双侧甲状腺癌的研究现状
Current Research Status of Bilateral Thyroid Cancer
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.1371687, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 183  浏览: 238 
作者: 毛 霖:青海大学研究生院,青海 西宁;王晓武*:青海大学附属医院乳腺甲状腺肿瘤外科,青海 西宁
关键词: 甲状腺乳头状癌转移性淋巴结危险因素多灶性Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Metastatic Lymph Nodes Risk Factors Multifocal
摘要: 根据相关研究表明,甲状腺癌的发生率及死亡率均有上升,双侧甲状腺癌的高发生率,约占19.8%,甲状腺癌的发生率以及死亡率仍处于上升趋势,目前上升趋势如何造成,都仍然未查清,本文就甲状腺癌的流行病学,双侧甲状腺癌的来源、危险因素、治疗及预后复发方面进行综述。
Abstract: According to relevant research, the incidence and mortality rate of thyroid cancer have increased, with a high incidence of bilateral thyroid cancer accounting for about 19.8%. The incidence and mortality rate of thyroid cancer are still on the rise, and the cause of the current upward trend is still unclear. This article reviews the epidemiology of thyroid cancer, the sources, risk factors, treatment, and prognosis of bilateral thyroid cancer recurrence.
文章引用:毛霖, 王晓武. 双侧甲状腺癌的研究现状[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(7): 12038-12044. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1371687

1. 甲状腺癌的流行病学

有相关研究人员研究2005~2015年甲状腺癌的发生率年增长较以往增高12.4%,死亡率年增长增加2.9% [1] 。相关学者表明可能和超声诊断工具敏感性增加所导致,但也有学者认为这并不能完全接受这一上升趋势。有学者研究,对于全球流行病学,对于高收入国家的甲状腺癌发病率较其他地区更高。对于中高收入国家:中国在甲状腺癌发病率上有大量的流行病学数据。甲状腺结节在中国人群中较为普遍,其发生率随着年龄的增长而增加。对低收入国家则缺乏相关数据 [2] 。在我国目前甲状腺癌也有上升趋势,对于这一上升趋势的危险因素,有研究表明,性别的差异、生活差异、体质指数、碘摄入量、射线照射、家族史、过度的筛查、肥胖、吸烟等都能成为相关危险因素 [3] [4] 。

2. 双侧甲状腺癌的来源

双侧甲状腺癌(SBiPTC)被定义为从第一个肿瘤起3个月内或同时被诊断为两个甲状腺叶的癌症。双侧甲状腺癌大部分均为乳头状癌,也有一小部分表现为两侧腺叶不同的病理类型甲状腺癌。双侧甲状腺癌的起源也各抒己见,一部分学者认为是原发肿瘤的序贯事件,一部分学者认为是在野生性癌变背景下单独出现的独立的第二原发肿瘤 [5] 。同步性双侧甲状腺乳头状癌并不少见,Elisei和他的同事最近报告了一种高达19.9%的发病率 [6] 。但对于双侧甲状腺癌的组织生物行为学存在不同的说法。

第一种说法是认为双侧甲状腺癌是来自单个肿瘤的甲状腺腺内的转移,Iida等在1969年报告说 [7] ,考虑到甲状腺腺内有属于自己的淋巴系统,存在着相连的淋巴网,两叶和峡部被包裹在一个囊膜中,其中包含小叶内淋巴管的连通网络 [8] 。所以形成了甲状腺腺内的转移。McCarthy RP [9] 等人、Wang W [10] 等人、Jovanovic L [11] 等人的相关研究通过以克隆分析为重点的各种分子遗传学技术支持了MPTC的单一起源和在甲状腺内扩散的假说。Xingyun Su [12] 等人在16例患者(16/28, 57.1%)在双侧肿瘤中存在不同的BRAF状态。14例患者可用于X染色体失活分析,其中10例获得了相关结果。4例双侧肿瘤均有不同的X染色体失活模式。结合X染色体失活和BRAF分析的结果,我们发现至少64.3% (18/28)的病例存在X染色体失活或BRAF状态不一致,表明它们在双侧肿瘤中具有独立的克隆性起源。

第二种说法是运用分子分析、BRAF基因和X染色体失活技术进行克隆性检测来说明双侧甲状腺癌是来自多中心来源,Tadao Nakazawa等 [13] 报道14例多灶性PTC中13例患者进行了X染色体失活分析和BRAF突变检测。2例(15.4%)肿瘤灶显示X染色体失活模式不一致。其余11例(84.6%) X染色体显示一致的失活模式。AS-PCR显示,12例患者中3例(25%)肿瘤灶间BRAF突变状态不一致,9例(75%) BRAF突变状态一致。当两种分子分析结果相结合时,28.6%的病例X染色体失活模式和/或BRAF突变不一致,提示多中心起源。结合分子分析人类雄激素受体基因的分析方法(HUMARA)和等位基因特异性聚合酶链式反应(AS-PCR)技术)对BRAF突变和X染色体失活提示甲状腺乳头状癌是多中心起源,并且能够提供具有不同克隆起源的双侧PTC的更准确的来源。

第三种说法是认为双侧甲状腺癌是来自腺内转移和多中心来源的共同结果。Kuhn E等在通过使用Humara试验确定显微解剖肿瘤样本中病变的克隆性来验证:在同侧PTC病灶显示相同的X染色体失活模式,支持共同的克隆性起源,而8个对侧结节中有5个显示不同的X染色体失活 [14] 。提示在某些PTC病例中出现的多个肿瘤结节是真正多中心的结果。而在另一些病例中,它们是由原来单一的肿瘤肿块在甲状腺内扩散的结果。Moniz [15] 等人、Shattuck [16] 等人和Park [17] 等人在并发的PTC结节中观察到几乎相同数量的具有相同或不同分子特征的病例,分别与其共同或独立的克隆起源相一致。

3. 双侧甲状腺癌的危险因素

3.1. 年龄

由于甲状腺癌症的疾病发生率增加,在近几年中,许多儿童患者诊断为甲状腺癌,行甲状腺手术 [18] [19] 。相对比成人甲状腺癌来说,很重要的一点是,对于儿童甲状腺乳头状癌,60%的区域淋巴结在诊断过程中有转移;然而,即使是有转移,30年的生存率也是98% [20] [21] 。基于这些考虑,许多研究者认为儿童患者中的双侧甲状腺癌是独特的有机物和分子肿瘤群,与患有双侧甲状腺癌的成年人的治疗一致,在患有双侧甲状腺癌的儿童患者中行全甲状腺切除术 [22] 。所以笔者认为,年龄并不算是双侧甲状腺癌的危险因素,治疗均采取全甲状腺切除术。

3.2. 性别

男性、病灶最大径超过7 mm以及甲状腺癌侵犯被膜者出现中央区转移性淋巴结的风险更高。男性出现中央区及颈侧区淋巴结受累的风险显著高于女性,这与多数研究结果一致双侧甲状腺癌也出现对侧隐匿性甲状腺癌,患病率26.6%,与肿瘤大小、同侧多灶性、对侧良性结节、中央淋巴结转移成为主要危险因素 [23] 。研究者Mazeh [24] 等人在诊断为甲状腺乳头状微小癌,行手术甲状腺切除术,术后腺体中发现的263个腺体中存在150个双侧甲状腺癌,60%的男性患病率和56%的女性患病率(p = 0.89)。同样,Kim [25] 等研究人员报告了2095个病例中甲状腺全切除术,32%的患者有双侧甲状腺癌,性别分布无显著差异。双侧甲状腺癌在性别方面并无明显差异。

3.3. 碘辐射

合并心肺功能,不能耐受的患者,不能进行手术切除,以及术后淋巴结有转移,需行术后I131,甲状腺对碘辐射敏感,在暴露于辐射的人群中,碘辐射是否会成为危险因素?甲状腺在儿童时期,对电离辐射敏感。在日本一项研究中,涉及了142名20岁以下未暴露在辐射的患者,有15%的儿童患者患有双侧甲状腺癌 [26] 。暴露在辐射的患者,与甲状腺癌的发生率的辐射剂量和发生风险之间存在一定的联系。1986年4月也称切尔诺贝利事故 [27] 。给了我们警示,儿童对于碘辐射较敏感,最终4000名儿童在事故中接触了放射性同位素,诊断为甲状腺癌。儿童甲状腺癌症风险范围为1.7至18.9。切尔诺贝利事故后诊断的甲状腺癌,据报道,更具有侵袭性,更常见的是甲状腺外扩张、多灶性生长和转移,与未受辐射的儿童患者对比。甲状腺对碘辐射的敏感性仍可以成为危险因素,是诱发双侧甲状腺癌的危险因素。

3.4. 其他因素

有研究表明,在肿瘤直径的大小、甲状腺外侵犯、CLNM (中心淋巴结转移)或LLNM (侧颈淋巴结转移)方面三组间无显著差异 [28] 。双侧相对比与单侧来说,双侧多灶性是颈部复发、远处转移和癌症死亡的独立危险因素 [29] 。此外,有研究表面发现双侧甲状腺乳头状癌在桥本甲状腺炎患者中的发生率大约是甲状腺癌的两倍,这表明桥本甲状腺炎可能使患者更容易发生双侧甲状腺癌 [30] 。据文献资料,BRAF突变是肿瘤双侧性的独立指标 [31] [32] 。在几项研究中表明,散发性甲状腺癌和FNMTC (家族性甲状腺非髓样癌)之间的比较对比表明FNMTC中双侧甲状腺肿瘤的发生率明显更高。病理特点上,FNMTC的病理表现与散发性者相似,但较多累及甲状腺双侧。因此,FNMTC (家族性甲状腺非髓样癌)的遗传可能与基因多个位点所导致,也是导致双侧甲状腺癌的危险因素 [33] 。

4. 双侧甲状腺癌的治疗

对于一些回顾性研究和普遍共识的指导方针:专家建议全甲状腺或全甲状腺大部切除治疗,对于单个病灶和多个病灶的PTC且直径大于1 cm的患者,全都提倡支持全甲状腺切除术。基于以上因素,包括高发生率,特别是多个病灶的双侧甲状腺癌、放射性碘的消融(RAI)去除残留的甲状腺组织的可能性。手术之后患者可以对甲状腺球蛋白水平、131-I患者和TSH水平追踪,定期复查,避免进行二次手术的风险,也可能会导致疾病发生率风险增加。

甲状腺癌中的双侧甲状腺癌是否需要进行预防性中央区淋巴结的清扫存在不同说法 [34] ,淋巴结转移(LNM)在甲状腺癌中很常见。约占20%~50%的患者,主要是颈部中央区淋巴结(VI区)。如果淋巴结转移在超声中可见或病例报告有转移,应该进行中央区淋巴结清扫 [29] [35] 。但相关研究表明,目前,PTC患者的淋巴结存在中央区淋巴结转移,通常下进行治疗性中央区淋巴结清扫,当中高危PTC患者可行预防性中央区淋巴结清扫,但风险较低PTC患者行预防性中央区淋巴结清扫存在争议 [35] [36] [37] 。对于常见变量:性别、多灶性和甲状腺外延及侵犯是独立的危险因素 [23] [28] [29] ,特别是在出现临床中央区淋巴结。考虑到以下情况:中央区LNM发生高频率在甲状腺癌中,可以有效的治疗与预防性颈部淋巴结清扫,且不会增加疾病风险,笔者推荐了存在以下临床特征时有必要考虑到采取预防性CND:男性、多发性肿瘤、甲状腺外延及侵犯的、肿瘤直径 > 1 cm的和与颈部淋巴结转移风险相似的,诊断为双侧甲状腺乳头状癌的患者。经验丰富的医生中可以通过淋巴结清扫有效控制,且不增加发病风险。

Victoria Harries [38] 进行了一项849例患者的分析,多病灶是甲状腺乳头状癌完成甲状腺切除术的指征吗?仅行腺叶切除术,其对侧甲状腺乳头状癌、局部复发率和总生存率与单侧甲状腺乳头状癌患者相当。多病灶不应成为甲状腺切除术的指征。如果双侧甲状腺癌的术后病理诊断是在甲状腺腺叶切除术或甲状腺次全切除术之后的,则需行甲状腺全切除术,因为完全性甲状腺切除术的发病率较低,对诊断和切除剩余甲状腺叶的隐匿性疾病有效,但一些甲状腺癌患者可能需要完成甲状腺切除术,以完全切除病灶,并允许放射性碘(I131)治疗。但是目前尚不清楚RAI是否对全甲状腺切除术后的低、中风险甲状腺癌患者是否有帮助。据相关文献回顾,RAI消融在降低低风险甲状腺癌患者的复发率或死亡率方面没有明确的益处 [33] 。所以对于全甲状腺切除术后的低风险病人不建议行术后RAI治疗,对于高危组结合肿瘤大小、侵袭性、淋巴结转移和患者年龄的存在可能会增加复发或转移扩散的风险,可建议患者进行RAI消融。

5. 双侧甲状腺癌的预后与复发

根据美国甲状腺协会(ATA)和欧洲甲状腺协会(ETA)的指导方针,目前还并不认为双侧甲状腺癌是预后不良的因素,甲状腺癌的死亡率与单发或双侧甲状腺乳头状微癌的发病率不平行,因此治疗上也不影响。双侧甲状腺癌中淋巴结转移仍然是疾病复发的风险因素。Wang W进行了一项包括2211例患者的荟萃分析,比较了单灶性和多灶性乳头状微癌临床病理特征和预后比较,与单侧肿瘤相比,双侧肿瘤的淋巴结转移风险几乎翻倍,双侧甲状腺癌患者的肿瘤更大,甲状腺外延伸和淋巴结转移率更高,肿瘤分期更晚期。双侧甲状腺癌比单侧甲状腺癌更具侵袭性,双侧疾病患者的DFS (无病生存期)更晚期和更短。双侧甲状腺癌患者预后较差的部分原因可能是其淋巴结转移的高发 [39] 。

然而,在临床上,双侧甲状腺癌的预后的重要性仍存在争议。此外,BRAF突变(一个重要的预后标志物)的存在与双侧甲状腺癌生长有直接关系,因此,BRAFV600E的突变被认可为具有独立性,并且可能影响治疗选择的预后因素 [5] [40] [41] 。相关研究发现BRAFV600E突变发生在同步双侧甲状腺癌(SBiPTC)患者的发生率比单侧甲状腺癌发生率明显增高 [42] 。所以我们有理由相信同步双侧甲状腺癌的患者预后差极大可能原因是与BRAFV600E突变的高频率发生。康乐平等人的研究报告了肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移和包膜侵犯有很大联系。与PTC的双侧性质有关 [43] 。Suh及他的同事称,双侧与局部的复发有关 [44] 。也有可能是,双侧甲状腺癌的不同侵袭力和双侧甲状腺癌的预后可能跟相关肿瘤的发展和进展的完全不同的分子机制以及不同基因所导致。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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