糖尿病足溃疡患者营养状况评估及其干预的研究进展
Advances in the Assessment of Nutritional Status and Its Intervention in Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcers
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.13112417, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 240  浏览: 493 
作者: 何施雨:重庆医科大学第二临床学院,重庆;李生兵*:重庆医科大学附属第二医院内分泌与代谢病科,重庆
关键词: 糖尿病足溃疡营养不良预后营养素营养相关风险评估工具Diabetic Foot Ulcer Malnutrition Prognosis Nutrients Nutrition-Related Risk Assessment Tool
摘要: 糖尿病足溃疡(DFU)是由糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)和周围动脉疾病(PAD)引起的糖尿病患者常见的并发症,尽管我们对这一糖尿病并发症的认识和治疗有所改善,DFU的预后仍然很差。既往研究发现超过一半的DFU患者存在中度或重度的营养不良,因此,DFU患者营养状况评估及其干预成为医学领域广泛关注的问题。本文旨在阐述DFU患者营养不良机制、营养不良对DFU患者预后的影响、营养干预的临床应用价值以及评估DFU患者营养相关风险的工具。
Abstract: Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a common complication in patients with diabetes mellitus caused by di-abetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and the prognosis of DFU is still poor, despite improvements in our understanding and treatment of this diabetic com-plication. Previous studies have found that more than half of DFU patients suffer from moderate or severe malnutrition; therefore, the assessment of the nutritional status of DFU patients and their interventions have become a widespread concern in the medical field. The purpose of this article is to describe the mechanism of malnutrition in DFU patients, the impact of malnutrition on the prog-nosis of DFU patients, the clinical value of nutritional interventions, and the tools for assessing nu-trition-related risks in DFU patients.
文章引用:何施雨, 李生兵. 糖尿病足溃疡患者营养状况评估及其干预的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(11): 17250-17258. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13112417

1. 糖尿病足溃疡概述

糖尿病是最普遍的代谢性疾病之一,在人口中发病率逐年提升 [1] 。糖尿病足溃疡(DFU)是糖尿病患者常见的并发症,由糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)和周围动脉疾病(PAD)引起,近四分之一的糖尿病患者会在他们生命中的某个时刻患上足部溃疡 [2] ,尽管我们对这一糖尿病并发症的认识和治疗有所改善,DFU患者的预后仍然很差 [3] 。DFU愈合后复发率高。大约40%的患者在溃疡愈合后一年内复发,近60%在三年内复发,65%在五年内复发 [4] 。DFU是世界范围内非创伤性下肢截肢(LEA)的主要原因 [5] 。且约50%的DFU患者在接受截肢后5年内死亡 [6] 。此外,DFU患者5年死亡率高达30.5%,与部分癌症相当 [7] 。研究发现,DFU可导致患者住院费用增加、住院时间延长、下肢截肢甚至死亡 [8] ,降低了患者的生活质量,给患者及其家庭带来了身心负担,也给社会带来了巨大的经济负担 [9] 。糖尿病足患者创面迁延难愈,与代谢紊乱、血管病变、神经病变、感染相关,也与年龄、肾功能不全、营养不良等全身情况有关。然而,营养不良在慢性或严重疾病患者中往往得不到认识,有研究表明,营养状况与创面愈合之间存在着显著的相关性,均衡的饮食,充足的水分、热量、蛋白质等营养要素,对创面愈合具有重要意义。因此,营养评估和干预也是糖尿病足管理的重要环节。本文就DFU患者营养不良机制、营养对DFU患者预后的影响、营养干预的临床应用价值以及评估DFU患者营养相关风险的工具进行综述。

2. DFU患者营养状况概述

2.1. DFU患者营养状况

营养不良通常被定义为“因摄入或摄取营养不足而引起身体成分(无脂肪质量减少)及身体细胞质量变化,造成身心功能减退以及疾病临床结果受损的状态” [10] 。DFU患者依靠多学科护理来优化伤口愈合,一个重要但经常被忽视的方面是营养状态。DFU常与营养不良有关,特别是在老年患者中 [11] 。

2.2. DFU患者营养不良机制及原因

许多因素参与并导致DFU患者的营养不良,主要包括营养摄入减少、能量和蛋白质需求增加、损失增加和炎症 [12] 。Maier等人的一项研究显示,DFU患者的能量摄入量仅达到膳食参考摄入量(DRI)的55% [13] 。同样,Collins等人研究表明DFU患者平均每天蛋白质摄入量比每天所需的膳食摄入量少约20克 [14] 。DFU患者常合并多种并发症,糖尿病周围神经病变会引起疼痛、麻木、胃轻瘫、腹泻等,糖尿病肾病会涉及蛋白质渗漏和肾小球滤过率降低,这些症状加上血管并发症,导致失眠、食欲不振、能量消耗增加、蛋白质损失、水肿,从而营养状况恶化。感染和营养不良总是有着错综复杂的联系,两者的相互作用导致了DFU患者对感染易感性的增加和不良营养状况的协同恶性循环 [15] 。一方面,营养不良可使免疫系统减弱,同时DFU患者皮肤受损,血供差,从而更易发生感染 [16] 。另一方面,机体对与DFU相关的创伤或感染的反应可能会改变代谢、食欲和吸收,导致摄入不足;此外,感染足部溃疡的渗出物会导致营养物质的额外流失 [17] ,而机体应对这种感染的尝试往往会增加营养物质的消耗。因此,DFU患者或许会陷入一种恶性循环,即伤口未愈合、营养缺乏、炎症反应不充分,从而导致病情进一步恶化。此外,药物相关的副作用,如抗生素和止痛药,也可能导致厌食症 [12] 。DFU患者的活动度降低可能导致严重的分解代谢,进而降低肌肉蛋白合成 [18] 。DFU患者伴有持续的炎症状态 [19] ,可能通过增加毛细血管通透性和促进蛋白质降解而导致低白蛋白血症 [20] 。

3. 营养不良对DFU的影响

3.1. 营养对DFU患者预后的影响

营养在DFU患者伤口愈合中起着至关重要的作用 [14] [21] ,因为修复组织损伤的代谢成本,以及通过伤口液体造成的营养损失需要额外的营养素。营养被认为在DFU愈合的几乎每个方面都有良好的联系,包括免疫功能、血糖控制、羟脯氨酸浓度、体重管理和身体能力 [14] [21] 。一些文献已经发现营养不良的相关迹象与糖尿病足部溃疡(DFU)愈合能力之间存在负相关关系 [14] [21] 。在多病和虚弱的DFU患者中,更好的营养甚至与整体全因死亡率的降低有关。Zhang等研究结果表明:营养不良在DFU患者中普遍存在,营养良好患者足部溃疡大部分愈合(86.3%),而营养不良患者足部溃疡则倾向于延迟或复发 [22] 。营养不良与不良预后风险增加有显著关联。同样,我们的临床经验表明,许多营养不良患者的糖尿病足问题的预后较差,包括延迟伤口愈合,延长住院时间,增加截肢率和死亡率 [12] [23] 。

营养素分为宏量营养素和微量营养素,宏量营养素主要包含蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物,是我们身体每日所需的主要基本元素。碳水化合物的摄入量是引起血糖变化的关键因素,有研究表明,在合并创面的患者机体中,摄入适量的碳水化合物可以有效促进细胞合成,并对白细胞抗炎过程起着重要作用。蛋白质对伤口愈合很重要,例如,在炎症阶段,低血清白蛋白、循环蛋白会导致炎症不充分,导致伤口愈合受损。肉芽组织是在增殖阶段形成的,主要由蛋白质组成,其中胶原蛋白丰富。事实上,胶原蛋白占真皮干重的80%,有助于伤口的拉伸强度 [24] 。成熟阶段需要蛋白质和胶原蛋白来提高组织强度。伤口每天每公斤需要1.5克到3克蛋白质,以确保组织再生 [25] ,这是正常蛋白质摄入量的三倍。然而,应该注意的是,糖尿病患者,尤其是肾损伤患者,应该限制他们的蛋白质摄入量,以减少蛋白尿,改善糖尿病肾病的预后。谷氨酰胺对组织修复很重要,用于细胞增殖,能刺激胶原蛋白的合成。精氨酸调节组织细胞生长、复制和修复所需的通路,可能有助于伤口愈合 [26] 。添加精氨酸可以改善创面愈合的标志物,如增加创面床中的蛋白质和羟脯氨酸含量,增强T淋巴细胞功能,促进正氮平衡 [26] [27] 。有项研究结果表明:糖尿病足患者在3个月内通过特异性补充亚麻籽油来源ω-3脂肪酸(1000 mg,2次/日),可以明显减小患者足部创面面积及深度,该结果可能与ω-3脂肪酸减少炎症因子的产生有关 [28] 。众所周知,宏量营养素营养不良,特别是蛋白质,会对伤口愈合产生不利影响。同样重要的是微量营养素,它们是细胞代谢的关键成分,对复杂伤口的愈合非常重要 [29] 。有研究表明,在患有足部溃疡的糖尿病患者中,微量营养素缺乏的发生率很高 [30] 。许多维生素和矿物质在免疫系统和伤口愈合中发挥着重要作用,其中特别重要的是维生素C、维生素A和锌。维生素C在免疫调节、胶原合成和抗氧化状态中发挥着重要作用,因此,在伤口愈合的不同阶段,如炎症、增殖和重塑中,维生素C是一种必需的营养物质 [31] 。维生素A与伤口愈合有关的生物学特性是抗氧化活性和细胞增殖和分化的调节。维生素A促进成纤维细胞增殖、胶原交联、透明质酸的合成,降低基质金属蛋白酶介导的细胞外基质降解 [32] 。锌参与抗氧化功能(SOD的一部分)、细胞复制、组织修复、核酸代谢和生长、蛋白质合成 [33] 。

3.2. 营养干预对治疗DFU的研究进展

糖尿病足溃疡患者需获得足够和正确的营养,以确保他们的足溃疡成功闭合。口服补充剂,肠内和肠外营养是营养支持的三个常见的类别。NICE 2017建议 [34] ,对于营养不良或有营养不良风险的人,可以单独或联合使用口服、肠内和肠外营养。然而,Gottschlich 2001认为肠内营养优于肠外营养,特别是在伤口愈合的早期阶段 [35] 。

营养干预可以改善糖尿病患者足部溃疡的伤口愈合。蛋白质、氨基酸(精氨酸、谷氨酰胺和蛋氨酸)、维生素C和A以及锌已被用作压力性溃疡愈合的药理营养素。有文献表明,DFU愈合与选择性的营养干预之间存在正相关 [14] [21] 。在糖尿病足患者中,补充维生素D、C、A和E、镁、锌、omega-3脂肪酸和益生菌可以减少溃疡大小并改善血糖控制,尽管它们与完全愈合无关;然而,补充精氨酸、谷氨酰胺和β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸盐确实显示伤口愈合,尽管需要进一步的证据来证实这些结果 [36] 。而Moore ZE等人发表的综述中表明关于营养干预治疗糖尿病患者足部溃疡的有效性,来自随机对照试验的确定性证据非常低 [37] 。结果尚不清楚补充营养和不补充营养在愈合、截肢或死亡方面是否有区别。还不清楚补充营养和不补充营养是否在健康相关的生活质量或溃疡复发的数量上有差异。因此,没有足够的证据支持或反对使用营养干预治疗糖尿病患者的足溃疡。总的来说,需要更多的研究来阐明营养干预对糖尿病患者足部溃疡愈合的影响。

目前,虽然没有高质量的证据支持补充营养素来改善伤口愈合,然而,鉴于一些营养素的生理作用,糖尿病足疾病的复杂性,以及DFU患者营养素缺乏的高发率,我们建议评估糖尿病足溃疡患者中能量、蛋白质、维生素和矿物质的水平,如果发现缺乏,就考虑补充治疗。

4. DFU患者营养相关风险评估工具

评估糖尿病足患者是否有营养不良风险是综合整治非常重要的一个环节。当患者严重营养不良时,临床诊断明显。然而,早期营养不良的迹象和症状往往是隐匿的和被忽视的,应通过经过验证的营养筛查工具识别有风险的受试者,为后续干预提供依据。营养不良的筛查工具有很多,结合指南及相关的研究可以选用老年营养风险指数(GNRI)、预后营养指数(PNI)、控制营养状况(CONUT)、主观整体评估(SGA)、迷你营养评估(MNA)、全面营养评估(FNA)、营养风险筛查2002 (NRS2002)等筛查工具进行评估。其中GNRI、PNI、CONUT指数比较简单,方便、有效、实用。它们可以从容易获得的参数中计算出来,如:白蛋白(ALB)、总胆固醇(TC)、淋巴细胞计数、身高和体重等。而SGA、MNA、NRS2002,则是通过询问病史、查体、患者自评等方式获得,带有一定的主观性,可能会对评估结果的准确性造成一定的影响 [38] 。

4.1. 老年营养风险指数(GNRI)

GNRI根据Lorentz公式得出理想体质量,计算公式为:男性 = H − 100 − [(H − 150)/4];女性 = H − 100 − [(H − 150)/2.5]。其中H为身高,根据公式GNRI = [1.489 × 血清白蛋白(g/L)] + [41.7 × 体重(kg)/理想体重(kg)]对DFU患者的营养风险进行评估:高营养风险GNRI < 93.1;低营养风险GNRI ≥ 93.1 [39] 。Bouillanne等人首先评估GNRI可预测住院老年患者的死亡率 [40] 。随后,GNRI对预后的预测价值也在慢性心力衰竭患者和血液透析患者中得到证实 [41] [42] 。此外,GNRI还被用作危重肢体缺血患者截肢和严重DFU患者全因死亡率的预测指标 [39] [43] [44] 。Xie等人研究结果还表明入院时GNRI是DFU患者行LEA治疗后死亡率的有效预测指标 [45] 。这是首次发现术前较低的GNRI与较高的死亡率显著相关。GNRI仅从血清白蛋白和实际体重与理想体重之间的比值来预测预后,现已被用作一种简便而有价值的工具,它在将患者归类为危险或营养不良方面的倾向较MNA差,但似乎能更好地预测预后 [46] [47] [48] 。

4.2. 控制营养状况(CONUT)

CONUT是评估病人营养状况的有用工具,可用于早期识别和持续监测住院病人的营养状况。其适用于所有人群 [49] 。它是一种使用总淋巴细胞计数、总胆固醇水平和血清白蛋白水平来计算的复杂的ODA,从不同的角度对营养状况进行评估,通过三种客观的生物标志物,反映了免疫防御功能、热量消耗能力和蛋白储备能力,从而准确客观地评估患者的营养状况 [49] 。白蛋白水平 ≥ 3.5、3.0~3.5,2.99~2.5,<2.5 g/dL分别为0、2、4、6分;淋巴细胞总数 ≥ 1600、1599~1200、1199~800、<800/mm3分别为0、1、2、3分;总胆固醇水平 ≥ 180、140~179、100~139、<100 mg/dL分别为0、1、2、3分。CONUT评分被定义为分数的总和,范围从0到12,分数越高表明营养状况越差。Shi等人研究证实CONUT评分评估的营养状态是DFU截肢的危险因素,可帮助临床医生早期评估DFU患者的截肢风险,早期改善患者的营养状态,或可降低截肢率 [50] 。与PNI和GNRI相比,营养指数COUNT的计算相对复杂,而其优势在于可以在疾病的早期阶段发现营养不良的迹象,并能够从正常和轻度营养不良的病人中识别出需要立即进行营养支持的病人。CONUT与疾病的严重程度有显著的相关性,且其检测营养不良的敏感性和特异性都很高,是有效的早期检测营养不良的工具,还可作为院内对营养不良进行连续性控制的有效工具。有研究表明CONUT评分是死亡率、足部溃疡愈合和亚临床动脉粥样硬化的有用指标,与糖尿病高危足显著相关并可用于预测DFU患者的截肢率 [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] 。

4.3. 主观整体评估(SGA)、迷你营养评估(MNA)

虽然SGA和MNA是众所周知的营养评估筛选工具,但它们在临床实践中并不总是容易常规执行 [56] [57] 。SGA是一个完善的营养评估工具,然而,这是主观的,需要经过一些培训和专业知识的评估人员进行准确的评估。SGA基于病史和体格检查,包括体重变化、饮食摄入、功能能力、胃肠症状、代谢应激、皮下脂肪减少、肌肉萎缩和踝关节/骶骨水肿。这些信息被用来将病人分为三种营养状况:A,营养良好;B,中度营养不良;C,严重营养不良 [58] 。MNA是一种经过验证的营养筛选工具,具有较高的敏感性和特异性,可以由训练有素的营养师使用简单的人体测量工具在几分钟内完成,已被国际糖尿病联合会全球2型糖尿病指南推荐,在临床实践中被广泛用于测量营养状况 [59] [60] 。MNA有18个项目,分为4个领域,包括人体测量(身体质量指数[BMI],中臂和小腿围),一般评估(最近的体重减轻,活动能力和心理问题),饮食史(饭数,食欲和进食方式),主观评估(对健康和营养状况的自我感知)。根据MNA的定义,营养状况被描述为:“营养良好”(得分:24~30),“处于营养不良风险”(得分:17~23.5),或“营养不良”(得分:<17)。有研究发现,MNA可以独立预测严重和轻微LEA的治疗结果,甚至在<65岁的患者中也是如此 [61] 。

4.4. 预后营养指数(PNI)

营养指数PNI的计算涉及血清白蛋白值(ALB)和外周血淋巴细胞总数(TLC)两种临床生化检验指标。计算公式为:PNI = ALB (g/L) + 5 × TLC (109/L)。该指标由Buzby最先提出,由Onodera完善并建立,并且发现PNI是消化道肿瘤患者术后并发症和预后的独立影响因素。相继有研究发现PNI是很多疾病如肿瘤、急慢性心力衰竭等的预后评估指标,并且与系统性红斑狼疮患者的活动有关联 [62] 。目前较少有研究将PNI用于评估DFU患者营养状况。

5. 总结与展望

超过一半的DFU患者存在中度或重度营养不良情况,营养不良与DFU创面难以愈合、下肢截肢和死亡之间存在关联。应选用合适的营养筛查工具识别有风险的受试者,及时为营养不良患者进行干预,尽可能改善预后。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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