冠状动脉旁路移植术后急性肾损伤的危险因素分析以及预测模型的建立
Analysis of Risk Factors and the Establishment of Prediction Model for Acute Kidney Injury after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.134799, PDF, 下载: 188  浏览: 305 
作者: 王子尧, 卫阳炎, 巩京帅, 荣俞汪:青岛大学医学部,山东 青岛;常 青*:青岛大学附属医院心外科,山东 青岛
关键词: 急性肾损伤冠状动脉旁路移植术列线图Acute Kidney Injury Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Nomogram
摘要: 目的:急性肾损伤(Acute Kidney Injury, AKI)是冠状动脉旁路移植术(Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting, CABG)后常见的并发症。本研究旨在探讨CABG后发生AKI的危险因素并建立风险预测模型,以便早期识别高危患者。方法:本研究共随访2018至2020年期间接受CABG治疗的患者1253例,根据术后是否发生AKI并分为AKI组和non AKI组。根据肾脏疾病改善全球结局(KDIGO)标准定义AKI,并采用Logistic回归对分析变量进行统计学分析。结果:本研究共纳入1190例患者,其中AKI组295例,non AKI组895例。研究显示CABG术后AKI的发生率为24.7%。多因素logistic回归分析显示,预估肾小球滤过率(eGFR)、尿酸、高血压、急诊手术、心力衰竭、术中输血、使用主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP),术后应用肾上腺素是术后AKI的独立危险因素,同时利用上述危险因素构建术后AKI的预测模型,ROC分析显示AUC = 0.707,95%CI 0.671~0.742。该模型具有良好的预测效果。结论:我们得出了8个术后AKI的危险因素,并建立了预测模型,早期对这些危险因素实施临床干预可能更有利于降低AKI发生的风险。
Abstract: Objective: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). This study aimed to explore the risk factors for AKI after coronary artery bypass grafting and to establish a risk prediction model for early identification of relevant risk factors and inter-ventions. Methods: A total of 1253 patients who underwent CABG between 2018 and 2020 were included and divided into AKI and non-AKI groups according to whether AKI occurred after surgery. AKI was defined according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. The analysis variables were statistically calculated using logistic regression. Results: A total of 1190 patients, 295 and 895 patients in the AKI and non-AKI groups, respectively, were included in this study. The incidence of AKI after CABG was 24.7%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), uric acid, hypertension, emergency surgery, heart failure, intraoperative blood transfusion, use of an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), and postoperative adrenaline were independently associated with AKI after CABG. A nomogram of postoperative AKI in patients was constructed using total predictor variables (AUC = 0.707, 95%CI 0.671~0.742). Conclusion: We developed and validated 8 risk factors for predicting AKI after CABG. Early implementation of clinical intervention for these risk factors may be more beneficial to re-ducing the risk of AKI.
文章引用:王子尧, 卫阳炎, 巩京帅, 荣俞汪, 常青. 冠状动脉旁路移植术后急性肾损伤的危险因素分析以及预测模型的建立[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(4): 5656-5665. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.134799

1. 引言

急性肾损伤(AKI)是冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)术后常见的并发症,发生率约为20%~30% [1] [2] [3] [4] ,术后发生AKI会对患者产生诸多不利影响,例如增加患者术后早期和长期死亡率,延长ICU住院时间以及增加住院成本等 [5] [6] [7] [8] 。因此,AKI的预防和治疗对患者短期与长期的预后具有重要意义 [9] 。对于亚洲人群而言,研究CABG术后AKI的危险因素并建立相关预测模型并进行临床评价的研究较少 [10] [11] 。因此,本研究旨在探讨冠状动脉旁路移植术后发生AKI的危险因素并建立风险预测模型,以便早期识别高危患者。

2. 材料与方法

2.1. 患者入院标准

纳入标准:① 2018~2020年在青岛大学附属医院接受CABG的患者。② 患者年龄 > 18周岁。排除标准:① 术前存在慢性肾损伤的患者;② 微创下行冠状动脉旁路移植术的患者;③ 血清肌酐值 < 31 umol/L的患者;④ 资料缺失的患者。

2.2. 围手术期管理

所有患者均行正中胸骨切开术。心包剥离后,使用肝素钠(不停跳搭桥者1 mg/Kg,停跳搭桥者3 mg/Kg)进行抗凝治疗。主诊医师和麻醉师根据患者的术中状态、血压以及尿量来进行液体管理。所有患者均按照计划行不停跳搭桥或者体外循环下搭桥手术进行治疗。根据术中情况,患者常规选择行左侧乳内动脉与左侧前降支吻合,若其他血管病变或血流较差,则选择大隐静脉作为桥血管。

2.3. 诊断以及定义标准

① 急性肾损伤(AKI)的定义采用肾脏疾病改善全球预后(KDIGO)诊断标准 [12] 。① 患者48小时内肌酐值增加到基线值的1.3倍(或>26.5 µmol/L);② 患者7天内肌酐值大于基线值的1.5倍;③ 患者6小时内尿量小于0.5 ml/kg/h。

② 预估肾小球滤过率(eGFR)采用“Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) SCysC”等式:①如果患者为女性,eGFR = 133 × (SCysC/0.8)a × (0.996)年龄 × 0.932;如果患者为男性,eGFR = 133 × (SCysC/0.8)a × (0.996)年龄。当SCysC ≤ 为0.8 mg/L时,a = −0.499,当SCysC > 为0.8 mg/L时,a = −1.328。

③ 所有患者术前实验室指标数据均为术前最后记录的结果。

④ 术后药物(肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素)的使用是指患者术后1天内的药物使用情况。

2.4. 数据收集

该临床试验为单中心、回顾性队列研究。所有患者病历信息均从青岛大学附属医院科研大数据系统(易渡云系统)导出,并经青岛大学附属医院伦理委员会批准,免除患者知情同意。临床基线数据患者包括年龄、性别、身体质量指数(BMI)、吸烟史、饮酒史、高血压史、糖尿病史、卒中史、心力衰竭史、射血分数等。术前生化指标包括血清肌酐、甘油三酯、白蛋白和尿酸水平等。手术信息包括手术时间、体外循环时间、搭桥数、是否术中输血、是否为急诊手术等。

2.5. 统计学方法

采用SPSS 26.0和R 4.1.0进行统计学分析。正态分布的连续变量用平均值(标准差)表示,异常分布数据采用中位数和四分位差表示。分类数据采用比例计数法,两组间差异比较采用χ2检验或校正χ2检验。采用单变量logistic回归分析变量,P值 < 0.05的变量纳入多因素logistigitic回归模型;当两个或两个以上的危险因素之间存在相关性时,只有一个与术后AKI最密切的相关因素被纳入最终的回归模型。通过受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线分析临界值、敏感性、特异性以及面积测量准确性,用列线图来预测AKI的风险。P < 0.05认为差异存在统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 一般资料

2018~2020年,我院行冠状动脉旁路移植术患者共1253例。根据排除标准,本研究共纳入1190例患者(AKI组295例,non AKI组895例)。患者的术前、围手术期、术后特征见表1表2

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of patients before operation and univariate Logistic regression results

表1. 患者术前的基线信息及单因素Logistic回归结果

注:LDLC:极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇;eGFR:预估肾小球滤过率。

Table 2. Baseline characteristics of patients during and after operation and univariate Logistic regression results

表2. 患者术中以及术后基线信息及单因素Logistic回归结果

3.2. 单因素以及多因素Logistic回归分析

在单因素Logistic回归分析(P < 0.05)中,共存在14个潜在的危险因素,包括年龄 > 65岁,尿酸、白蛋白、血清肌酐值、预估肾小球滤过率、高血压、利尿剂、急诊手术、心力衰竭史、术中输血、使用主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP),术中室颤、体外循环以及术后应用肾上腺素。将上述变量纳入多因素Logistic回归分析来预测CABG后发生AKI的独立危险因素。多变量逻辑回归结果显示:肾小球滤过率、尿酸、高血压、急诊手术、心力衰竭史、术中输血、术中使用主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP),术后应用肾上腺素与CABG术后的AKI独立相关(P < 0.05) (表3)。

Table 3. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis associated with AKI after CABG

表3. CABG术后发生AKI相关危险因素的多因素Logistic回归分析

3.3. 列线图与模型构建

本研究采用上述8个独立危险因素的列线图来评估术后AKI的风险(图1)。采用ROC曲线对预测模型进行检验(AUC = 0.707, 95% CI 0.671~0.742) (图2)。根据列线图的评价效益,绘制校准曲线来评估列线图显示存在较好的评价性能(图3),同时利用雷达图来识别危险因素的重要程度(图4)。采用决策曲线分析(DCA)对预测模型进行评估(图5)。

Figure 1. Nomogram of predictors for postoperative AKI after CABG

图1. CABG术后发生AKI独立危险因素的列线图

Figure 2. The ROC curve of independent risk factors for postoperative AKI after CABG

图2. CABG术后患者发生AKI的独立危险因素的ROC曲线

Figure 3. Calibration curve based on the risk factor nomogram

图3. 基于危险因素列线图的校准曲线

Figure 4. Radar diagram of the risk factors for AKI after CABG

图4. CABG术后AKI危险因素的雷达图

Figure 5. The decision curve analysis (DCA) assessment based on the predictive model

图5. 基于预测模型的临床决策曲线(DCA)评估

4. 讨论

在本研究纳入的1190例CABG患者中,共计295人(24.7%)出现了AKI,其发生率与之前的报道相似。心脏手术中,由于手术中循环血容量不足,可使得体液因子和交感神经系统的活性增强,炎症反应和凝血功能也相应增强。这些变化可能会对肾脏产生不利影响,包括急性肾损伤、长期死亡率增加以及慢性肾功能衰竭 [13] [14] [15] 。在本研究中,我们发现预估肾小球滤过率、尿酸、高血压、急诊手术、心力衰竭、术中输血、使用主动脉内球囊反搏术(IABP)和术后肾上腺素是CABG术后发生AKI的独立预测因素,并且纳入这8个变量模型的ROC曲线(AUC = 0.707)表现良好。与先前的研究结果相似 [10] [11] [16] [17] ,心脏术后发生AKI除了一些常规因素,如eGFR、高血压病史、尿酸,术中输血以外,在本研究中我们还发现心力衰竭、急诊手术、主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)置入以及术后应用肾上腺素也是CABG术后AKI的危险因素。

术前发生心衰与术后AKI密切相关。在心衰患者中,射血分数降低可导致肾灌注不足,进而触发压力感受器,并激活RAAS系统进而影响肾小球以及肾小管的功能。由于肾小管细胞对缺氧敏感,心力衰竭导致的心输出量减少可进一步造成肾小管缺氧和坏死来加速AKI的进展 [18] 。一项纳入25项研究 [19] 涉及254408名患者的meta分析显示,AKI患者在两年的随访中发生心力衰竭的风险较non-AKI患者增加了58%。此外,Hertzberg等人 [20] 的一项研究显示,接受CABG手术的心力衰竭患者中,有26%的患者发生AKI,比无心力衰竭患者高12%。这些研究结果与我们得出的术前心力衰竭是AKI的独立危险因素的结论相一致。同样,在心脏手术中,循环血容量的不足可能会导致心功能不全从而对肾脏造成一定程度的损伤,而IABP的置入通常用于低心排血量的危重症患者;因此,术中置入IABP的患者可能发展为AKI的结果也可以得到合理解释。

有相关报道 [13] [21] [22] 指出,急症手术可增加术后AKI的风险,但其发病机制仍需要进一步探索。在我们的研究中,急症手术被定义为在入院后24小时内接受手术的患者。行急症手术患者往往病情更为严重,且在寻求药物治疗时同时多伴有血流动力学不稳定或休克、心肌梗死等症状 [23] [24] 。在这种情况下,手术治疗可能往往会增强体内炎症因子和神经系统反应,增加了术后并发症和肾损害的可能性。

术后肾上腺素的使用在雷达图中具有最强的预测意义,也是AKI的独立预测因子。肾上腺素通常用于休克和心脏骤停 [25] [26] 的抢救治疗。同样,肾上腺素也可增加机体对心肌供氧的需求,而减少流向其他器官的血流量,从而引起肾内血流动力学的改变,造成肾灌注不足而加速AKI的进展 [27] [28] 。为确保AKI发生前应用肾上腺素,我们纳入术后1天内使用肾上腺素的患者,大大提高了肾上腺素对AKI的预测意义。

在本研究中,我们不仅纳入患者术前基线信息,术中以及术后的信息也都进行了收集,大大加强了模型的预测意义。同时,我们建立了一个基于中国成年CABG患者的预测评分模型,对了解和预防CABG术后AKI的发生具有重要的临床意义。

同样,本研究也存在一些局限性。首先,这是一项单中心的回顾性研究,数据收集依赖于医疗记录,故还需要一个有多个中心的大队列前瞻性研究进一步探索。其次,我们的研究仅调查了住院期间的短期结局,而CABG后AKI的长期预后尚不清楚。

5. 结论

基于心脏术后发生AKI的危险因素,我们建立了模型来预测AKI的风险。此外,我们绘制了列线图来确定每个危险因素的严重程度,以及临床决策曲线来评价预测模型,使临床医生能够准确地发现AKI的潜在危险,并尽快进行干预而最大程度减少AKI的发生率。

NOTES

*通讯作者Email: changqing20671@qdu.edu.cn

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