阿帕替尼联合免疫检查点抑制剂治疗晚期胃肝样腺癌1例并文献复习
Apatinib Combined with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor for Advanced Gastric Hepatoid Adenocarcinoma: A Case Report and Review of Literature
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.1351064, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 256  浏览: 435 
作者: 周 海*, 牛钰榕, 崔佳丽, 张传涛, 侯和磊#:青岛大学附属医院肿瘤科,山东 青岛
关键词: 胃肝样腺癌免疫治疗靶向治疗Gastric Hepatoid Adenocarcinoma Immunotherapy Targeted Therapy
摘要: 胃肝样腺癌是一种极其罕见病理类型的恶性肿瘤,大约占全部胃癌的0.17%。其细胞形态和免疫表型与肝细胞癌完全相同。胃肝样腺癌侵袭性高,患者确诊时通常已处于晚期阶段,常见淋巴转移和肝转移。由于其较低的发病率,目前缺乏规范的治疗方案,主要治疗方式包括手术治疗和化疗,但效果不理想。靶向治疗和免疫治疗改变了传统的治疗方法,为肿瘤治疗带来了新的途径。因此我们报告1例胃肝样腺癌伴肝转移晚期患者使用阿帕替尼联合PD-L1抑制剂治疗的病例并回顾了现有的文献和相关知识,为这种罕见类型疾病提供新的治疗思路。
Abstract: Gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma is an extremely rare pathological type of malignant tumor, ac-counting for about 0.17% of all gastric cancer. Its morphology and immunophenotype are exactly similar to hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma is highly aggressive, and usually at an advanced stage when diagnosed with lymphatic metastases and liver metastases. Due to its low incidence, there is a lack of standardized treatment options. At present, the main treat-ment methods include surgery and chemotherapy, but the treatment effect is not satisfactory. Tar-geted therapy and immunotherapy have changed the traditional treatment methods and brought new approaches for the tumor treatment. Therefore, we reported a case of advanced gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma patient with liver metastases receiving apatinib combined with PD-L1 inhibitors, and reviewed the current literature and relevant knowledge to provide original treat-ment ideas for this rare malignant tumor.
文章引用:周海, 牛钰榕, 崔佳丽, 张传涛, 侯和磊. 阿帕替尼联合免疫检查点抑制剂治疗晚期胃肝样腺癌1例并文献复习[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(5): 7619-7623. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1351064

1. 引言

胃肝样腺癌是一种少见类型的恶性肿瘤,其预估发病率约为每年每百万人中仅发生0.58~0.83例 [1] ,有研究显示该种病理类型约占所有胃癌的0.17% [2] [3] 。肝样腺癌这种病理类型在子宫 [4] 、肺 [5] 、胰腺 [6] 、卵巢 [7] 、胆囊 [8] 、食管 [9] 均有相关的文献报道,而胃是最常见的原发部位。肝样腺癌特点是在组织学形态上与肝细胞癌类似,并且大多数肿瘤细胞α-AFP免疫组化结果呈阳性且血清AFP水平增高。其诊断除了形态学外,免疫组化也是必须要的。除了大部分APF染色阳性外,GPC3、SALL-4、HepPar-1也常常在肝样腺癌中弥漫型表达 [10] 。而SALL-4是肝癌高度敏感和特异性的标志物,这也导致在区分肝样腺癌与肝癌之间存在一定的困难 [11] 。目前文献报道的胃肝样腺癌病例多来自于亚洲地区,尤其是日本和中国队列 [12] [13] 。由于胃肝样腺癌较低的发病率,目前的治疗方案仍遵循普通胃腺癌的诊疗原则,但有文献提示传统化疗方案对此罕见类型的治疗效果不理想。在这篇文章中,我们报告了1位胃肝样腺癌伴肝转移患者应用靶向联合免疫治疗的病例,希望为这一特殊亚群患者的临床治疗提供强有力的证据。

2. 病历资料

患者中老年男性,因“反复发作腹痛、腹胀2月余。”就诊入院。肿瘤标志物示:血清AFP:12,179 ng/mL,CEA、CA199、CA724处于正常范围。2020-10-21行电子胃镜检查示:胃窦多发溃疡,幽门不全梗阻。组织病理学结果示:(胃窦下段近幽门)低分化腺癌,部分腺体呈肝样腺癌分化,局灶癌变–腺癌(高–中分化)。2020-10-27全腹增强CT提示胃窦壁明显增厚,呈不均匀强化,肝胃间隙及肝门区淋巴结转移,肝内多发转移瘤,较大者范围约56 mm× 53 mm。于2020-10-29行肝穿刺活检,病理提示:(肝脏结节穿刺)肝组织内低分化浸润伴坏死,结合病史及免疫组化结果,考虑消化道来源可能性大。免疫结果:Hepatocyte (−),Arginase-1 (−),Ki-67 (60%),Syn (弱+),CK7 (−),CK20 (+),CDX-2 (+),Villin (+),HER2 (1+),PMS2 (+),MLH1 (+),MSH6 (+),MSH2 (+),AFP (−),SALL4 (+),EBER (原位杂交) (−)。后患者行组织基因检测提示:TP53基因7号外显子p.G245D错义突变,丰度2.09%。MSS。PD-L1蛋白TPS 3%,CPS 10。明确诊断为:胃癌IV期并肝转移。

一线治疗:患者行“mDCF + 卡瑞利珠单抗”方案化疗,2周期治疗后复查上腹部增强CT示:胃窦壁明显增厚,肝胃间隙及肝门区多发转移淋巴结较前增大,肝内转移瘤部分较前增大。2周期疗效评估PD。PFS:2个月。

二线治疗:患者无化疗意愿,于2021-1-6开始行卡瑞利珠单抗联合阿帕替尼治疗,期间定期复查腹部CT示肝脏转移瘤明显缩小,胃窦原发病灶较前稍好转。患者血清AFP迅速下降(如图1),2、4、6、8周期疗效评估PR。治疗期间患者发生药物性高血压和药物性皮疹,予以药物对症治疗。2021-11行幽门支架植入术。2022-02-09行腹部增强CT提示胃窦壁肿块增厚;腹腔及腹膜后多发淋巴结转移较前进展;肝内转移灶较前略增大。同时血清肿瘤标志物AFP升高,考虑病变进展。PFS:13.3个月。

Figure 1. The curve of serum AFP change in gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma patient

图1. 胃肝样腺癌患者血清AFP改变曲线

三线治疗:2022-02-14行呋喹替尼联合卡瑞丽珠单抗治疗,治疗期间复查AFP下降,但CA50、CA199进行性升高,考虑为肿瘤异质性所致。2022-04-15行腹部增强CT示:胃窦壁增厚较前进展;腹腔及腹膜后多发淋巴结转移,部分淋巴结较前略减小,部分较前增大;肝内转移瘤较前变化不大。考虑药物控制不理性,遂更换治疗方案。PFS:2个月。

四线及后线治疗:2022-05-19再次行卡瑞利珠单抗联合阿帕替尼治疗,2022-06-20复查CT示胃窦壁局部病灶较前增大;胃窦周围、肝门区、肝胃间隙见多发肿大淋巴结部分较前增大;肝脏转移瘤较前变化不大。后同时服用氟尿嘧啶胶囊治疗,治疗效果仍进展。2022-09-10更换治疗方案,开始行伊立替康 + 顺铂治疗,2022-10-24行上腹部增强CT提示胃窦壁增厚较前稍好转,肝内转移瘤同前。患者病灶较前缩小,但恶心、呕吐等不良反应严重,考虑患者耐受不良,遂停药。患者晚期多线治疗,进食差,未再行化疗。2022-12-6继续服用阿帕替尼单药治疗,2023-03-07外院CT示胃窦部病灶增大,疗效评价PD。患者进食欠佳,营养差,同时伴消瘦,贫血貌,ECOG评分3分,考虑患者体质差,仅给予患者对症支持治疗。患者的治疗流程如图2所示,我们将继续跟踪随后的治疗。

Figure 2. A gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma patient received targeted therapy and PD-1 inhibitor

图2. 胃肝样腺癌患者接受靶向治疗和PD-1抑制剂

3. 讨论

大量文献表明胃肝样腺癌侵袭性高,在患者在诊断时往往伴随着远处转移,常见淋巴转移和肝转移,因此及时准确诊断是极其重要的 [2] [14] 。HAS患者新辅助或辅助治疗的可行性以及辅助治疗的适应症和具体方案尚不清楚,目前主要按照常规胃腺癌指南方案治疗。有学者认为以铂类为基础的全身化疗是晚期患者最重要的治疗 [15] 。两名转移性胃肝样腺癌患者一线方案使用顺铂联合依托泊苷达到了完全缓解(CR) [16] 。但我们报道的患者一线使用奥沙利铂联合白蛋白紫衫醇和替吉奥治疗效果不佳,这可能与肿瘤异质性相关。先前的一项研究回顾性分析13例接受姑息性化疗的胃肝样腺癌晚期患者,氟尿嘧啶联合铂类是最常见的治疗方案,其次是紫杉类联合铂类,规范治疗后评估肿瘤反应,1名患者出现部分应答,反应率仅为8.3%,疾病控制率为50%,总生存期和无进展生存期分别为8.03和3.47个月 [3] 。因此还需要大量前瞻性实验来探索胃肝样腺癌晚期一线治疗方案。

靶向治疗与免疫治疗改变了传统的治疗方法,为肿瘤治疗带来了新的途径,受到了越来越多关注。阿帕替尼作为一种新型的小分子选择性血管内皮生长因子受体-2 (VEGFR-2)酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,在中国已被批准三线治疗晚期或转移性胃癌 [17] 。免疫治疗目前也已被批准用于多种实体瘤,包括肺癌,食管癌等等 [18] [19] 。在我们的研究中,患者一线化疗进展后应用阿帕替尼联合免疫治疗明显缩小肝脏转移灶,且控制了胃部原发病灶进展,血清AFP浓度也出现明显下降,患者无进展生存期高达13.3个月,临床观察到的主要不良反应是高血压和皮疹。同时一项来自日本研究者的个案报告分析,一名胃肝样腺癌伴肝转移的患者在化疗新辅助后行D2根治术,术后1个月接受了8个周期化疗联合雷莫芦单抗后,肝脏病灶完全消失,疗效评价CR [20] 。由此推断,抗血管生成药物或许是这一少见类型肿瘤有效的治疗策略,特别是同时晚期伴肝转移的晚期患者。

关于胃肝样腺癌应用免疫治疗的报告甚少,只有一个文献显示1名接受PD-L1抑制剂治疗的胃肝样腺癌患者的治疗效果不佳,但这可能与其较低的PD-L1蛋白表达有关 [21] 。在我们的研究中,患者的PD-L1表达TPS 3%,CPS 10,在一线方案化疗联合免疫治疗后,患者病灶控制并不理想,原发灶及转移灶均较前增大,但在二线与阿替尼联合后显著提高了患者治疗反应。此前的病例报告和我们的病例暗示单用免疫治疗或与化疗联用或许不是一项可靠的治疗方案,还需要更多的病例探究,但抗血管靶向治疗联合PD-L1抑制剂可能是一种潜在的治疗策略,可以增加晚期患者的生存获益。

随着精准治疗时代的来临,基因治疗日渐火热。一位国内学者利用二代测序(NGS)技术研究了24例胃肝样腺癌的分子特征,探索潜在的治疗靶点。结果显示TP53、CEBPA、RPTOR、WISP3、MARK1和CD3EAP被检测为胃肝样腺癌的高频突变(10%~20%)。除此之外,胃肝样腺癌具有显著的基因拷贝数扩展,这与癌症的预后息息相关。富集分析显示与常规胃腺癌相比,HIF-1信号通路与调节干细胞功能相关信号通路在胃肝样腺癌中特异性富集 [22] 。这为该疾病的治疗提供了一种新的方向。

4. 结论

目前标准的根治性手术联合全身化疗可以改善早期胃肝样腺癌患者的预后,但是临床结果还是不够理想,且这种类型肿瘤易复发转移的特性,仍然对晚期患者的治疗提出重大的挑战。从本项个案报告来看,患者应用靶向联合免疫检查点抑制剂治疗晚期胃肝样腺癌患者能够延长患者的无进展生存期,可有效控制肝脏转移灶,减少全身化疗带来的不良反应,为这种罕见类型肿瘤提供了新颖的治疗思路。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者Email: houheleihhl@163.com

参考文献

[1] Soreide, J.A. (2019) Therapeutic Approaches to Gastric Hepatoid Adenocarcinoma: Current Perspectives. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, 15, 1469-1477.
https://doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S204303
[2] Lin, C.Y., Yeh, H.C., Hsu, C.M., et al. (2015) Clinicopathologial Features of Gastric Hepatoid Adenocarcinoma. Biomedical Journal, 38, 65-69.
https://doi.org/10.4103/2319-4170.126860
[3] Baek, S.K., Han, S.W., Oh, D.Y., et al. (2011) Clinicopath-ologic Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes of Hepatoid Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach, a Rare but Unique Subtype of Gastric Cancer. BMC Gastroenterology, 11, Article No. 56.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-11-56
[4] Nishida, K., Toji, T., Taniguchi, K., et al. (2023) High-Grade En-dometrial Carcinoma with a Hepatoid Carcinoma-Like Component. International Journal of Gynecological Pathology, 42, 63-67.
https://doi.org/10.1097/PGP.0000000000000852
[5] Li, M., Fan, Y. and Lu, H. (2021) Hepatoid Adenocarcino-ma of the Lung. Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment, 20.
https://doi.org/10.1177/15330338211057983
[6] Yang, C., Sun, L., Lai, J.Z., et al. (2019) Primary Hepatoid Car-cinoma of the Pancreas: A Clinicopathological Study of 3 Cases with Review of Additional 31 Cases in the Literature. International Journal of Surgical Pathology, 27, 28-42.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1066896918783468
[7] Acosta, A.M. and Pins, M.R. (2019) Hepatoid Carcinoma of the Ovary: Clinical, Histopathologic, and Immunophenotypic Features. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 143, 883-889.
https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2017-0485-RS
[8] Devi, N.R., Sathyalakshmi, R., Devi, J., et al. (2015) Hepatoid Adenocarcinoma of the Gall Bladder—A Rare Variant. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 9, ED09-ED10.
https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/10799.6324
[9] Nagai, Y., Kato, T., Harano, M., et al. (2014) A Case of AFP-Producing Esophagogastric Junction Cancer with Liver Metastases with a Good Response to Chemotherapy. Gan to Kagaku Ryoho, 41, 2349-2351.
[10] Wang, N., Kong, R., Han, W., et al. (2021) Aberrant Beta-Catenin Activity in Hepatoid Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach. Current Molecular Medicine, 21, 655-664.
https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867327666200522215607
[11] Su, J.S., Chen, Y.T., Wang, R.C., et al. (2013) Clini-copathological Characteristics in the Differential Diagnosis of Hepatoid Adenocarcinoma: A Literature Review. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 19, 321-327.
https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v19.i3.321
[12] Inagawa, S., Shimazaki, J., Hori, M., et al. (2001) Hepatoid Adenocar-cinoma of the Stomach. Gastric Cancer, 4, 43-52.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s101200100016
[13] Xia, R., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., et al. (2021) Hepatoid Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach: Current Perspectives and New Developments. Frontiers in Oncology, 11, Article ID: 633916.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.633916
[14] Mckusick, V.A. and Amberger, J.S. (1994) The Morbid Anatomy of the Human Genome: Chromosomal Location of Mutations Causing Disease (Update 1 December 1993). Journal of Medical Genetics, 31, 265-279.
https://doi.org/10.1136/jmg.31.4.265
[15] Yoshizawa, J., Ishizone, S., Ikeyama, M., et al. (2017) Gastric Hepatoid Adenocarcinoma Resulting in a Spontaneous Gastric Perforation: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. BMC Cancer, 17, Article No. 368.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-017-3357-7
[16] Simmet, V., Noblecourt, M., Lizee, T., et al. (2018) Chemothera-py of Metastatic Hepatoid Adenocarcinoma: Literature Review and Two Case Reports with Cisplatin Etoposide. Oncolo-gy Letters, 15, 48-54.
https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7263
[17] Scott, L.J. (2018) Apatinib: A Review in Advanced Gastric Cancer and Other Advanced Cancers. Drugs, 78, 747-758.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-018-0903-9
[18] Pardoll, D.M. (2012) The Blockade of Immune Checkpoints in Cancer Immunotherapy. Nature Reviews Cancer, 12, 252-264.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3239
[19] Ganesh, K., Stadler, Z.K., Cercek, A., et al. (2019) Immunotherapy in Colorectal Cancer: Rationale, Challenges and Potential. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 16, 361-375.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-019-0126-x
[20] Arakawa, Y., Tamura, M., Aiba, K., et al. (2017) Significant Response to Ramucirumab Monotherapy in Chemotherapy-Resistant Recurrent Alpha-Fetoprotein-Producing Gastric Cancer: A Case Report. Oncology Letters, 14, 3039-3042.
https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6514
[21] Zou, M., Li, Y., Dai, Y., et al. (2019) AFP-Producing Hepatoid Adeno-carcinoma (HAC) of Peritoneum and Omentum: A Case Report and Literature Review. OncoTargets and Therapy, 12, 7649-7654.
https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S216501
[22] Wang, Y., Sun, L., Li, Z., et al. (2019) Hepatoid Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach: A Unique Subgroup with Distinct Clinicopathological and Molecular Features. Gastric Cancer, 22, 1183-1192.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10120-019-00965-5