不同风险因素的影响程度的深入了解以及更好地管理认知功能障碍,将有助于CAD患者获得更好的医疗护理,从而改善其认知健康。这一领域的研究前景仍然广阔,对于CAD患者和医疗专业人员而言,对认知功能的关注将在未来的研究和治疗中发挥关键作用。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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