肝切除术后肝功能衰竭预测的研究进展
Advances in the Prediction of Post Hepatectomy Liver Failure
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.131072, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 327  浏览: 496 
作者: 邹儒川, 任 宾*, 李 枫:青海大学,青海 西宁;青海大学附属医院,青海 西宁
关键词: 肝切除术肝功能衰竭肝细胞预测Hepatectomy Liver Failure Cancer Liver Cell Prediction
摘要: 吲哚菁绿15 min滞留率(ICG-R15)、肝脏体积测定是目前临床上常用的术前肝功能评估方法,但在临床应用过程中只作为单一的肝功能评估指标,存在一定的局限性,而两者相联合可以更加精确地评估肝脏的各段功能,从而极大地提高了手术的安全性和有效性。通过查阅相关文献资料并结合文献要点对在肝切除术后肝功能衰竭(PHLF)预测的相关研究进展进行综述。
Abstract: Indocyanine green 15 min retention rate (ICG-R15) and liver volume measurement are currently commonly used in preoperative liver function evaluation methods, but in clinical application, they are only used as a single liver function evaluation index, which has certain limitations. However, the combination of the two can more accurately evaluate the function of each segment of the liver. Thus, the safety and effectiveness of the operation are greatly improved. This paper reviews the research progress on the prediction of PHLF by referring to the relevant literature and combining the key points of the literature.
文章引用:邹儒川, 任宾, 李枫. 肝切除术后肝功能衰竭预测的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(1): 484-491. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.131072

1. 引言

肝细胞癌(Hepatocellular Carcinoma, HCC)是全球第六大常见的恶性肿瘤,是癌症相关死亡的第四大原因 [1]。肝切除术是早期、可选择性的中期及晚期伴有可切除肿瘤、肝功能中度的HCC患者最有效的治疗方式 [2] [3]。在过去的几十年里,手术技术和围术期管理的进步极大地提高了术中安全性及术后效果 [4],然而国际肝外科研究组(ISGLS, the International Study Group for Liver Surgery)定义的B级或C级肝切除术后肝功能衰竭(PHLF)仍然是一个严重的并发症,是术后死亡的主要原因 [5] [6],故术前及术后预测PHLF对指导临床治疗有着重要的意义。本文总结近年来的肝功能评分系统、实验室及影像学检查对PHLF预测的相关研究进展并进行综述。

2. PHLF定义及诊断标准

PHLF的定义在不同国家及同一国家的医院之间均存在差异,大部分定义因复杂的计算或仅含有实验室检查结果而使其效用存在局限性,如肝促凝血活酶实验或透明质酸水平等 [7]。终末期肝病模型(MELD评分)用血清肌酐值、INR和胆红素值定义PHLF,需要一个复杂的数学公式进行计算 [8]。“50-50标准”即PT < 50%和胆红素 > 50 µmL/L [9] 作为PHLF的一个简单的定义,然而此定义不考虑任何临床参数,仅依赖于两个实验室值。以上两个定义只考虑了实验室检查结果,未考虑全身情况、未来残肝的体积(FLRV)及其功能。2011年,国际肝外科研究组(ISGLS, the International Study Group for Liver Surgery)提出了PHLF的标准化定义和严重程度分级,在评估超过50个PHLF的研究后,将PHLF定义为肝切除术后肝脏维持其合成、代谢和解毒的功能下降,特点是术后第5天或之后的INR上升合并高胆红素血症 [10]。虽然有其他中心利用生化实验室检查指标或临床参数对PHLF进行定义,但ISGLS定义(表1)更易用于计算和比较,进而成为标准化的诊断与分级标准,根据该标准确定的A、B、C级PHLF患者的围手术期的死亡率分别为0%、12%和54%。

3. PHLF的危险因素

由于病因、肝病特征和外科手术方式的差异,相关文献报道的PHLF发病率范围为1.2%至32% [6] [11]。PHLF的独立危险因素分为三类 [5] [12]:1) 患者因素包括:年龄、性别、营养不良、糖尿病、心肺、肾或脑功能障碍等;2) 肝脏疾病相关因素包括:乙型或丙型病毒性肝炎、脂肪变性、胆管炎、酒精性肝病和肝硬化;3) 手术相关因素包括:未来残肝体积(FLRV)、术中失血过度、手术时间过长、Pringle法操作导致肝的缺血–再灌注损伤。在亚太地区地区70%至90%的HCC病例与慢性乙型肝炎相关 [13],是促使肝硬化进展为肝功能失代偿期的主要原因。

Table 1. PHLF definition, diagnosis and grading criteria for ISGLS [10]

表1. ISGLS的PHLF定义、诊断和分级标准 [10]

4. PHLF的预测

4.1. 术前预测

4.1.1. 术前评分系统对PHLF的预测

判断HCC肝切除术可行性应该首先评估PHLF发生的可能性 [5] [12]。Child-Pugh分级 [14]、终末期肝病模型(MELD评分) [15]、血清白蛋白–胆红素(ALBI)评分 [16] [17]、血小板–血清白蛋白–胆红素(PALBI)评分和天冬氨酸转氨酶–血小板比率指数(APRI) [18] 是常用的评估PHLF评分,但由于这些评分标准的局限性导致其预测性能仍存在争议。

Child-pugh分级是使用最广泛的肝功能评分系统,已纳入临床常规的外科诊疗过程中 [15],但存在一定的局限性:1) 在血清胆红素水平 > 55 μmol/L时对Child-pugh分级的评分影响与>550 μmol/L相同,但两者对患者疾病进展的实际影响却不同;2) 没有明确的区分轻、中度腹水的指南,所以无法确定利尿剂治疗对腹水分级的确切影响;3) 给予患者镇静剂治疗时常误导肝性脑病的诊断 [19]。

MELD评分用于评估急性肝衰竭死亡风险并对移植候选者进行排名 [20] [21],术后第5天评分 > 8时患者的PHLF发病率与死亡风险明显上升 [5],但MELD评分在术前预测PHLF的可靠性较差 [5] [6] [15]。

ALBI评分排除了主观因素,有研究显示术前 [22] Child-pugh分级、MELD评分和ICG-R15预测PHLF的准确性比ALBI评分高 [17] [22]。但有时ALBI评分3级的梗阻性黄疸比肝功能失代偿引起的黄疸患者肝功能和预后更好,进而影响了ALBI的分级在术前预测PHLF的准确性 [23] [24]。

PALBI评分在各种治疗方式上预测HCC患者的生存率的准确性均优于ALBI评分和MELD评分,但由于PALBI预测PHLF的相关研究较少,需进一步深入地评估其准确性和可靠性。

APRI评分是评估肝纤维化和肝硬化患者肝功能的一种无创、可靠的方法 [25] [26],研究显示术前APRI评分 > 0.55的HCC患者发生PHLF的风险显著高于术前APRI评分 < 0.55的患者,预测PHLF的敏感性为72.2%、特异性为68.0% [27]。然而血清AST和PLT水平并不是监测肝功能理想的、直接的指标,在预测PHLF时还须考虑肝功能储备和肝硬化的严重程度的影响,故需进一步研究APRI联合ICG-R15、LS值对PHLF的预测来提高预测的准确性。

4.1.2. 术前动态肝功能测定对PHLF的预测

ICG清除试验是一种在东方国家使用较为广泛的肝功能试验 [28],ICG 清除率为先采集患者清晨空腹的静脉血,并以0.5 mg/kg的剂量静脉注射ICG,15分钟后观察血液中滞留的ICG百分比(ICG-R15) [29],或ICG血浆清除率(ICG-PDR) [30],ICG-R15 > 15%或ICG-PDR < 18%/min时发生PHLF的风险较高 [31]。研究表明,在肝硬化、HCC以及肝门周围胆管癌患者中ICG预测PHLF的准确性较高 [28]。有研究显示,ICG血浆清除率的值联合FLR百分比(ICGK-FLR)比FLR百分比预测门静脉栓塞(PVE)后PHFL的准确性更高 [32],其中正常和病变肝脏ICGK-FLR最佳截断值分别为0.04和0.05对应的肝切除体积极限的百分比分别为70%和65% [33]。但ICGK-FLR取决于肝血流量及胆汁分泌情况,故肝门静脉血栓(PVT)、肝动脉门静脉分流(APS)、肝门静脉高压(PHT)和胆道梗阻会影响试验结果的准确性 [34]。

用99mTc标记的二亚乙基三胺五乙酸和半乳糖人血清白蛋白(GSA)肝胆闪烁显像(HBS)是一种临床核医学技术。GSA是一种只在肝脏吸收的唾液糖蛋白类似物,与肝细胞上的特定受体结合且并滞留至少30 min [35],这些受体在慢性肝病患者中生成不足 [36]。由于GSA的吸收不受血清胆红素水平的影响,所以胆汁淤积的患者可用99mTc-GSA-HBS测定其肝功能 [40]。静脉注射99mTc-GSA后用伽玛相机照射肝脏并生成需要测定的肝脏区域,通过平面动态闪烁成像计算99mTc-GSA在肝脏的摄取率、血浆清除率和最大清除率与PHLF相关性 [37]。因99mTc-GSA-HBS未提供有关节段性肝功能的信息,故在99mTc-GSA摄取正常的患者中也出现了PHLF [40]。所以99mTc-GSA-HBS联合FLR百分比后得到的FLR摄取99mTc-GSA的百分比来评估FLR的功能 [38] 是更准确的PHLF预测因子 [39]。

用99mTc标记的亚胺二乙酸(IDA)衍生物-99mTc-甲溴菲宁是另一种HBS的标记物。99mTc-IDA为利多卡因类似物,在肝细胞吸收后不进行生物转化而直接排泄到胆道系统 [41]。99mTc-甲溴菲宁是与ICG性质相似的具有肝脏吸收率高、尿排泄率低和胆红素置换率低特性的99mTc-IDA衍生物,故用99mTc-甲溴菲宁-HBS获取肝脏功能成像评估多种胆道疾病的肝功能 [36] [41]。静脉注射99mTc-甲溴菲宁后通过HBS技术测量肝脏的摄取率并绘制所测定区域的时间–活动曲线。因个体代谢率的差异,99mTc-甲溴菲宁摄取率需根据体表面积(%/min/m2)进行校正,随后进行三维SPECT-CT扫描进行评估和区分功能性和非功能性肝段 [43]。DeGraaf等人研究显示,FLRV的99mTc-甲溴菲宁摄取 < 2.69%/min/m2是PHLF的预测因子 [42]。有其它研究表明,2.3%/min/m2可作为识别PHLF高危患者的临界值 [44]。亦有研究表明用99mTc-甲溴菲宁-HBS的FLRV功能评估与联合肝脏离断和门静脉结扎的分阶段肝切除术(ALPPS)第二阶段后PHLF风险和死亡率相关,故目前术前肝体积联合肝功能的评估是预测PHLF的最准确和可靠的方法之一,在肝切除术的术前评估过程中至关重要,且99mTc-甲溴菲宁-HBS具有操作方便、无创及低成本的优势 [45]。

4.1.3. 术前肝剪切波弹性成像(SWE)对PHLF的预测

有文献显示 [46],依据ISGLS标准,在行肝剪切波弹性成像(SWE)检查的77名患者中有35.1% (27例)发生了PHLF,其中A、B级患者分别为2例与25例。多变量分析表明,升高的SWE测量的肝硬度值(LSM) (P = 0.002)和组织学肝硬化(P = 0.003)是PHLF的独立预测因子,当患者的LSM ≥ 6.9 kPa发生PHLF风险较高,故LSM预测HCC患者的A、B级PHLF是有效、可靠的且性价比较高,可作为肝切除术前评估的常规检查。

有研究发现 [47],在患有慢性乙型肝炎且HBsAg阳性>6个月的247名患者中,76名(30.8%)患有肝硬化,37名(14.98%)患者发生PHLF,术前LSM为PHLF的独立危险因素,预测PHLF的最佳截断值为14 kPa,可用于与HBV肝炎相关HCC患者的诊疗过程中。

4.2. 术后预测PHLF

4.2.1. 术后相关实验室检查对PHLF的预测

Squires等人在719名接受肝切除术患者的研究中分析了肝切除术后血磷值下降与PHLF的相关性。单因素及多因素分析表明,患者术后第2天血磷水平持续>2.4 mg/dL和术后第3天后血磷水平达到最低点的PHLF发生率显著上升,术后30天和90天死亡率是术后第2天血磷水平 < 2.4 mg/dL患者的2倍以上 [48]。Salem和Tray的一项研究显示 [49],肝切除术后尿磷酸盐的排泄量在最初几个小时内显著增加,亦有研究表明 [50] 是因人体内存在一种磷酸盐蛋白导致了该现象。最近,一项动物模型中研究 [51] 显示肝脏手术后的低磷血症与烟酰胺磷酸核糖转移酶(nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, Nampt)在肾小管近端细胞激活引起的肾细胞中烟酰胺(nicotinamide, NAM)代谢异常有关,但术后磷酸盐减低与PHLF的关系仍需进一步研究以得到更加准确、可靠的结论。

有研究显示,术后即刻PLT < 100 × 109/L的患者:1) PHLF发生率、死亡率比PLT ≥ 100 × 109/L的患者更高;2) 术后第3天和第5天的ALT水平以及术后第1天、第3天和第5天的TBil水平较高。多变量分析显示 [52],术后即刻PLT < 100 × 109/L是PHLF的独立危险因素。Ohkohchi等人给予患者输注PLT后肝功能得到改善证实了PLT减低的临床影响 [52] [53],故术后应及时补充PLT以预防PHLF。

4.2.2. 术后肝功能测定对PHLF的预测

一项国内研究显示,119例接受肝切除术的患者中共有33例(27.7%)发生PHLF [54],术后第3天ICG-R15预测PHLF发生的ROC曲线下面积较术前ICG-R15大,前者的临界值为7.75%,后者为3.35%,表明术后第3天ICG-R15能预测PHLF的发生,且可能优于术前ICG-R15,但该研究为单中心研究且样本量不足,仍需要进一步进行多中心、大量样本的研究。

5. 总结与展望

目前实验室检查、肝脏体积评估、ICG清除试验已经成为肝切除术患者术前、术后PHLF预测的常规检查,而现代核医学成像技术对动态肝功能的测定则更为精准,但以上检查反应的均是全肝功能,无法评估区分功能性肝段与非功能性肝段的功能。而三维SPECT-CT扫描只能评估肝脏体积,区分功能性肝段与非功能性肝段来计算肝脏极限切除体积,但无法评估肝脏功能。以上研究表明用单独一项检查无法准确地预测PHLF,而动态肝功能测定联合肝体积进而分析肝各段功能可获得更完整的肝功能评估结果,极大地提高了对PHLF预测的准确性。上诉肝功能评估方法对PHLF预测的效用仍需进一步前瞻性研究来比较,从而提高对PHLF预测的准确性与可靠性,避免非必要的手术。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

参考文献

[1] Uttley, L., Indave, B.I., Hyde, C., et al. (2020) Invited Commentary—WHO Classification of Tumors: How Should Tu-mours Be Classified? Expert Consensus, Systematic Reviews or Both. International Journal of Cancer, 146, 3516- 3521.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.32975
[2] Villanueva, A. (2019) Hepatocellular Carcinoma. The New England Journal of Medicine, 380, 1450-1462.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1713263
[3] Zhong, J., et al. (2014) Hepatic Resection Associated with Good Survival for Selected Patients with Intermediate and Advanced-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Annals of Surgery, 260, 329-340.
https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000000236
[4] Emmanuel, M., Martin, H., Michael, S., et al. (2016) Guide-lines for Perioperative Care for Liver Surgery: Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) Society Recommendations. World Journal of Surgery, 40, 2425-2440.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-016-3700-1
[5] Schreckenbach, T., Liese, J., Bechstein, W.O. and Moench, C. (2012) Posthepatectomy Liver Failure. Digestive Surgery, 29, 79-85.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000335741
[6] Rahbari, N.N., James, G.O., Robert, P., et al. (2011) Post-Hepatectomy Haemorrhage: A Definition and Grading by the International Study Group of Liver Surgery (ISGLS). HPB (Oxford), 13, 528-535.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-2574.2011.00319.x
[7] Eguchi, H., Umeshita, K., Sakon, M., et al. (2000) Pres-ence of Active Hepatitis Associated with Liver Cirrhosisis a Risk Factor for Mortality Caused by Posthepatectomy Liver Failure. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 45, 1383-1388.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005564205755
[8] Yoo, H.Y., Edwin, D. and Thuluvath, P.J. (2003) Relationship of the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) Scale to Hepatic Encephalopathy, as Defined by Electroencephalography and Neuropsychometric Testing, and Ascites. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 98, 1395-1399.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07466.x
[9] Balzan, S., Belghiti, J., Farges, O., et al. (2005) The “50-50 Criteria” on Postoperative Day 5: An Accurate Predictor of Liver Failure and Death after Hepatectomy. Annals of Surgery, 242, 824-828.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sla.0000189131.90876.9e
[10] Rahbari, N.N., Garden, O.J., Padbury, R., et al. (2011) Posthepatectomy Liver Failure: A Definition and Grading by the International Study Group of Liver Surgery (ISGLS). Surgery, 149, 713-724.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2010.10.001
[11] Catherine, P., Sylvie, J., Didier, D., et al. (2009) Prospective Vali-dation of the “Fifty-Fifty” Criteria as an Early and Accurate Predictor of Death after Liver Resection in Intensive Care Unit Patients. Annals of Surgery, 249, 124-128.
https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e31819279cd
[12] van den Broek, M.A.J., Olde, D., Dejong, C.H.C., et al. (2008) Liver Failure after Partial Hepatic Resection: Definition, Pathophysiology, Risk Factors and Treatment. Liver In-ternational, 28, 767-780.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01777.x
[13] Yuen, M.F., et al. (2009) Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Asia Pacific Region. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 24, 346-353.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.05784.x
[14] Jordi, B. and Morris, S. (2011) Management of Hepatocel-lular Carcinoma: An Update. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md), 9, 452-463.
[15] Alessandro, C., Giorgio, E., Matteo, C., et al. (2006) Recovery from Liver Failure after Hepatectomy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Cirrhosis: Meaning of the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 203, 670-676.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.06.018
[16] Wang, Y.Y., et al. (2016) Albumin-Bilirubin versus Child-Pugh Score as a Predictor of Outcome after Liver Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. British Journal of Sur-gery, 103, 725-734.
https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10095
[17] Zou, H., et al. (2018) A Comparative Study of Albu-min-Bilirubin Score with Child-Pugh Score, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Score and Indocyanine Green R15 in Predicting Posthepatectomy Liver Failure for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients. Digestive Diseases (Basel, Switzerland), 36, 236-243.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000486590
[18] Tsuyoshi, I., Takahiro, U., Shigekazu, T., et al. (2009) A Simple, Noninvasively Determined Index Predicting Hepatic Failure Following Liver Resection for Hepatocellular Car-cinoma. Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences, 16, 42-48.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00534-008-0003-4
[19] Xu, L., et al. (2015) Prognostic Nomogram for Patients with Un-resectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization. Journal of Hepatology, 63, 122-130.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2015.02.034
[20] Ganne-Carrié, N., Layese, R., Bourcier, V., et al. (2016) Nomo-gram for Individualized Prediction of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Occurrence in Hepatitis C Virus Cirrhosis (ANRS CO12 CirVir). Hepatology, 64, 1136-1147.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.28702
[21] François, D. and Dominique, V. (2005) Assessment of the Prognosis of Cirrhosis: Child-Pugh versus MELD. Journal of Hepatology, 42, S100-S107.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2004.11.015
[22] Russell, W., Erick, E., Richard, F., et al. (2003) Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) and Allocation of Donor Livers. Gastroenterology, 124, 91-96.
https://doi.org/10.1053/gast.2003.50016
[23] Teh-Ia H, Han-Chieh L, Cheng-Yuan H, et al. (2007) The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Based Cancer Staging Systems Are Better Prognostic Models for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Prospective Sequential Survey. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 102, 1920-1930.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01370.x
[24] Johnson, P.J., Sarah, B., Chiaki, K., et al. (2015) Assess-ment of Liver Function in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A New Evidence-Based Approach—The ALBI Grade. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 33, 550-558.
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.57.9151
[25] Lau, W., Leung, K., Leung, T.W., et al. (1997) A Logical Ap-proach to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Presenting with Jaundice. Annals of Surgery, 225, 281-285.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-199703000-00007
[26] Liu, P.H., et al. (2017) ALBI and PALBI Grade Predict Survival for HCC across Treatment Modalities and BCLC Stages in the MELD Era. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 32, 879-886.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.13608
[27] Mai, R.Y., Ye, J.Z., Long, Z.R., et al. (2019) Preoperative Aspartate Minotransferase-to-Platelet-Ratio Index as a Predictor of Posthepatectomy Liver Failure for Re-sectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Management and Research, 11, 1401-1414.
https://doi.org/10.2147/CMAR.S186114
[28] Le Roy, B., Gregoire, E., Cosse, C., et al. (2018) Indocyanine Green Retention Rates at 15 min Predicted Hepatic Decompensation in a Western Population. World Journal of Surgery 42, 2570-2578.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-018-4464-6
[29] Wakabayashi, H., Yachida, S., Maeba, T. and Maeta, H. (2002) Evaluation of Liver Function for the Application of Preoperative Portal Vein Embolization on Major Hepatic Resection. Hepatogastroenterology, 49, 1048-1052.
[30] Yokoyama, Y., Ebata, T., Igami, T., et al. (2016) The Predictive Value of Indocyaninegreen Clearance in Future Liver Remnant for Posthepatectomy Liver Failure Following Hepatectomy with Extrahepatic Bile Duct Resection. World Journal of Surgery 40, 1440-1447.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-016-3441-1
[31] Torzilli, G., Makuuchi, M., Inoue, K., Takayama T, et al. (1999) No-Mortality Liver Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Cirrhotic and Noncirrhotic Patients: Is There a Way? A Prospective Analysis of Our Approach. The Archives of Surgery, 134, 984-992.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.134.9.984
[32] Maruyama, M., Yoshizako, T., Araki, H., et al. (2018) Future Liver Remnant Indocyanine Green Plasma Clearance Rate as a Predictor of Post-Hepatectomy Liver Failure after Portal Vein Embolization. CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology, 41, 1877-1884.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-018-2065-2
[33] Hwang, S., Ha, T.Y., Song, G.W., et al. (2015) Quantified Risk Assessment for Major Hepatectomy via the Indocyanine Green Clearance Rate and Liver Volumetry Combined with Standard Liver Volume. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 19, 1305-1314.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-015-2846-8
[34] Yada, K., Morine, Y., Ishibashi, H., et al. (2018) Treatment Strategy for Successful Hepatic Resection of Icteric Liver. The Journal of Medical Investigation, 65, 37-42.
https://doi.org/10.2152/jmi.65.37
[35] Wagener, G. (2013) Assessment of Hepatic Function, Operative Candidacy, and Medical Management after Liver Resection in the Patient with Underlying Liver Disease. Seminars in Liver Disease, 33, 204-212.
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1351777
[36] Rassam, F., Olthof, P.B., Bennink, R.J. and van Gulik, T.M. (2017) Current Modalities for the Assessment of Future Remnant Liver Function. Visceral Medicine 33, 442-448.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000480385
[37] Mizutani, Y., Hirai, T., Nagamachi, S., et al. (2018) Prediction of Posthepatectomy Liver Failure Proposed by the International Study Group of Liver Surgery: Residual Liver Function Es-timation with 99mTc-Galactosyl Human Serum Albumin Scintigraphy. Clinical Nuclear Medicine, 43, 77-81.
https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000001913
[38] Yoshida, M., Shiraishi, S., Sakamoto, F., et al. (2014) As-sessment of Hepatic Functional Regeneration after Hepatectomy Using (99m) Tc-GSA SPECT/CT Fused Imaging. An-nals of Nuclear Medicine, 28, 780-788.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12149-014-0872-3
[39] Nakamura, I., Iimuro, Y., Hai, S., et al. (2018) Impaired Value of 99m Tc-GSA Scintigraphy as an Independent Risk Factor for Posthepatectomy Liver Failure in Patients with Hepatocel-lular Carcinoma. European Surgical Research, 59, 12-22.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000484044
[40] Mizuguchi, T., Kawamoto, M., Meguro, M., Hui, T.T. and Hirata, K. (2014) Preoperative Liver Function Assessments to Estimate the Prognosis and Safety of Liver Resections. Surgery Today, 44, 1-10.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-013-0534-4
[41] Cieslak, K.P., Runge, J.H., Heger, M., et al. (2014) New Perspec-tives in the Assessment of Future Remnant Liver. Digestive Surgery, 31, 255-268.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000364836
[42] de Graaf, W., van Lienden, K.P., Dinant, S., et al. (2010) Assessment of Future Remnant Liver Function Using Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy in Patients Undergoing Major Liver Resection. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 14, 369-378.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-009-1085-2
[43] Rassam, F., Olthof, P.B., Richardson, H., et al. (2019) Practical Guidelines for the Use of Technetium-99m Mebrofenin Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy in the Quantitative Assessment of Liver Function. Nuclear Medicine Communications, 40, 297-307.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MNM.0000000000000973
[44] Chapelle, T., Op de Beeck, B., Roeyen, G., et al. (2017) Measuring Future Liver Remnant Function Prior to Hepatectomy May Guide the Indication for Portal Vein Occlusion and Avoid Posthepatectomy Liver Failure: A Prospective Interventional Study. HPB (Oxford), 19, 108-117.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpb.2016.11.005
[45] Truant, S., Baillet, C., Fulbert, M., et al. (2019) Asymmetric Kinet-ics of Volume and Function of the Remnant Liver after Major Hepatectomy as a Key for Postoperative Outcome—A Case-Matched Study. HPB (Oxford), 22, 855-863.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpb.2019.10.008
[46] Han, H., Hu, H., Wang, W.P., et al. (2017) Liver Failure after Hepatectomy: A Risk Assessment Using the Pre-Hepa- tectomy Shear Wave Elastography Technique. European Journal of Radiology, 86, 234-240.
[47] Lei, J.-W., Ji, X.-Y., Hong, J.-F., et al. (2017) Prediction of Posthepatectomy Liver Failure Using Transient Elastography in Patients with Hepatitis B Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. BMC Gastroenter-ology, 17, 171.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-017-0732-4
[48] Squires III, M.H., Dann, G.C., Lad, N.L., et al. (2014) Hypo-phosphataemia after Major Hepatectomy and the Risk of Post-Operative Hepatic Insufficiency and Mortality: An Analy-sis of 719 Patients. HPB (Oxford), 16, 884-891.
https://doi.org/10.1111/hpb.12276
[49] Salem, R.R. and Tray, K. (2005) Hepatic Resection-Related Hypophos-phatemia Is of Renal Origin as Manifested by Isolated Hyperphosphaturia. Annals of Surgery, 241, 343-348.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sla.0000152093.43468.c0
[50] Nafidi, O., Lepage, R., Lapointe, R.W. and D’Amour, P. (2007) Hepatic Resection-Related Hypophosphatemia Is of Renal Origin as Manifested by Isolated Hyperphosphaturia. Annals of Surgery 245, 1000-1002.
https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e31805d0882
[51] Nomura, K., Tatsumi, S., Miyagawa, A., et al. (2014) Hepa-tectomy-Related Hypophosphatemia: A Novel Phosphaturic Factor in the Liver-Kidney Axis. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 25, 761-772.
https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2013060569
[52] Takahashi, K., Murata, S. and Ohkohchi, N. (2013) Novel Therapy for Liver Regeneration by Increasing the Number of Platelets. Surgery Today, 43, 1081-1087.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-012-0418-z
[53] Maruyama, T., Murata, S., Takahashi, K., et al. (2013) Platelet Transfusion Improves Liver Function in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis. The Tohoku Journal of Ex-perimental Medicine, 229, 213-220.
https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.229.213
[54] 梅理祥, 李增博, 谢艳会, 等. 肝切除术后第3天ICG-R15对肝细胞肝癌术后肝功能不全的预测价值[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2016, 25(8): 1180-1185.
https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.1005-6947.2016.08.016