髋部骨折患者死亡高危因素研究进展
Research Progress on High-Risk Factors of Death in Patients with Hip Fracture
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.13102179, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 340  浏览: 427  科研立项经费支持
作者: 屈孝东*, 齐 睿, 陈段明宇, 常彦海#:西安医学院研工部,陕西 西安;陕西省人民医院骨科,陕西 西安;沈二栋:西安医学院研工部,陕西 西安;宋恒涛:延安大学医学院,陕西 延安
关键词: 老年髋部骨折死亡高危因素Elderly Hip Fracture Death High-Risk Factors
摘要: 众所周知,老年人群髋部骨折后的死亡率非常高,即使在关节置换技术成熟的今天,仍有许多患者因合并其他基础疾病导致术后死亡率增加,由于髋部骨折的数量预计在未来几年会增加,因此了解更多具体的死亡原因及高危因素,早期识别、提前干预以降低围术期死亡率是非常必要的,故本文对髋部骨折患者死亡的高危因素进行综述。
Abstract: As we all know, the mortality rate after hip fracture in the elderly population is very high. Even to-day, when the joint replacement technology is mature, there are still many patients whose postop-erative mortality rate increases due to other basic diseases. As the number of hip fractures is ex-pected to increase in the next few years, it is very necessary to know more specific causes of death and high-risk factors, and to identify them early and intervene in advance to reduce the periopera-tive mortality rate. Therefore, this paper reviews the high-risk factors of hip fracture patients’ death.
文章引用:屈孝东, 齐睿, 陈段明宇, 沈二栋, 宋恒涛, 常彦海. 髋部骨折患者死亡高危因素研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(10): 15582-15587. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13102179

1. 引言

髋部骨折具有预后差、并发症多、高死亡率等特点 [1] ,被称为“人生最后一次骨折”,在中国,由于人口老龄化,髋部骨折已成为一个日益重要的公共卫生问题 [2] ;骨折后患者生活质量下降,对家庭依赖性、社会保健服务的需求增加,均造成巨大的经济负担 [3] [4] [5] ;国内学者研究中提示髋部骨折住院费用中位数约40598.52元每人 [6] ;据报道,10%的髋部骨折患者在手术后30天内死亡 [7] [8] [9] ,且骨折后1年死亡率为22%~29% [10] 。目前广大学者们认为髋部骨折术后高死亡风险是由多因素共同作用,但这些研究大多集中在患者特征,医疗条件的影响容易被忽视 [11] 。本文将逐一对这些危险因素进行阐述。

2. 患者一般特征

2.1. 高龄

目前大部分研究提示高龄是髋部骨折患者死亡的独立危险因素,Andrea等 [12] 的研究提示年龄每增加1年,死亡风险增加6.9%;Feng等 [13] 一项针对中国老年髋部骨折患者术后长期死亡率的研究亦有相同的结果;国内胡 [14] 等对551例患者进行为期一年的随访提示,年龄 ≥ 80岁是术后1年内死亡的独立危险因素,Blanco等 [15] 发现,年龄与髋部骨折术后高病死率相关;高龄患者首先各脏器功能减退,且常伴有其他并发症,骨折及手术创伤应激导致病死率升高。

2.2. 性别

髋部骨折流行病学中的性别差异被广泛报道;全世界女性髋部骨折的年龄标准化发病率大约是男性的两倍 [12] ,但有研究提示男性是老年髋部骨折患者术后1年内死亡的独立危险因素 [16] ;目前考虑因为男性患者吸烟、饮酒情况的存在,导致身体状态比女性差,从而使得髋部骨折术后病死率增加 [17] ,且男性患者因认知功能障碍致活动能力差,更增加其他卧床并发症的发生,导致病死率增加 [18] 。

3. 伤前状态

3.1. 美国麻醉医师协会评分(ASA)

既往研究提示,ASA高分级与老年髋部骨折患者死亡率存在显著相关性,LIU等研究提示 [19] ,ASA分级与术后1年死亡率、术后并发症显著相关,Shabani等 [20] 研究提示高ASA高分级是髋部骨折患者短、长期死亡的危险因素,若ASA评分达III级以上与死亡率升高关系密切,这与国内王 [21] 等研究结果相似。

3.2. 伤前不同合并症

老龄化是当前社会的普遍现象,由于老年人体质相对较弱,多伴骨质疏松,即使轻微的外力作用也容易导致髋部骨折,且大部分患者常合并各类内科疾病,对心肺功能代偿差者,手术治疗会加重原有疾病、升高死亡率。

1) 对于存在慢性心肺疾病,如心力衰竭、慢性阻塞性肺疾病,已有研究提示其是增加死亡率的独立危险因素 [22] 。尤其对吸烟者,吸烟有可能对老年患者骨密度造成影响并延长骨折愈合时间从而延长康复时间,此外,有研究提示吸烟是老年髋部术后肺部感染的独立危险因素 [23] ;射血分数是反应心功能最常用的指标之一,国外学者的研究提示心力衰竭是髋部骨折患者术后1年死亡的独立危险因素,且左室收缩功能障碍的严重程度与术后30天的死亡密切相关 [24] ;心损标志物的异常升高常提示心肌损失,已有研究提示心肌标志物的升高是髋部骨折术后1年死亡率的独立相关因素 [25] ,国外对729例患者随访中发现,肌钙蛋白升高与死亡率水平显著相关,其短期、中期和长期死亡率分别为5%、16%和23% [26] ;且患者存在心电图异常时,其术后1年死亡风险亦会增加 [27] 。

2) 国外流行病学和病理生理学研究表明痴呆症和骨质疏松症之间密切相关,且创伤是痴呆症患者住院的最常见原因之一,因为痴呆症的老年人由于安全意识、身体意识和注意力持续时间降低,跌倒的风险增加,所以更有可能发生髋部骨折 [28] ;已有研究证明痴呆症是髋部骨折手术后1年全因死亡率的危险因素 [29] ,为了改善接受髋部骨折手术的痴呆患者的术后结果应建立有效的治疗模式,如多学科诊断和战略性康复。

3) 老年患者常伴营养不良,术前可检测出低蛋白血症,既往研究提示营养不良与髋部骨折患者恢复关系密切,Chung [30] 等的研究提示低白蛋白血症严重程度的增加与髋部骨折术后30天预后较差独立相关。一些研究表明,血脂水平、骨质疏松症和髋部骨折风险之间存在直接或间接的联系 [31] ,国内Kang [32] 等发现术前LDL水平与老年髋部骨折患者的死亡率呈非线性相关,而低LDL水平是死亡率的一个风险指标,此外,LDL浓度为2.31 mmol/L可以被认为是风险的预测截止点。

4) 既往研究表明,慢性肾脏病(CKD)是一种严重的潜在疾病,且与骨密度降低存在相关性 [33] ,有学者研究提示肾脏功能的损害将降低肾小球滤过率(GFR)和1,25-羟基维生素D水平,增加甲状旁腺激素(PTH)和成纤维细胞生长因子23 (FGF-23)水平,从而诱导骨量和质量的异常 [34] ,国外学者对49名慢性肾脏病合并转子间骨折患者进行术后随访,其中16例患者在术后1年内死亡,30例出现并发症,肺炎(11例)是最常见的并发症,其次是急性肾损失(7例)、尿路感染(5例)、感染性休克(3例);由此可见,CKD患者转子间骨折的死亡率和并发症发生率较高;CKD分级与术后一年死亡率显著相关 [33] ;因此在遇到此类患者时,一定要提高警惕。

4. 治疗因素

4.1. 治疗方法

对于髋部骨折患者的治疗,存在手术绝对禁忌症者;保守治疗后院内死亡率、30天死亡率和1年死亡率显著升高 [35] ,国外学者针对保守治疗患者进行统计,30天、6个月和1年后的汇总死亡率分别为36%、46%和60%;可见保守治疗对于老年群体预后很差;目前主流观点仍然是能耐受手术者应手术治疗;广大学者认为手术治疗具有缩短住院时间、减少卧床并发症概率、改善患者肢体功能、降低死亡率等优点 [36] 。

4.2. 手术时机

关于手术时机的选择,目前主流观点认为应该早期行手术治疗;国内王 [37] 等对814例老年髋部患者进行回顾性分析,将入院48小时内手术者定义为早期,48小时以后者定义为晚期,其结果提示对于全身状态好者,早期手术治疗其术后死亡率显著低于晚期手术者、住院时间亦短于晚期手术者;对于全身状态差者,早期手术者院内并发症发生率显著高于晚期手术者,而术后死亡率、住院时间无显著差异;对于老年髋部骨折患者,多合并基础疾病,不能一味强调早期手术,需综合评估整体状态后再选择合适的手术时机、个性化诊疗方案。

4.3. 手术方式

1) 对于老年转子间骨折,手术方式的选择主要分别坚强内固定与关节置换。内固定又分为髓内固定、钢板螺钉固定,关节置换分为全髋与半髋置换术。目前关于内固定还是关节置换仍存在争议。内固定存在骨折不愈合或延迟愈合、内植物断裂、螺钉松动风险;关节置换术可活动良好功能但存在费用高、手术时间长、创伤大;已有学者研究提示,相比较股骨近端防旋髓内钉与半髋关节置换术,半髋关节可加速患者的活动和恢复,其优势在于早期完全负重行走 [38] ;韩国Kim JW [39] 等研究提示相比较切开复位内固定,股骨头置换术有更低的二次手术率与低步行能力。

2) 对于老年股骨颈骨折,2018版成人股骨颈骨折诊治指南中提到老年稳定型股骨颈骨折可选择内固定方式;对于老年不稳定型股骨颈骨折、无法接受长期卧床休养、对再次手术耐受性较差或极高龄患者,推荐关节置换手术治疗 [40] ;2021版AAOS Guidelines for Hip Fracture in Older Adults中,同样提到老年不稳定型股骨颈骨折,关节置换的治疗结果优于内固定,单极或双极头效果相同,且强等级推荐建议使用水泥型股骨柄;但对于全髋的选择需要评估患者伤前的生活状态、基础疾病和预期生命等影响因素,权衡利弊后在进行临床决策 [41] 。

3) 对于老年转子下骨折,因保守治疗需长期卧床、容易导致各类并发症发生,且股骨畸形愈合导致患肢功能差,故极少有人选择;大部分病人选择切开复位内固定,故重在何种内固定方式,多数研究认为髓内固定较髓外固定可取得良好手术疗效,但术者在选择治疗方案时,还需结合受伤严重程度、骨折分型、患者自身情况来综合考量。

5. 总结

综上所述,髋部骨折患者多为高龄老年人,不能一味强调早期手术,需综合评估整体状态后再选择合适的手术时机、个性化诊疗方案;在整个围术期需要重点关注相关死亡危险因素,以减少卧床时间,从而降低病死率;给病人最好的愈合。

基金项目

陕西省社发项目(2023-YBSF-607);陕西省人民医院领军人才支持项目(2022LJ-07)。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

参考文献

[1] Shen, J.-W., Zhang, P.-X., An, Y.-Z. and Jiang, B.-G. (2020) Prognostic Implications of Preoperative Pneumonia for Geriatric Patients Undergoing Hip Fracture Surgery or Arthroplasty. Orthopaedic Surgery, 12, 1890-1899.
https://doi.org/10.1111/os.12830
[2] Ren, Y., Hu, J., Lu, B., Zhou, W. and Tan, B. (2019) Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hip Fracture in a Middle-Aged and Older Chinese Population. Bone, 122, 143-149.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2019.02.020
[3] Veronese, N. and Maggi, S. (2018) Epidemiology and Social Costs of Hip Fracture. Injury, 49, 1458-1460.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2018.04.015
[4] Ström, O., Borgstrom, F., Zethraeus, N., et al. (2008) Long-Term Cost and Effect on Quality of Life of Osteoporosis-Related Fractures in Sweden. Acta Orthopaedica, 79, 269-280.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17453670710015094
[5] Yoryuenyong, C., Jitpanya, C. and Sasat, S. (2023) Factors In-fluencing Mobility among People Post-Surgery for Hip Fractures: A Cross-Sectional Study. Belitung Nursing Journal, 9, 349-358.
https://doi.org/10.33546/bnj.2759
[6] 卢秀芳, 吴银飞, 曲慧丽, 于洁, 孙明娇, 刘涛. 老年髋部骨折患者住院费用变化及影响因素分析[J]. 中国医疗保险, 2022(9): 103-106.
[7] Johansen, A., Golding, D., Brent, L., et al. (2017) Using National Hip Fracture Registries and Audit Databases to Develop an International Perspective. In-jury, 48, 2174-2179.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2017.08.001
[8] Patel, V., Champaneria, R., Dretzke, J., and Yeung, J. (2018) Effect of Regional versus General Anaesthesia on Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Patients Undergo-ing Surgery for Hip Fracture: A Systematic Review. BMJ Open, 8, e020757.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020757
[9] Stone, A.V., Jinnah, A., Wells, B.J., et al. (2018) Nutritional Markers May Identify Patients with Greater Risk of Re-Admission after Geriatric Hip Fractures. International Ortho-paedics, 42, 231-238.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-017-3663-3
[10] Lunde, A., Tell, G.S., Pedersen, A.B., et al. (2019) The Role of Comorbidity in Mortality after Hip Fracture: A Nationwide Norwegian Study of 38,126 Women with Hip Fracture Matched to a General-Population Comparison Cohort. American Journal of Epidemiology, 188, 398-407.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwy251
[11] Hu, F., Jiang, C., Shen, J., Tang, P. and Wang, Y. (2012) Preoperative Predictors for Mortality Following Hip Fracture Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Injury, 43, 676-685.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2011.05.017
[12] Gasparik, A.I., Lorenzovici, L., Pașcanu, I.M., et al. (2023) Pre-dictors of Mortality for Patients with Hip Fracture: A Study of the Nationwide 1-Year Records of 24,950 Fractures in Romania. Archives of Osteoporosis, 18, Article No. 69.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-023-01253-7
[13] Feng, L., Fu, S., Yao, Y., Yuan, W. and Zhao, Y. (2021) Age, Prognostic Nutritional Index, and Charlson Comorbidity Index Were Independent Risk Factors for Postoperative Long-Term Mortality in Chinese Geriatric Patients Who Sustain Hip Fracture. Journal of the American Medical Direc-tors Association, 22, 2602-2603.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2021.08.001
[14] 胡雪峰, 余志琴, 倪世君, 等. 老年髋部骨折患者术后1年内死亡的危险因素分析[J]. 中华创伤杂志, 2023, 39(3): 245-251.
[15] Blanco, J.F., da Casa, C., Pablos-Hernández, C., González-Ramírez, A., Julián-Enríquez, J.M. and Díaz-Álvarez, A. (2021) 30-Day Mortality after Hip Fracture Surgery: Influence of Postoperative Factors. PLOS ONE, 16, e0246963.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246963
[16] Yong, E.L., Ganesan, G., Kramer, M.S., et al. (2020) Risk Fac-tors and Trends Associated with Mortality among Adults with Hip Fracture in Singapore. JAMA Network Open, 3, e1919706.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.19706
[17] Frost, S.A., Nguyen, N.D., Black, D.A., Eisman, J.A. and Nguyen, T.V. (2011) Risk Factors for in-Hospital Post-Hip Fracture Mortality. Bone, 49, 553-558.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2011.06.002
[18] Larsson, G., Strömberg, U., Rogmark, C. and Nilsdotter, A. (2019) Cognitive Status Following a Hip Fracture and Its Association with Postoperative Mortality and Activities of Daily Living: A Prospective Comparative Study of Two Prehospital Emergency Care Procedures. International Journal of Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing, 35, Article ID: 100705.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijotn.2019.07.001
[19] Liu, Y., Peng, M., Lin, L., Liu, X., Qin, Y. and Hou, X. (2015) Relationship between American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Grade and 1-Year Mortality in Nonagenarians Undergoing Hip Fracture Surgery. Osteoporosis International, 26, 1029-1033.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-014-2931-y
[20] Shabani, F., Farrier, A.J., Smith, R., et al. (2015) Hip Fractures Sustained in Hospital: Comorbidities and Outcome. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 91, 61-64.
https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2014-132674
[21] 王振恒, 方永超, 阚翔翔, 郭亭, 赵建宁. 影响老年髋部骨折患者术后1年死亡率的因素分析[J]. 中国矫形外科杂志, 2014, 22(2): 110-114.
[22] 孟衍蓉, 刘利民. 对高龄髋部骨折患者术后一年病死率及病死危险因素的分析[J]. 骨科临床与研究杂志, 2022, 7(6): 339-344.
[23] 陈旭娟, 朱晓萍, 田梅梅, 等. 老年髋部骨折术后患者肺部感染预测模型的构建及验证[J]. 中华护理杂志, 2021, 56(5): 659-666.
[24] González-Quevedo, D., Bautista-Enrique, D., Pérez-del-Río, V., Bravo-Bardají, M., Gar-cía-de-Quevedo, D. and Tamimi, I. (2020) Fracture Liaison Service and Mortality in Elderly Hip Fracture Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study. Osteoporosis International, 31, 77-84.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-019-05153-w
[25] Katsanos, S., Mavrogenis, A.F., Kafkas, N., et al. (2017) Car-diac Biomarkers Predict 1-Year Mortality in Elderly Patients Undergoing Hip Fracture Surgery. Orthopedics, 40, e417-e424.
https://doi.org/10.3928/01477447-20170109-02
[26] Vacheron, C.-H., Hentzen, J., Fauvernier, M., et al. (2021) Association between Short-, Intermediate-, and Long-term Mortality and Myocardial Injury after Noncardiac Surgery after Hip Fracture Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 133, 915-923.
https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000005528
[27] Oztürk, I., Toker, S., Ertürer, E., Aksoy, B. and Seçkin, F. (2008) [Analysis of Risk Factors Affecting Mortality in Elderly Patients (Aged over 65 Years) Operated on for Hip Fractures]. Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica, 42, 16-21. (In Turkish)
[28] Lach, H.W., Harrison, B.E. and Phongphanngam, S. (2017) Falls and Fall Prevention in Older Adults with Early-Stage Dementia: An Integrative Review. Research in Gerontological Nursing, 10, 139-148.
https://doi.org/10.3928/19404921-20160908-01
[29] Chiu, H.-C., Chen, C.-M., Su, T.-Y., et al. (2018) Dementia Predicted One-Year Mortality for Patients with First Hip Fracture: A Population-Based Study. The Bone & Joint Journal, 100-B, 1220-1226.
https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.100B9.BJJ-2017-1342.R1
[30] Chung, A.S., Hustedt, J.W., Walker, R., Jones, C., Lowe, J. and Russell, G.V. (2018) Increasing Severity of Malnutrition Is Associated with Poorer 30-Day Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Hip Fracture Surgery. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, 32, 155-160.
https://doi.org/10.1097/BOT.0000000000001081
[31] Zhao, Q., Shen, H., Su, K.-J., et al. (2018) Metabolomic Profiles Associated with Bone Mineral Density in US Caucasian Women. Nutrition & Metabolism, 15, Article No. 57.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-018-0296-5
[32] Kang, X., Tian, B., Zhao, Z.-D., Zhang, B.-F. and Zhang, M. (2023) Evaluation of the Association between Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and All-Cause Mortality in Geriatric Pa-tients with Hip Fractures: A Prospective Cohort Study of 339 Patients. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 13, Article No 345.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13020345
[33] Mallappallil, M., Friedman, E.A., Delano, B.G., McFarlane, S.I. and Salifu, M.O. (2014) Chronic Kidney Disease in the Elderly: Evaluation and Management. Clinics and Practice, 11, 525-535.
[34] Larsson, T., Nisbeth, U., Ljunggren, O., Jüppner, H. and Jonsson, K.B. (2003) Circulating Concentration of FGF-23 Increases as Renal Function Declines in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease, but Does Not Change in Re-sponse to Variation in Phosphate Intake in Healthy Volunteers. Kidney International, 64, 2272-2279.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00328.x
[35] Chlebeck, J.D., Birch, C.E., Blankstein, M., Kristiansen, T., Bartlett, C.S. and Schottel, P.C. (2019) Nonoperative Geriatric Hip Fracture Treatment Is Associated with Increased Mortality: A Matched Cohort Study. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, 33, 346-350.
https://doi.org/10.1097/BOT.0000000000001460
[36] Anthony, C.A., Duchman, K.R., Bedard, N.A., et al. (2017) Hip Fractures: Appropriate Timing to Operative Intervention. The Journal of Arthroplasty, 32, 3314-3318.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2017.07.023
[37] 王晓伟, 孙天胜, 刘智, 张建政, 赵建文. 老年髋部骨折的手术时机选择与预后分析[J]. 中华创伤骨科杂志, 2020, 22(3): 206-211.
[38] Zhou, S., Liu, J., Zhen, P., et al. (2019) Proximal Femoral Nail Anti-rotation versus Cementless Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty for Unstable Femoral Intertrochanteric Fracture in the Elderly: A Retrospective Study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 20, Article No. 500.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2793-8
[39] Kim, J.-W., Shon, H.-C., Song, S.-H., Lee, Y.-K., Koo, K.-H., Ha, Y.-C. (2020) Reoperation Rate, Mortality and Ambulatory Ability after Internal Fixation versus Hemiarthroplasty for Unstable Intertrochanteric Fractures in Elderly Patients: A Study on Korean Hip Fracture Registry. Archives of Ortho-paedic and Trauma Surgery, 140, 1611-1618.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-020-03345-2
[40] 中华医学会骨科学分会创伤骨科学组, 中国医师协会骨科医师分会创伤专家工作委员会. 成人股骨颈骨折诊治指南[J]. 中华创伤骨科杂志, 2018, 20(11): 921-928.
[41] O’Connor, M.I. and Switzer, J.A. (2022) AAOS Clinical Practice Guideline Summary: Management of Hip Fractures in Older Adults. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 30, e1291-e1296.
https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-D-22-00125