经肛管不能预防直肠癌术后吻合口漏的发生:一项关于前瞻性研究的meta分析
Transanal Tube Does Not Prevent Postoperative Anastomotic Leak in Rectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.132377, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 260  浏览: 346 
作者: 姚倩云, 王 婕, 陈思言:西安医学院,陕西 西安;姬新才*:陕西省人民医院,陕西 西安
关键词: 吻合口渗漏经肛管直肠癌手术Anastomotic Leak Transanal Tube Rectal Cancer Surgery
摘要: 经肛管(TT)是否能减少术后吻合口漏(AL)尚存在争议;我们研究的目的是比较直肠癌手术后放置TT和不放置TT的有效性和安全性。通过计算机检索PubMed和其他数据库中关于肛门导管预防直肠癌AL的文章:检索时限从建库到2022年2月28日。根据设定的标准,选择文献并提取相关数据,使用Review Manager 5.2和Stata 12.0软件进行数据分析。最终共纳入9项研究(2748名患者),3项为随机对照试验(RCTs),其余6项是前瞻性队列研究。在RCTs研究(OR, 0.67; 95%CI 0.39~1.13; P = 0.13)和前瞻性研究中(OR, 0.64; 95%CI 0.37~1.08; P = 0.09),TT组和NTT组间的术后AL的发生率无明显的统计学差异。在RCTs的亚组分析中,TT组的再手术率(OR, 0.11; 95%CI 0.03~0.51; P = 0.004)及住院天数(OR, −3.40; 95%CI (−4.89, −1.91); P < 0.00001)优于NTT组;而在前瞻性研究中,2组间的死亡率(OR, 0.74; 95%CI 0.16~3.36; P = 0.70)、再手术率(OR, 0.72; 95%CI 0.37~1.42; P = 0.34)及住院天数(OR, −1.57; 95%CI −3.73~0.60; P = 0.16)均无统计学差异。这项meta分析表明,无论是RCTs研究还是前瞻性研究,TT组并未改善术后AL的发生率,未来需要更多的大型多中心研究进一步验证。
Abstract: Whether transanal catheters (TT) reduce postoperative anastomotic leakage (AL) is controversial; the aim of our study was to compare the effectiveness and safety of TT placement with and without TT placement after rectal cancer surgery. PubMed and other databases were searched by computer for articles on anal catheters for the prevention of AL in rectal cancer: the search period was from the date of database creation to 28 February 2022. The literature was selected and relevant data were extracted according to the set criteria, and data were analyzed using Review Manager 5.2 and Stata 12.0 software. A total of nine studies (2748 patients) were ultimately included: three were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and the remaining six were prospective cohort studies. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of postoperative AL between the TT and NTT groups in the RCTs (OR, 0.67; 95%CI 0.39~1.13; P = 0.13) and in the prospective studies (OR, 0.64; 95%CI 0.37~1.08; P = 0.09). In a subgroup analysis of RCTs, the reoperation rate (OR, 0.11; 95%CI 0.03~0.51; P = 0.004) and hospital days (OR, −3.40; 95%CI (−4.89, −1.91); P < 0.00001) were better in the TT group than in the NTT group; whereas in the prospective study, the mortality rate between the 2 groups (OR, 0.74. 95%CI 0.16~3.36; P = 0.70), reoperation rate (OR, 0.72; 95%CI 0.37~1.42; P = 0.34) and days in hospital (OR, −1.57; 95%CI −3.73~0.60; P = 0.16) were not statistically different between the 2 groups in the prospective study. This meta-analysis suggests that the TT group did not improve the incidence of postoperative AL in either RCTs or prospective studies, and further validation in more large multicentre studies is needed in the future.
文章引用:姚倩云, 王婕, 陈思言, 姬新才. 经肛管不能预防直肠癌术后吻合口漏的发生:一项关于前瞻性研究的meta分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(2): 2675-2685. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.132377

1. 引言

根据国际癌症研究机构(IARC)提供的数据,2020年全球将有73万例新的直肠癌和33万例死亡 [1] ,这是一个巨大的数字。术后吻合口漏(Anastomotic Leak, AL)的发生率约为5%~30% [2] [3] 。证据表明,AL的风险因素 [4] [5] [6] [7] 大致包括三个主要类别:术前、术中和术后。肛门导管可以通过减少肛门直肠压力提供肠道的机械扩张,并加速胃肠道正常蠕动功能的恢复来降低AL的发生率 [8] [9] 。以前的研究报告称,经肛管(transanal tubes, TT)可以显著降低直肠癌手术的术后AL的发生率 [10] - [15] 。Jung Cheol Kuk的研究结果 [16] 表明显示,TT组的AL发生率为1.9% (n = 4),NTT组为5.6% (n = 19) (P = 0.032)。Saori Goto的研究结果 [17] 显示,TT组的AL发生率为8.3%,NTT组为15%。他们的结果都证明,TT比NTT可以有效的减少直肠癌手术后AL的发生。然而,在最近的一些研究中 [18] [19] ,TT对预防术后AL的发生无效。Koichi Tamura的研究 [18] 显示,TT组的AL发生率为7.6%,NTT组为10.3% (P = 0.559),无显著统计学差异。Song Zhao的研究 [19] 结果显示:在AL率方面,TT组和非TT组之间没有显着差异(18 [6.4%] vs 19 [6.8%]; relative risk, 0.947; 95%CI, 0.508~1.766; P = 0.87)。这些研究的结果存在一定的矛盾。因此,本研究的目的是评估经肛门导管对预防直肠癌手术后AL的疗效和安全性。

2. 材料和方法

2.1. 检索策略

遵循2020年系统综述和meta分析的首选报告项目(PRISMA)声明进行分析并报告结果。在PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane Library和Embase (OVID界面)进行了全面的文献研究,直至2022年2月28日。使用了以下组合词:(肛门管)和(吻合口渗漏)和(直肠癌)。参考文献列表中的任何相关研究也被筛选出来,以扩大我们的研究范围。从筛选出来的文章中,首先排除重复的文章,然后根据摘要和全文排除与研究无关的文章。然后,两位审稿人(W.J.和C.S.)分别根据以下的纳入和排除标准对所有文章进行独立筛选。如果任何研究数据不完整,我们首先尝试联系主要作者以获得额外的数据。

2.2. 纳入和排除标准

本研究包括对直肠癌手术患者的研究,有RCTs/前瞻性研究。此外,是否在手术后放置TT,并至少包括一个结果指标(AL;死亡率;再手术;住院时间;腔内压力;或首次置管时间)。我们排除了信件、病例报告或评论以及不相关的研究或没有所需信息的相关研究。而且我们排除了非对照研究和非成人研究以及动物研究。

2.3. 结果指标、文献方法学和质量评价

主要结果是AL的发生率,次要结果包括死亡率、再手术率、住院时间和有无辅助性放疗。两位研究者(W.J和C.S.)使用标准化表格独立提取摘要、临床结果和研究数据(研究作者、国家、出版年份、病例数、研究类别、患者类别、放置位置、术前化疗或放疗、吻合口漏、死亡率、再次手术的概率和住院时间)。每项研究的质量是通过使用Jadad量表评估的 [20] 。主要包括以下七个方面:随机序列的产生、分配序列的隐蔽性、参与者和工作人员的盲法、结果评估的盲法、不完整的结果数据。过程中的任何分歧都通过研究人员共同讨论解决。

2.4. 统计学方法

统计分析由Review Manager 5.2软件进行。二分法变量使用比值比(OR),连续变量采用均数差(MD),所有区间估计均值使用95%的置信区间(CI),P < 0.05时认为差异具有统计学意义。使用卡方检验和Higgins I 2统计量评估纳入研究的异质性。我们将显著的异质性定义为P值低于0.1且I2 > 50%。根据可能的异质性因素,进行亚组分析或敏感性分析以消除异质性。采用随机效应模型进行Meta分析。当最终纳入的研究数量大于或等于10个时,我们打算通过漏斗图和Begg等级测试以及Egger回归测试来评估发表偏倚。当最终纳入的研究数量少于10个时,我们打算只使用漏斗图来分析发表偏倚。在对所有结果进行评估后,使用GRADE系统创建一个结果汇总表 [21] 。

3. 结果

3.1. 研究的选择和确定

根据检索策略,共检索到121篇相关研究。通过阅读标题和摘要进行初步筛选,排除了93篇文章,留下28篇文章的文献。根据规定的纳入和排除标准,用EndnoteX9软件排除了19篇,剩下9篇被纳入最终研究。该过程如图1所示。

Figure 1. PRISMA flow chart of the study selection process

图1. 研究选择过程的PRISMA流程图

3.2. 研究特点和质量评估

该荟萃分析共纳入9项研究 [8] [18] [19] [22] - [27] (n = 2748),共有1386名患者使用TT,1362名患者未使用NTT。其中3项研究 [8] [18] [19] 是RCTs,其余6项 [22] - [27] 是前瞻性队列研究(表1)。所有研究均为2013年至2021年。两位研究人员(W.J.和C.S.)使用Jadad量表独立评估了质量,并提出了结果(表1)。这项荟萃分析包括了来自5个不同国家的研究,7项来自亚洲,其中3项研究来自中国(n = 1116) [8] [19] [27] ,2项研究来自日本(n = 358) [18] [25] ,2项研究来自韩国(n = 701) [24] [26] 。2项研究来自欧洲,1项来自意大利(n = 429) [22] ,1项研究来自法国(n = 144) [23] 。9项研究 [8] [18] [19] [22] - [27] 均为全文格式。表1重点介绍了9项研究的特点。

Table 1. Characteristics of selected studies

表1. 纳入研究的一般特征

3.3. RCTs的研究分析

在3项RCT研究 [8] [18] [19] 中(n = 1115),均报告了术后AL的发生率,结果表明,TT组和NTT组术后的AL的发生率没有统计学上的显著差异(OR, 0.67; 95%CI 0.39~1.13; P = 0.13) (图2)。3项RCT研究中均未报道有患者死亡,因此在RCT研究中,2组死亡率的对比是没有意义的(图3)。虽然3项RCT研究中只有一项研究 [8] 描述了再手术率,但在我们的研究中,TT组和NTT组之间的再手术率存在统计学上的差异(OR, 0.11; 95%CI 0.03~0.51; P = 0.004) (图4)。RCT研究中有1项研究 [8] 提供了住院天数的数据,TT组和NTT组的住院天数有统计学上的显著差异(OR, −3.40; 95%CI (−4.89, −1.91); P < 0.00001) (图5)。

3.4. 前瞻性队列研究的结果

我们共纳入6项前瞻性队列研究(n = 1633) [22] - [27] 并对其进行分析,6项前瞻性队列研究均报告了术后AL的发生率,meta分析显示,TT组和NTT组术后的AL发病率没有统计学上的显著差异(OR, 0.64; 95%CI 0.37~1.08; P = 0.09) (图6)。其中3项前瞻性研究 [22] [26] [27] 报告了死亡率,据我们的Meta分析的结果显示,TT组和NTT组的死亡率没有统计学上的显著差异(OR, 0.74; 95%CI 0.16~3.36; P = 0.70) (图7)。6项前瞻性队列研究中5项研究 [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] 报告了再手术率,Meta分析结果显示,TT组和NTT组之间的再手术发生率没有统计学上的显著差异(OR, 0.72; 95%CI 0.37~1.42; P = 0.34) (图8)。3项前瞻性研究 [22] [23] [24] 报告了住院天数,Meta分析结果显示,TT组和NTT组之间的住院天数没有统计学上的显著差异(OR, −1.57; 95%CI −3.73~0.60; P = 0.16) (图9)。

Figure 2. AL in RCTs

图2. 随机对照试验中的吻合口瘘

Figure 3. Mortality in RCTs

图3. 随机对照试验中的死亡率

Figure 4. Reoperation in RCTs

图4. 随机对照试验中的再手术率

Figure 5. Days of hospitalization in RCTs

图5. 随机对照试验中的住院天数

Figure 6. AL in prospective cohort studies

图6. 前瞻性队列研究中的吻合口瘘

Figure 7. Mortality in prospective cohort studies

图7. 前瞻性队列研究中的死亡率

Figure 8. Reoperation in prospective cohort studies

图8. 前瞻性队列研究中的死亡率

Figure 9. Days of hospitalization in prospective cohort studies

图9. 前瞻性队列研究中的住院天数

3.5. 发表偏移

来自AL的漏斗图显示了不对称性的相对影响(图10)。由于试验的数量有限,我们没有进行Begg或Egger测试。在对所有结果进行评估后,使用GRADE系统创建一个结果汇总表(表2)。

Figure 10. Funnel plot of early complication rate for assessment of publication bias

图10. 用于评估发表偏倚的早期并发症率的漏斗图

Table 2. Summary of findings table: the one most important outcome and four secondary outcomes

表2. 结果总结:1个主要结局和4个次要结局

4. 讨论

本文对直肠癌手术后放置TT和不放置TT的安全性和有效性进行了荟萃分析。荟萃分析显示,TT和NTT对直肠癌手术后的AL没有明显的差异,这两项RCTs和前瞻性研究都是如此。

在一项荟萃分析 [28] 中,纳入四项研究 [8] [27] [29] [30] ,简要分析了TT与NTT的AL发生率。结果显示,在直肠癌手术中,TT置入明显降低了术后AL的发生率(OR, 0.30; 95%CI 0.16~0.55; P = 0.0001)。在2017年在线发表的一项meta分析中 [31] ,纳入了7项研究,更新了3项研究 [11] [26] [32] ,从以前的研究中 [28] 与之前的研究相比,有更多的患者和更多的结果指标。该研究还显示,在直肠癌手术中,TT置入可显著降低术后AL的发生率(RR, 0.38; 95%CI 0.19~0.53; P < 0.0001)。然而,我们的分析并没有得出他们的结论。这表明以前的研究结果可能由于纳入了太少的RCT研究和太多的其他类型的研究而出现了假阳性结果。

由于只有一项RCT研究 [8] 报告了再手术率和住院天数,因此没有足够的证据支持其减少。与前两个荟萃分析相比,我们进行了亚组分析,因此得出了与他们相反的结论。

但同时本研究存在着一定的局限性,本研究的局限性与其他meta分析相似,包括纳入研究的异质性,主要研究中的未知偏移以及仅纳入以英文发表的文章。此外,纳入研究的数量只有9项。因此,本研究得出的结论还需要更多现实世界的证据来进一步证实。

总之,直肠癌术后是否放置TT管对术后AL的发生率没有影响。未来需要更多的大样本多中心前瞻性随机对照试验来验证我们的结果。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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