术前减黄存在的争议与最新研究进展
The Controversy and the Latest Research Progress of Preoperative Biliary Drainage
摘要: 肝内外胆管受到直接侵犯或压迫导致胆汁排除受阻,出现梗阻性黄疸,引起全身或局部临床表现,增加手术风险,影响患者预后。临床上,对于能通过手术或介入方法根治或缓解的肝门部肝管汇合部以下的肝外胆管梗阻,是否必要术前减黄,减黄指标及减黄方法的选择一直存在着争议。本文系统总结了梗阻性黄疸术前减黄意义、术前减黄指征、减黄方法的选择和最新研究进展,以促进在临床中对梗阻性黄疸的患者的临床干预。
Abstract: Direct invasion or compression of intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile duct leads to bile exclusion ob-struction and obstructive jaundice, which causes systemic or local clinical manifestations, increases the risk of operation and affects the prognosis of patients. Clinically, for the extrahepatic bile duct obstruction below the confluence of hepatic duct, which can be cured or relieved by operation or intervention, whether it is necessary to reduce jaundice before operation, the selection of jaundice reduction index and method has always been controversial. This paper systematically summarizes the significance of preoperative jaundice reduction, indications of preoperative jaundice reduction, selection of jaundice reduction methods and the latest research progress, in order to promote clini-cal intervention for patients with obstructive jaundice.
文章引用:吐尔地·阿不来提, 段绍斌. 术前减黄存在的争议与最新研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(10): 16737-16741. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13102342

1. 引言

梗阻性黄疸指肝内外胆道因直接侵犯或间接压迫导致胆汁排出受阻,引起高胆红素血症为主要特点的一系列疾病。主要临床表现为:皮肤巩膜黄染,小便颜色加深、大便颜色变浅等,并出现肝脏功能、凝血功能异常,导致术中及术后出血风险增加 [1] ,出现内毒素血症、营养缺乏,甚至器官功能障碍 [2] 。普外科常见梗阻性黄疸原因包括胰头癌、壶腹周围癌、胆管癌、肝癌、胆囊癌、胆总管结石、急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎等 [3] [4] 。

术前减黄旨在减轻黄疸,从而减少细菌易位并改善营养状况、肝功能、免疫功能障碍以及切除后肝脏的再生能力 [5] ,术前减黄广泛应用于临床中,但在是否需要行术前减黄、术前减黄指征及术前减黄方法的选择等问题上一直存在着争议。

2. 普外科术前减黄的必要性

与胆管狭窄相关的术前高胆红素血症是术后死亡率和并发症的最重要和可改变的风险因素。与较低的胆红素浓度相比,升高的胆红素浓度与较高的术后肝功能衰竭、术中失血、术后出血、感染、心力衰竭、肾功能不全和术后早期死亡的风险相关 [6] ,根据影像学特征(Bismuth-Corlette型),肝门部胆管癌通常累及胆道汇合处,但在大多数病例中,它可延伸至近端至二、三级胆管分支。因此,对于梗阻性黄疸、病情较差的肝门部胆管癌患者,术前需要有效、充足的术前减黄,以创造一个安全的手术环境,PTBD不会增加手术相关出血的风险 [7] 。但有研究发现PD术前行PBD的壶腹周围肿瘤患者,由广谱β-内酰胺酶和产生碳青霉烯酶的肠杆菌属细菌引起的感染并发症(IC)增加了2.6倍 [8] 。可切除胰腺癌的直接手术方法通过避免PBD造成的伤害或延迟治疗和重复成像时明显的疾病进展来提高生存率,也降低了医院资源使用和患者不适 [9] 。研究表明术前ERCP是AOV癌患者术后复发的独立危险因素,且以早期癌早期远处转移为特征。因此,术前ERCP的决定应慎重 [10] 。

3. 术前减黄的指征

Ziyun shen认为血清总胆红素水平超过250 μmol/L的严重梗阻性黄疸患者在胰十二指肠切除术之前应进行常规PBD [11] 。对于可切除的壶腹周围肿瘤和无症状黄疸患者,推荐早期不进行PBD手术作为标准治疗。梗阻性胆管炎是术前胆道引流(PBD)的绝对指征 [12] 。术前胆管炎是术后胰瘘的危险因素,预防胆管炎可降低术后胰瘘的发生率。由于手术等待时间29天或更长,总胆红素水平2.9 mg/dL或更高是术前胆管炎的危险因素,因此对有这些情况的患者应考虑行PBD,内镜下放置金属支架(SEMS) [13] 。在新辅助治疗、胆管炎和由于技术原因或需要进一步调查而延迟手术的情况下PBD是必要的,如果血清胆红素水平高于250 μmol/L,建议使用PBD [14] 。术前减黄对肝门部胆管癌伴黄疸接受右肝切除术的患者有益,而对于将接受左肝切除术的患者,可能是有害的,肝门部胆管癌伴黄疸患者接受右肝切除术的患者建议行术前减黄 [15] 。

4. 术前减黄方法的选择

目前外科术前减黄的方法主要有经皮经肝胆道引流(PTBD)、经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术(PTGBD)和经内镜胆道引流术(EBD)。经内镜胆道引流术(EBD)包括内镜下鼻胆管引流术(ENBD)、内镜逆行胆道支架引流术(ERBD)、内镜超声引导透壁胆囊引流(EUS-GBD)。这几种减黄方法均能有效减轻黄疸,促使肝功能恢复,各有其优缺点,临床上,选择使用哪种减黄方法一直存在着争议。

4.1. 经皮经肝胆道引流(PTBD)

经皮经肝胆道外引流可能是肝门胆管癌的首选术前引流方法,因为胆管炎和胰腺炎的发病率较低。与ERCP相比,PTBD降低了II、III和IV型肝门部胆管癌患者的胆管炎、胰腺炎、挽救性胆道引流率,并降低了住院费用。PTBD组III型和IV型肝门部胆管癌患者发生胆管炎的风险显著降低 [16] 。EBD相比,PTBD的治疗成功率更高,总体并发症,腹膜内胆漏,30天死亡率,败血症和十二指肠穿孔的发生率更低,PTBD后胆管炎和胰腺炎的发生率低于EBD后,但是PTBD后管脱位和出血的发生率高于EBD,PTBD增加了远端胆管癌切除术后转移的发生率,可能会缩短术后生存期 [17] 。PTBD是ERCP失败或ERCP后胆管炎患者的重要辅助引流操作 [18] 。

4.2. 经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术(PTGBD)

PTGBD是指在超声引导下通过肝脏无血管区将引流管放置在胆囊内进行外引流。PTGBD适应症包括 [19] :1) 重度急性胆囊炎患者;部分中度急性胆囊炎保守治疗无效者,估计手术难度较大而无法行胆囊切除术,或处于妊娠期等不宜施行手术者;2) 不适合外科根治性手术或拒绝手术,且胆囊管通畅的胆管癌、胰头癌、胆囊癌患者的减黄治疗;3) 胆总管结石不宜施行手术或ERCP取石者。4) 急性非结石性胆囊炎诊断不明确但已排除其他病因时,患者全身症状较重保守治疗无效的试验性治疗。5) 婴幼儿的胆汁瘀滞综合征的保守治疗。术前PTGBD对有高危因素的患者,尤其是重度急性胆囊炎病例,可改善患者一般情况,缩短手术时间,减少术中出血量,降低剖腹率,可产生一定的临床获益 [20] 。急性胆囊炎患者经PTGD治疗后4~8周内行LC治疗能降低手术风险,减少住院时间及总住院费用 [21] 。但是PTGBD可能出现出血、胆瘘、导管脱落、阻塞、移位、等并发症,导管影响患者生活质量 [22] 。

4.2.1. 内镜下鼻胆管引流术(ENBD)

经鼻管插入胆道可能会引起不适,但是ENBD可以避免管子堵塞和随之而来的胆道感染 [23] 。ENBD和ERBD均为治疗胆道远端恶性梗阻的有效引流方法。ERBD在患者耐受性和胆道引流效果方面优于ENBD,但它增加了PD后EBD相关性胆管炎和深腹感染的风险。因此,对于先于PD的恶性远端胆道梗阻患者,ENBD是最佳的治疗方法 [24] 。单侧ENBD治疗残叶成功率较高,可作为肝门周围胆管癌术前引流的有效方法,甚至适用于B-CIII~IV型肿瘤患者。为减少术后并发症,ENBD应在不使用EST或胰腺造影术的情况下进行 [25] 。

4.2.2. 内镜逆行胆道支架引流(ERBD)

属于内引流,不影响胆汁的肠肝循环,有利于维持病人体内水电解质平衡。胆总管结石行ERCP治疗的患者,术后予以ENBD、胆道支架置入术的结石完全清除效果对比无明显差异,但胆道支架置入术更能降低术后并发症风险、缓解腹痛症状 [26] 。ERBD不仅能明显减少住院时间和术后并发症,且对患者年龄、身体状况无太高要求,可作为恶性胆道梗阻姑息治疗的首选治疗手段 [27] 。胰十二指肠切除术(PD)前接受ERBD的患者更容易患腹腔内脓肿 [28] 。

4.2.3. 内镜超声引导透壁胆囊引流(EUS-GBD)

EUS-GBD属于内引流,具有微创、操作安全等优势。EUS-GBD可用的支架是塑料支架、管状全覆盖自膨胀金属支架(FCSEMS)和LAMS,临床医生应根据胆囊的解剖位置、支架的独特特性和可用性以及潜在的支架相关不良事件而决定 [29] 。EUS-GBD可适用于如下情况 [30] :1) 无法手术的胆囊结石或胆囊肿瘤患者;2) 胆囊切除术前的临时引流措施;3) PTGBD失败的替代方案;4) 内镜超声胆管引流的替代方案。Teoh, A.Y.B认为这项手术应该只提供给那些手术风险高,将来不会考虑进行胆囊切除术的患者,对于不想进行第二次内窥镜手术的患者,长期放置金属支架是另一种选择。与PTGBD相比,EUS-GBD减少了不良事件、复发的急性胆囊炎、再次干预和计划外入院。研究发现支持在有经验的中心不能接受胆囊切除术的患者中使用这种方法作为急性胆囊炎的最终治疗方法。此外,这种方法还与减少30天不良事件、术后疼痛评分和止痛药需求的短期益处有关 [31] 。与PTBD相比,EUS-BD具有几个优点,包括较低的再干预率和不需要影响患者舒适度的外引流导管。尽管ERCP仍然是PBD的一线治疗方法,但越来越多的证据显示,EUS-BD的结果与ERCP相当 [32] 。

5. 总结

梗阻性黄疸引起的高胆红素血症会增加患者术后肝功能衰竭、术中失血、术后出血、感染、心力衰竭、肾功能不全和术后早期死亡的风险,但术前减黄也可能会增加术后并发症。术前减黄技术及方法的发展,减少了相关并发症,也使医生和患者有了更多的选择。是否行术前减黄,减黄方法的选择应根据患者一般情况、胆红素水平、原发疾病、后期治疗方法的选择和当地医疗条件而决定。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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