肺段切除术的发展
Development of Segmentectomy
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.1371542, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 218  浏览: 350  科研立项经费支持
作者: 郭晨冉, 薛 峰, 彭忠民*:山东大学医学院,山东 济南;山东省立医院胸外科,山东 济南
关键词: 肺癌肺段切除术手术切除范围Lung Cancer Segmentectomy Extent of Surgical Resection
摘要: 肺癌作为全球发病率第一、致死率第二的癌症,给国民的经济健康造成了巨大的负担。目前肺癌的治疗手段比较多,主要包括放化疗、手术、免疫治疗、介入治疗等。对于早期肺癌的治疗,手术是首选。肺癌的手术方法包括肺叶切除术、肺段切除术、肺楔形切除术等,其中肺段切除术一直是人们的研究热点。本文主要探讨了肺段切除术的发展进程以及最新的研究进展。
Abstract: Lung cancer, with the first incidence and the second death rate in the world, has caused a huge burden on the economic health of the people. At present, there are many treatment means for lung cancer, mainly including radiotherapy and chemotherapy, surgery, immunotherapy, interventional therapy, etc. For the treatment of early-stage lung cancer, surgery is preferred. Surgical methods for lung cancer include lobectomy, segmentectomy and lung wedge resection, among which seg-mentectomy has been a research hotspot. This paper mainly discusses the development process of segmentectomy and the latest research progress.
文章引用:郭晨冉, 薛峰, 彭忠民. 肺段切除术的发展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(7): 11056-11061. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1371542

1. 肺段切除术的发展史

在1939年Churchill等人 [1] 报道了一例肺段切除治疗支气管扩张症的案例,自此以后,肺段切除术进入了人们的视野。在此后的几十年内,人们对肺段切除术的适用指征和肺段切除与肺叶切除的差异不断的进行探索,在这八十余年中,人们肺段切除术的认知也在不断发展与变化。50年前解剖性肺段切除第一次作为治疗肺癌的切除手段被报道 [2] ,1982年北美肺癌研究协会(LCSG)的研究LCSG821 [3] 对比了肺叶切除对比亚肺段切除术治疗T1N0期肺癌的差异。结果表明,亚肺叶切除(肺段切除、楔形切除)在治疗直径 ≤ 3 cm的肺癌时,复发率比肺叶切除高3倍,死亡率比肺叶切除高50%。此后,肺叶切除术便被视作手术治疗早期肺癌的标准术式,而肺段切除被视作对于肺功能差、不适宜肺叶切除患者的姑息术式 [4] [5] 。

近几十年,随着CT筛查、微创手术技术(包括经胸腔镜手术和机器人手术)的引入以及手术水平和手术精准度的提高,胸外科手术环境也发生了巨大的变化。首先,随着低剂量螺旋CT (LDCT)因其经济、无创、安全等特点,逐渐成为早期肺癌筛查的主要手段,美国国家肺癌筛查试验 [6] (National Lung Screening Trial, NLST)也推荐其为早期肺癌的主要筛查方式。因此,越来越多的小结节被检测出来,它们很多有磨玻璃影像成分(GGO),而GGO则有可能有着较低的侵袭性 [7] 。所以,有着不同实性成分占比的肺癌是否应该用相同的治疗方式,是存在疑问的。同时,即便是同为T1N0期的肺癌,也为因为其直径的不一样,生存率的差异也较大。有研究 [8] 表明处于T1a、T1b、T1c期的早期肺癌,其五年生存率分别为92%、86%、81%。根据国际肺癌研究协会、美国胸科学会和欧洲呼吸学会(International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society, IASLC/ATS/ERS)的肺腺癌病理分类,肺腺癌分为原位癌、微浸润腺癌、浸润性腺癌,浸润性腺癌又分为贴壁型、腺泡型、乳头型、微乳头型、实体型五种亚型,即便相同尺寸、相同实性成分占比,不同分型的肿瘤预后差异较大 [9] [10] 。因此,在现阶段,对于直径 ≤ 3 cm的肺癌如果仍统一采用LCSG821的结果,明显是过时、不合适的。

微创手术经过长期的实践验证,已被证实为一种安全的手术技术。从短期而言,它可以显著减少围手术期的创伤和疼痛,因此,有助于患者术后更好的恢复并提升患者的生活质量。长期而言,和开放手术相比较,其不会导致生存率和肿瘤复发率的提高 [11] [12] 。同时,早期肺段切除术主要切除的是比较简单的舌段和背段,并且主要是依靠当时术者的经验以及解剖知识。这导致早期肺段切除术出现并发症(如出血、漏气)的概率比较高,肺段切除术术后出现二级以上的并发症的概率可达27.4%,有36 (6.5%)名患者术后出现持续的肺部漏气,远高于肺叶切除术后的3.7% [13] [14] ,有研究表明。近10余年,随着支气管、血管三维重建技术(3D-CTBA)的发展,其在临床中逐渐得到应用,并且开始指导肺段切除术的术前规划和术中精确指导 [15] [16] 。肺段手术术式也能涉及到每一个肺段,甚至还出现了如肺亚段切除这样的更次一级的解剖单位的切除。

近几十年来,也有许多研究探索肺段切除术在治疗早期肺癌的指征,基于这些,本综述将系统回顾关于肺段切除术适应症的研究进展以及肺段切除技术的进展,有助于人们加深对肺段切除术的理解,以便今后可以继续深入探索其适应症。

2. 肺段切除术适应症的探索

最早人们探索的是直径 ≤ 3 cm的肿瘤,1982年的多中心随机对照研究LCSG821 [3] 作为世界上第一个研究亚肺叶切除与肺叶切除的研究,该研究共入组125例肺叶切除患者,122例亚肺叶切除的患者(肺段切除82例,楔形切除40例)。该研究结论显示亚肺叶切除增加了患者的死亡率和局部的复发率,并且其并未改善患者远期的肺功能。因此该阶段肺叶切除术仍是T1N0期肺癌患者的主要治疗手段。随后,人们对于直径 ≤ 2 cm早期肺癌的回顾性研究 [17] 显示,亚肺叶切除可以获得与肺叶切除相似的效果,中位时间7.3年的随访结果显示,肺段切除术和肺叶切除术的5年OS率分别为94.3%和91.1%。这让人们看到了肺段切除术在直径 ≤ 2 cm早期肺癌上普及的可能性,也为后续相关的随机对照试验奠定了基础。美国癌症和白血B组与国家癌症研究所的一项多中心随机对照试验(CALGB/Alliance 140 503)对比了肺叶切除与亚肺叶切除对直径 ≤ 2 cm的外周型非小细胞肺癌治疗效果 [18] ,结果显示肺叶切除术后与肺段切除术后患者的5年无病生存率分别为64.3%和63.9%,二者比较无统计学差异。所以,我们可以得出结论:对于直径 ≤ 2 cm且病理上证实无淋巴结转移的周围型非小细胞肺癌,亚肺叶切除的效果并不比肺叶切除差。

有大量研究表明 [19] [20] [21] CTR值 < 0.5的肺癌患者术后会得到很好预后。日本临床肿瘤学协会(JCOG)在2008年设计了两项前瞻性试验,分别是JCOG0802和JCOG0804。JCOG0804作为一项单臂研究,其主要是研究楔形切除对外周型、直径 ≤ 2 cm、CTR < 0.25的非小细胞肺癌的治疗效果 [22] ;JCOG0802则是一项对比肺段切除与肺叶切除对直径 ≤ 2 cm且0.5 < CTR ≤ 1.0的侵袭性早期周围型肺癌的治疗效果 [23] 。同时,JCOG设计了一项非随机验证性试验JCOG1211 [24] ,以验证肺段切除对治疗实性成分较少肺癌的有效性,其入组标准为:1) 0.25 < CTR ≤ 0.5,肿瘤直径 ≤ 2 cm;2) CTR ≤ 0.5,2 cm < 肿瘤直径 ≤ 3 cm。JCOG0804共纳入314例接受亚肺叶切除的患者,其5年无病生存率为99.7%,且全部没有复发 [22] ,这表明亚肺叶切除可以有效治疗直径 ≤ 2 cm、CTR < 0.25的肺癌。JCOG1211的结果 [24] 在2021年被公布,结果显示,在357例肺段切除患者中,其无复发生存率与总生产率均为98%,达到了预定的终点,这表明肺段切除术在治疗CTR ≤ 0.5且直径 < 3 cm的早期肺癌的有效性。

2022年,JCOG0802的最终结果 [23] 得到公布,结果显示肺段切除组的患者(n = 552)的五年总生产率为94.3%,高于肺叶切除组患者(n = 554)的91.1%。在肺段切除组与肺叶切除组的5年无复发生产率的比较中,二者无明显差异,分别为88.0%与87.9%;肺段切除组的局部复发率为10.5%,高于肺叶切除组的5.4%。JCOG0802得出了最终结论:肺段切除除了漏气相对较多外,其术后并发症和死亡率与肺叶切除术无明显差异。

肺腺癌作为一种独特的疾病,2011年IASLC/ATS/ERS [10] 将其分为了原位癌、微浸润腺癌、浸润性腺癌,前两者切除后有着接近100%的生存率。浸润性腺癌则分为了贴壁、腺泡、乳头、微乳头、实体五种亚型,不同亚型的肺癌,有着不同的恶性程度。有研究 [25] 将病理亚型分为了三级,分别为:低转移潜能模式(I级)即贴壁型;具有中等转移潜能的模式(II级)即腺泡和乳头型;具有高转移潜能的模式(III级)即实体和微乳头型。因而,不同的亚型对预后有着很大影响。因此,不同的病理分型也会影响手术术式的选择,如果是原位癌或者微浸润腺癌,因其恶性程度低,局部复发可能性也很小,通常优先选择楔形切除或者肺段切除;而针对恶性程度高、易复发转移的病理分型(如微乳头亚型),选择肺叶切除术可能更为合适。然而术后常规石蜡病理并不能指导术式的选择,术中快速冰冻病理在诊断病理亚型方面又比较困难 [26] ,所以术前若能通过影像学将恶性度高的病理亚型分辨出来就显得极为重要,这也是我们研究的方向。

肺结节生长的位置也影响着肺段切除的可行性,根据结节位于的解剖单位,通常将肺结节根据其所在的位置分为中央型和外周型。肺结节在肺内的深度,对肺段切除的可行性有着很大的影响。如果是位于深处的肺结节,那行亚肺叶切除将会很困难。一方面,对于处于肺实质深处的结节,如果采用亚肺叶切除术很难保证足够的切缘,易造成局部的复发;另一方面,深处的肺结节会导致切除范围过大,失去了亚肺叶切除的肺功能保护优势。因此,对于这种深部的肺癌,通常采用肺叶切除术。

综上,关于肺段切除术的指征需要考虑肿瘤的大小、位置、具体性质等因素,2019版的中华医学会肺癌临床诊疗指南 [27] 推荐的肺段切除术的适应症为病理为原位癌、GGO成分 ≥ 50%、治疗倍增时间 ≥ 400天;至2022年版中华医学会肺癌临床诊疗指南 [28] ,其推荐的适应症拓展为直径 ≥ 2 cm,含GGO成分或倍增时间 ≥ 400天的早期肺癌可行意向性肺段切除术。因此,人们仍在探索肺段切除术的适应症的合适边界。

3. 肺段切除的相关技术

近年来,肺段切除术的技术也在迅猛发展。三维重建技术便对肺段切除提供了非常大的帮助 [29] ,三维重建技术是基于患者的CT影像将其重建为立体图像的技术,针对每个患者,精确的显示其气管、血管走行并定位结节的位置,这不仅可以减少术中消耗的时间,也可以减少肺组织不必要的分离,从而减少出血量、减少出现并发症的可能性,提高手术的精确性 [30] 。荧光显影也是一种识别肺节段间平面的方法,吲哚菁绿是其常用的一种染料,其首次被报道应用于2009年 [31] 。在截断肺段动脉后,通过外周静脉注射吲哚箐绿,在近红外胸腔镜下,肺会显示出蓝色和白色两种区域,其中白色是断流的肺组织,蓝色的是正常的肺组织;也可直接通过支气管注射染料,直接识别出肺段间平面,有利于肺段的切除。通过电磁导航支气管镜技术,可以将亚甲基蓝注射在小结节的周围,从而其可在脏层胸膜显示出来,进而可被直接切除 [32] 。但是,该技术由于费用高且难度大,目前难以在临床推广。

术中识别出段间平面也非常重要,目前常用的方法有膨胀萎陷法和选择性节段高频通气法。膨胀萎陷法指在双腔插管单侧通气的情况下,在解剖、断离相应肺段动脉、静脉、支气管后,将纯氧通过一定压力通入肺中,此时被解剖肺段仍可通过Cohn气孔膨胀起来,此后健侧肺的纯氧逐渐被吸收塌陷,患肺无法萎陷,10~20分钟之后,患者健患肺之间逐渐形成一条界限,这被视作段间边界。该方法简单易操作,但是等待时间长,且不适用于肺黏连和严重肺气肿患者 [33] 。选择性节段高频通气法则是在分离肺段支气管后,由麻醉师将纤维支气管镜放入目标肺段的支气管口,高频通气 [34] ,在健侧肺段保持萎陷的同时,将靶段胀起进而结扎靶段支气管口,使该肺段保持膨胀状态,进而出现一条膨胀–萎陷分界线。但是,该方法也有其局限性,首先其支气管镜的直径需要与肺段支气管的直径相匹配,其次,如果遇到肺段支气管位置复杂的情况,就需要麻醉师有很丰富的经验。

4. 结论

综上,随着医疗水平的发展,对早期肺癌的诊断也越来越精准,虽然肺段切除术的指征仍有争议,但是解剖性肺段切除术也被越来越多的胸外科医生接受。今后,随着人们对其研究的深入,解剖性肺段切除术可能在一定程度上取代肺叶切除术,成为早期肺癌的标准术式。

基金项目

山东省重大科技创新工程项目(2019JZZY021002)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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