矮小症儿童和青少年出生体重与血清尿酸的相关性
Associations between Birth Weight and Serum Uric Acid in Children with Short Stature
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.131057, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 262  浏览: 398 
作者: 马 晨*, 杨如雪:济宁医学院临床医学院,山东 济宁;张 梅, 刘福朋, 李艳英, 班 博#, 汲宝兰#:济宁医学院附属医院内分泌科,山东 济宁;中国生长发育行为医学研究中心,山东 济宁
关键词: 矮小症低出生体重高尿酸血症Short Stature Low Birth Weight High Uric Acid
摘要: 目的:探究矮小症儿童和青少年出生体重(BW)与血清尿酸(UA)之间的相关性。方法:选取2013年03月至2019年02月在济宁医学院附属医院内分泌科就诊的矮小症儿童和青少年共478人,以BW 2.5 kg为切点,将受试者分为低出生体重(LBW定义为出生体重 < 2.5 kg)组和正常出生体重(NBW定义为出生体重 ≥ 2.5 kg,且≤4.0 kg)组。收集其出生信息及住院资料,分析矮小症儿童和青少年BW与UA之间的相关性。结果:LBW组UA水平显著高于NBW组(P < 0.05),高尿酸血症(HUA)组体重指数(BMI)、LBW (%)显著高于非HUA组(P < 0.05),HUA组BW显著低于非HUA组(P < 0.05),Logistic回归分析显示BW、BMI是HUA的独立危险因素。结论:在矮小症儿童和青少年中,较低的出生体重与HUA的发病风险密切相关。
Abstract: Objective: To explore the relationship between birth weight (BW) and serum uric acid (UA) in chil-dren and adolescents with short stature. Methods: A total of 478 children and adolescents with short stature who were admitted to Endocrinology Department of Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medi-cal University from March 2013 to February 2019 were selected. The cut-off point was BW 2.5 kg. Subjects were divided into low birth weight (LBW defined as birth weight < 2.5 kg) group and nor-mal birth weight (NBW defined as birth weight ≥ 2.5 kg, and ≤ 4.0 kg) group. Data of birth and hos-pitalization were collected to analyze the correlation between BW and UA in children and adoles-cents with short stature. Results: The UA level in LBW group was significantly higher than that in NBW group (P < 0.05), body mass index (BMI) and LBW (%) in hyperuricemia (HUA) group were significantly higher than those in non-HUA group (P < 0.05), and BW in HUA group was significantly lower than that in non-HUA group (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that BW and BMI were independent risk factors for HUA. Conclusion: Lower birth weight is associated with the risk of HUA in children and adolescents with short stature.
文章引用:马晨, 张梅, 杨如雪, 刘福朋, 李艳英, 班博, 汲宝兰. 矮小症儿童和青少年出生体重与血清尿酸的相关性[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(1): 375-381. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.131057

1. 引言

矮小症作为内分泌科常见病,是指在类似生活环境下,个体身高低于同性别、年龄、种族的正常人群平均身高的2个标准差(−2SD)或者低于第3个百分位 [1]。矮小身材者会影响到儿童及成人时期的生活质量 [2]。UA是嘌呤代谢的最终产物,其正常生理功能有维持血压、抗氧化、保护细胞内的DNA、抗衰老等作用,正常范围的尿酸水平有益于人类健康 [3]。其偏差可反映代谢紊乱。在矮小症儿童和青少年中,UA与矮小儿童和青少年的心脏代谢指标密切相关 [4] [5] [6],且HUA患病率较高。HUA是现代社会常见的代谢性疾病,我们应积极寻找降低血清尿酸的因素。

50多年前,研究表明,LBW婴儿的UA水平显著增加 [7]。随后,关于LBW与UA之间相关性的数据不断积累。大量研究表明,较低的BW与较高的UA相关 [8] [9] [10]。到目前为止,关于BW与UA间相关性的研究在矮小症儿童和青少年中还没有被详细阐述。因此,在本研究中,我们旨在探讨矮小症儿童和青少年BW水平与UA水平的相关性。

2. 研究人群和方法

2.1. 研究人群

选取2013年03月至2019年02月在济宁医学院附属医院内分泌科就诊的矮小症儿童和青少年共478人。其数据信息均来自GDDSD研究(山东省生长发育疾病:队列随访研究) [11]。纳入标准如下:符合矮小症诊断标准 [1];排除标准包括:1) 没有完整的出生资料,包括出生体重(BA)及胎龄(GA),且GA大于42周;2) 没有UA数据的受试者;3) 有慢性肝肾疾病、染色体异常、占位性病变等肿瘤病史者。最终,共有478名参与者(348名男性和130名女性)最终纳入我们的研究,平均年龄为9.9 ± 3.5岁。根据不同的出生体重,研究对象被分为低出生体重(LBW定义为出生体重 < 2.5 kg)组和正常出生体重(NBW定义为出生体重 ≥ 2.5 kg,且 ≤ 4.0 kg)组。

2.2. 出生资料

所有参与者的出生信息均来自医院的医疗记录,包括性别、年龄、体重和GA、BW。计算LBW的百分比。

2.3. 临床基本参数及代谢指标

基本参数

身高测量:研究对象取光足站立位姿势,使用同一批身高计量器材误差精确范围为0.1厘米。体重测量:研究对象取光足站立位姿势,身着轻便衣物,使用同一批电子秤,误差精确范围为0.1公斤。体重指数(body mass index, BMI)计算公式为体重(kg)/身高(m2)。根据中国0~18岁儿童、青少年生长曲线为参照计算身高标准差积分(height standard deviation score, HT SDS) [12],受试者取坐位休息5 min后,使用自动血压仪测量收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)。

生化指标

所有患儿均为清晨抽取空腹静脉血,使用生化自动分析仪(Cobas c702,罗氏,中国上海)检测肝肾功能,及血脂[总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein, HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein, LDL)]和空腹血糖(fasting blood glu-cose, FBG)、肌酐(Cr)和UA等生化指标。HUA定义为UA ≥ 327 μmol/L [5]。

激素测定患儿均进行左旋多巴生长激素激发试验和胰岛素低血糖生长激素激发试验进行GH评估,采用化学发光法测定GH浓度,并选择其在0、30、60、90、120 min测得最大值作为生长激素峰值(GH peak)。

2.4. 统计分析

采用SPSS 26.0统计学软件对数据进行分析,正态分布的变量以平均值 ± 标准差( x ¯ ± S)表示,分类变量以百分比(n, %)表示。偏态分布的变量以四分位数范围的中位数(M(P25, P75))表示。连续变量采用独立样本t检验,分类变量采用卡方检验,检验两组临床和代谢指标的差异。对HUA的自变量进行logistic回归分析。统计学差异以P值(双尾) < 0.05来定义。

3. 结果

3.1. 研究对象的基线资料特征

所有受试者的临床和生化特征见表1。共有478名参与者(348名男性和130名女性),平均年龄9.9 ± 3.5岁。平均BW为3.1 ± 0.5 Kg。LBW的比例为6%。HUA百分比为16.0%。比较LBW组与NBW组的临床及代谢特征如表2所示。结果表明,LBW组UA水平高于NBW组(P < 0.001)。两组间GH peak、HUA(%)的差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。其他临床及代谢指标BMI、SBP、DBP、TC、TG、HDL-c、LDL-c、FPG、Cr、ALT在LBW组与NBW组间无统计学差异(P > 0.05)。

3.2. 基于SUA水平的各变量比较

表3所示,根据UA水平将受试者分为HUA组和non-HUA组,并对两组各变量进行比较。在人口统计学和生化指标方面,与非HUA组相比,HUA组LBW%显著提高(P < 0.05),BW显著降低(P < 0.001)。在临床及代谢指标方面,HUA组BMI高于非HUA组(P < 0.05),而SBP、DBP、TC、TG、HDL-c、LDL-c、FPG、Cr、ALT、GH peak、GA在两组间无统计学差异(P > 0.05)。

3.3. 对HUA的自变量进行Logistic回归分析

根据表3的结果,以HUA为因变量,以BMI、BW为自变量进行Logistic回归分析,如表4所示,Logistic回归分析显示,体重、BMI 进入回归模型(BW, OR: 0.342, 95% CI for OR: 0.200~0.583, P < 0.001;对于BMI, OR: 1.124, 95% CI OR: 1.043~1.211, P = 0.002)。

Table 1. Basic characteristics of the subjects

表1. 研究对象基本特征描述

HT SDS: the standard deviation score of height; GA: gestational age; BW: birth weight; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; Cr: Creatinine; UA: uric acid; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; GH: growth hormone; LBW: low birth weight.

Table 2. Clinical and metabolic characteristics between different groups

表2. 不同组间临床和代谢指标的比较

Table 3. Metabolic characteristics between different groups

表3. 不同组间代谢指标的比较

Table 4. The correlation between BW with HUA by logistic regression model

表4. 用logistic回归模型分析BW与HUA的相关性

4. 讨论

本项研究对矮小症儿童和青少年人群进行横断面分析,分组研究显示LBW组UA水平显著高于NBW组,Logistic回归分析显示BW、BMI是HUA的独立危险因素。

据报道,近年来儿童和青少年的高尿酸血症比例有所增加。在我们的研究中,矮小症儿童和青少年高尿酸血症的比例高达16%,造成矮小症儿童和青少年高尿酸血症的原因暂不清楚,我们推断与挑食、偏食和过量摄入高糖饮料有关,这可能导致尿酸水平升高。较低的BW与较高的UA水平密切相关 [13] [14]。这与Erika T. Rhone等 [15] 研究结果一致。Erika T. Rhone等对5390名12~15岁的美国青少年人群进行横断面研究,结果显示较低的出生体重与较高的血清尿酸相关。这种关系与肾小球滤过率(GFR)的变化无关,并且在血压正常和血压升高的患者中都存在。同时,血清尿酸水平是一种氧化应激标志物,在某些条件下可能会增加,这为缺氧奠定了基础。一项针对143名孕妇产后随访的研究表明 [16],LBW婴儿的母亲UA水平明显高于NBW婴儿的母亲,尿酸水平可作为孕期诊断为胎龄小的孕妇密切监测的预后参数。血尿酸升高被认为代谢综合征、血脂代谢紊乱的危险因素 [17] [18]。越来越多的证据支持低出生体重和儿童和成人心脏代谢风险之间密切相关 [19] [20] [21] [22]。我们的研究表明,BMI与UA水平呈正相关。与Goli [23] 等研究结果一致。有研究认为BMI增高会增加胰岛素抵抗,HUA可能与胰岛素抵抗相关。

本研究存在一定的局限性。首先,本研究是横断面研究,无法确定因果关系。因此,本研究结果适用于中国矮小症儿童和青少年。在其他人群中可能发现不同的结果。此外,影响UA水平的因素很多,我们没有收集到有关UA的其他潜在混杂因素的数据。

5. 结论

我们发现了在矮小症儿童和青少年中,较低的出生体重与HUA的发病风险密切相关。UA水平与人类代谢密切相关,因此,在矮小症患者的诊疗工作中必须重视UA水平检测。

6. 声明

该研究由济宁医学院附属医院人类伦理委员会批准并获得患者父母的书面知情同意。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#共同通讯作者。

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