静脉注射免疫球蛋白对复发性流产活产率的影响
Effect of Intravenous Immunoglobulins on Live Birth Rate in Women of Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.131047, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 281  浏览: 397  科研立项经费支持
作者: 马 蕊, 钟兰萍, 康晓敏*:云南省第一人民医院、昆明理工大学附属医院生殖医学科,云南 昆明;钟春如:昆明理工大学临床医学院,云南 昆明
关键词: 免疫球蛋白静脉注射复发性流产随机对照试验Meta分析Immunoglobulins Intravenous Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion Randomized Controlled Trials Meta-Analysis
摘要: 目的:系统评价静脉注射免疫球蛋白(intravenous immunoglobulins, IVIG)治疗复发性流产(recurrent spontaneous abortion, RSA)的临床疗效。方法:检索Cochrane图书馆、PubMed、Embase、中国知网和维普数据库,查找有关IVIG治疗RSA的随机对照试验(randomized controlled trials, RCT),检索范围为建库至2021年12月。按照纳入排除标准,由两名作者独立进行文献筛选并提取所需信息,采用Review Manager 5.3软件对所提取的数据进行分析。结果:本研究纳入10篇RCT,共496名RSA患者。IVIG治疗组活产率高于安慰剂组(60.57% vs 55.2%),差异无统计学意义(RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.72~1.08, P = 0.23)。相对于原发性RSA患者,IVIG治疗对提高继发性RSA患者活产率有积极作用(RR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.90~1.22, P = 0.03)。按照用药时机将RSA患者分为妊娠前与确定妊娠后IVIG治疗两个亚组进行分析,活产率在两种给药方案间无统计学差异(RR = 1.09, 95% CI (0.95~1.27), P = 0.06)。相比于妊娠后给药组(103/172 vs 101/168, RR = 1.00, 95% CI (0.84~1.18), P = 0.97),在妊娠前给予IVIG治疗RSA患者活产率更高(46/74 vs. 37/82; RR = 1.38, 95% CI (1.03~1.86), P = 0.03)。将原发性RSA患者分为妊娠前与妊娠后给予IVIG治疗两个亚组进行分析,活产率在两种方案之间无统计学差异(RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.71~1.07, P = 0.45)。将继发性RSA患者分为妊娠前与妊娠后给予IVIG治疗两个亚组进行分析,活产率在两种方案之间无统计学差异(RR = 1.24, 95% CI = 0.98~1.57, P = 0.94)。结论:IVIG治疗RSA疗效尚不确定。相对于原发性RSA,IVIG治疗对提高继发性RSA患者活产率有积极作用。RSA患者在妊娠前给予IVIG治疗中获益。对于继发性RSA患者,妊娠前与妊娠后给予IVIG治疗,活产率无统计学差异。
Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) in recurrent spon-taneous abortion (RSA) patients. Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about IVIG for RSA were searched in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase and the Chinese literature from CNKI and VIP. The search range was from the establishment of the database to December 2021. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, two authors independently conducted literature screening and extracted the required information. We undertook meta-analysis of aggregated data by using Re-view Manager 5.3 software. Results: Ten RCTs with a total of 496 patients were included in this study. The live birth rate in the IVIG group was higher than that in the placebo group (60.57% vs 55.2%), with no statistically significant difference (RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.72~1.08, P = 0.23). Sub-group analysis showed that IVIG may have a positive effect on live birth rate in secondary RSA pa-tients compared with patients with primary RSA (RR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.90~1.22, P = 0.03). RSA pa-tients were divided into two subgroups of pre-pregnancy and post-pregnancy IVIG treatment ac-cording to medication timing. There was no significant difference in live birth rate between the two subgroups (RR = 1.09, 95% CI (0.95~1.27), P = 0.06). The results indicated that IVIG treatment be-fore conception may have beneficial effects (46/74 versus 37/82; RR: 1.38, 95% CI 1.03~1.86, P = 0.03) compared to first regimen given when the pregnancy was diagnosed (103/172 versus 101/168; RR: 1.00 95% CI 0.84~1.18, P = 0.97). Patients with primary RSA were divided into two subgroups receiving IVIG treatment before and after pregnancy. There was no significant difference in live birth rate between the two subgroups (RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.71~1.07, P = 0.45). Patients with secondary RSA were divided into two subgroups treated with IVIG before and after pregnancy. There was no significant difference in the live birth rate between the two subgroups (RR = 1.24, 95% CI = 0.98~1.57, P = 0.94). Conclusions: The efficacy of IVIG in the treatment of RSA patients is uncertain. Compared with primary RSA, IVIG treatment had a positive effect on improving the live birth rate for secondary RSA. IVIG treatment before conception may have beneficial effects on live birth in RSA patients. For secondary RSA, there was no statistically significance for outcome “live birth” between before pregnancy and after pregnancy.
文章引用:马蕊, 钟春如, 钟兰萍, 康晓敏. 静脉注射免疫球蛋白对复发性流产活产率的影响[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(1): 309-317. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.131047

1. 引言

在我国RSA的定义是妊娠28周前连续3次或以上的妊娠丢失 [1] [2]。大多数学者认为连续发生2次流产即应重视并予以评估。根据既往有无活产史,RSA又被分为原发性RSA和继发性RSA。RSA的发生率为1%~5% [1],其病因极为复杂,除了夫妻双方染色体异常、生殖解剖异常、感染因素、内分泌因素或血栓前状态、风湿免疫疾病等因素外,大约50%的RSA病因尚未明确,被称为不明原因的RSA [2]。

同种免疫异常被认为是不明原因RSA发生的主要机制 [3]。正常妊娠是一种成功的同种半异体移植,20世纪70年代提出母胎免疫耐受“封闭抗体”学说,认为在正常妊娠过程中胚胎父系抗原会激发母体免疫系统产生抗体,来抑制母体的免疫排斥反应,这种保护性抗体称为“封闭抗体”。不明原因RSA的发生常被认为与母胎封闭抗体不足导致胚胎遭受免疫攻击相关。针对封闭抗体不足目前的治疗方法主要是免疫疗法。淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗由于受艾滋病、肝炎等血液传播疾病的影响,受到一定局限性。早在上世纪80年代末,Mueller-Eckhardt [4] 和Coulam [5] 等人就相继提出了IVIG可作为被动免疫疗法治疗RSA。IVIG治疗RSA的分子机制包括调节Fc受体功能,抑制及中和自身抗体,降低自然杀伤细胞的数量和毒性,干扰补体的激活,改变细胞因子的产生,以及促进调节性T淋巴细胞增殖等 [6] [7] [8]。然而,作为一种血液成分制剂,由于分离纯化工艺或原料血浆的病毒性抗原,IVIG有潜在感染的风险。另外IVIG中含有极少量IgA抗体,IgA缺乏症患者输入IVIG后可产生抗IgA的抗IgG抗体,当再次输入IVIG时可产生过敏反应 [9]。IVIG治疗较为常见的副作用还包括头痛、发热和恶心等,但发生率一般低于5% [6]。迄今为止,关于IVIG治疗RSA患者的研究结论不一 [10] - [17],本文旨在通过Meta分析探索IVIG治疗RSA的临床疗效,以期为IVIG治疗RSA提供临床参考依据。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 纳入标准和排除标准

1) 纳入标准 ① 研究类型:RCT。② 研究对象:连续2次或2次以上反复妊娠丢失。③ 没有联合其他治疗手段同时治疗或共同干预。④ 使用安慰剂或无干预作为对照。⑤夫妻双方染色体核型均正常;生殖解剖无明显异常;内分泌相关检查无明显异常;男方精液分析无明显异常。⑥结局指标:活产率。

2) 排除标准 ① 非随机对照试验、动物实验、会议报告、综述等。② 重复发表的文献。③ 研究数据不准确、不完整或不详细的文献。④ 研究中使用了除IVIG以外的免疫疗法。

2.2. 文献检索与筛选

采用中文检索词免疫球蛋白、静脉注射、复发性流产、免疫疗法,英文检索词immunoglobulins、intravenous、immunotherapy、fetal death、abortion、habitual abortion、spontaneous miscarriage、recurrent abortion、recurrent miscarriage在维普、中国知网、Cochrane图书馆、PubMed、Embase数据库检索建库至2021年2月的文献。使用Endnote软件进行文献管理,由两名作者独立地按照纳入与排除标准进行文献筛选,首先阅读标题和摘要进行初步筛选,排除不符合标准的文献,再进一步阅读全文后进行二次筛选,得到最终所需结果。

2.3. 纳入文献质量评价

采用Cochrane协作网提供的文献质量评价工具对文献进行评价。主要从“随机序列的产生”、“分配隐藏”、“对受试者和干预提供者施盲”、“结果数据是否完整”、“选择性偏倚”和“其他偏倚来源”7个方面,对文献进行“高风险”、“低风险”、“风险不清楚”的评价,采用Review Manager 5.3合成质量评价表。

2.4. 资料提取

资料的提取包括:① 文献一般信息;② 受试对象一般情况;③ 干预措施 (治疗模式、用药剂量、开始用药时机、疗程等);④ 结局指标:活产率。

2.5. 统计学方法

使用Review Manager 5.3软件进行数据分析,使用相对危险度(relative risk, RR)和95%置信区间(confidence interval, CI)描述分析结果。使用I2检验评估纳入文献的异质性,当I2 < 50%时认为文献的异质性可以忽略,使用固定效应模型进行分析,当I2 > 50%时认为文献的异质性较高,使用随机效应模型进行分析。P < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 纳入文献的基本情况

根据关键词共检索到文献688篇,通过阅读标题和摘要进行初筛排除640篇。余下的48篇文献中有38篇重复发表、非RCT或不恰当干预而被排除,共10篇文献纳入本次研究 [9] - [18]。其中,有2个RCT只对原发性RSA进行研究 [11] [12],有2个RCT只对继发性RSA进行研究 [15] [18],有6个RCT对原发性、继发性RSA均进行了研究 [9] [10] [13] [14] [16] [17]。所有的研究都使用IVIG作为干预措施,但不同试验的治疗初始时间、剂量、间隔和治疗次数不同。有7项RCT在妊娠试验阳性或超声检查确定妊娠时开始干预 [10] [11] [12] [14] [16] [17] [18];有3项RCT在妊娠前开始干预 [9] [13] [15]。有6项RCT使用白蛋白作为安慰剂 [9] [10] [11] [12] [16] [18];有3项RCT使用生理盐水作为安慰剂 [13] [14] [15];有1项RCT使用了多种维生素作为安慰剂 [17]。

3.2. 纳入文献的质量评价

采用Cochrane协作网提供的文献质量评价工具对纳入文献进行评价。结果显示大部分文章对随机分组方式进行了阐述,但未对盲法的实施及报告偏倚的处理进行描述,这在一定程度上可能会影响研究质量(图1)。

Figure 1. Risk of bias in the included trials

图1. 纳入研究的偏倚风险

3.3. Meta分析结果

3.3.1. IVIG治疗对于RSA患者活产率的影响

10项研究共有496例RSA患者纳入了活产率分析,异质性检验后,采用固定效应模型。IVIG治疗组活产率高于对照组(60.57% vs 55.2%),但无统计学差异(RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.72~1.08, P = 0.23),见图2

Figure 2. Analysis of live birth rate in RSA patients with the treatment of IVIG

图2. 分析RSA患者经IVIG治疗后活产率

3.3.2. 亚组分析

1) 分析IVIG治疗对于原发性RSA与继发性RSA活产率的影响

相对于原发性RSA患者,IVIG治疗对提高继发性RSA患者活产率有积极作用(RR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.90~1.22, P = 0.03),见图3

Figure 3. Subgroup analysis for IVIG on the live birth in primary and secondary RSA patients

图3. 亚组分析IVIG治疗对于原发性RSA与继发性RSA患者活产率的影响

2) 分析在妊娠前与妊娠后给予IVIG治疗对于RSA患者活产率的影响

按照用药时机将RSA患者分为妊娠前与妊娠后给予IVIG治疗两个亚组进行分析,结果显示活产率在两种给药方案间无统计学差异(RR = 1.09, 95% CI (0.95~1.27), P = 0.06)。相比于妊娠后给予IVIG治疗(103/172 vs 101/168, RR = 1.00, 95% CI (0.84~1.18), P = 0.97),RSA患者可能在妊娠前给予IVIG治疗中获益(46/74 vs. 37/82; RR = 1.38, 95% CI (1.03~1.86), P = 0.03),见图4

Figure 4. Subgroup analysis for IVIG on live birth in RSA patients before pregnancy compared with after pregnancy

图4. 亚组分析在妊娠前与确定妊娠后给予IVIG治疗对于RSA患者活产率的影响

3) 分析妊娠前与确定妊娠后给予IVIG治疗对于原发性RSA患者活产率的影响

原发性RSA患者分为妊娠前与妊娠后给予IVIG治疗两个亚组进行分析,结果显示活产率在两种方案之间无统计学差异(RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.71~1.07, P = 0.45)见图5

Figure 5. Subgroup analysis for IVIG on live birth in primary RSA patients before or after pregnancy

图5. 亚组分析妊娠前与妊娠后给予IVIG治疗对于原发性RSA患者活产率的影响

4) 分析妊娠前与妊娠后给予IVIG治疗对于继发性RSA患者活产率的影响

将继发性RSA患者分为妊娠前与妊娠后给予IVIG治疗两个亚组进行分析,活产率在两种方案之间无统计学差异(RR = 1.24, 95% CI = 0.98~1.57, P = 0.94),见图6

Figure 6. Subgroup analysis for IVIG on live birth in secondary RSA patients before or after pregnancy

图6. 亚组分析妊娠前与确定妊娠后给予IVIG治疗对于继发性RSA患者活产率的影响

4. 讨论

IVIG被广泛用于治疗RSA,因其制备困难且存在潜在的不良反应亟需制定一个标准的临床应用指南。目前已发表文章中关于IVIG治疗RSA患者临床疗效的结论存在争议。Pia Egerup [19] 及Hutton [20] 等人进行了IVIG治疗RSA患者荟萃分析发现IVIG对继发性RSA患者有显着的治疗效果。而Wong [3] 及Ata [21] 等人排除了两项IVIG对RSA有益但不显著影响的试验后发现IVIG对RSA患者治疗无效。Pia Egerup [19] 等人对11项研究数据结果的荟萃分析中有一项RCT研究的人群为40名抗心磷脂抗体或者狼疮抗凝物阳性RSA患者,研究结论为低分子肝素加低剂量阿司匹林的活产率高于IVIG治疗。这项RCT研究由于不合适的人群入组且对照组的干预而被排除,但我们的系统评价显示的趋势与Pia Egerup等人的评价依旧相似。

IVIG在原发性RSA与继发性RSA治疗效果上存在差异,可能是由于免疫反应机制在继发性RSA和原发性RSA患者体内不同造成。正常妊娠中母体内出现滋养细胞与父方淋巴细胞交叉抗原(TLX抗原),母体对应可产生与TXL抗原作用的封闭抗体,使得胎儿免受母胎淋巴细胞的攻击,并同时产生与封闭抗体作用的抗独特型抗体。抗独特型抗体由于具有TXL抗原“内影像”结构,与对胎儿有害的淋巴细胞及细胞因子结合产生中和作用 [22] [23]。原发性RSA是因滋养层细胞不能有效表达TLX抗原,不能刺激母体产生封闭抗体,不能对胚胎起免疫保护作用。继发性RSA虽能产生封闭抗体,但缺乏抗独特型抗体,异常的母体H-Y免疫反应将H-Y抗原呈递给免疫细胞,使免疫细胞对胚胎的攻击增强,从而导致活产率下降和产科并发症风险增加 [24]。免疫球蛋白可以通过中和自身抗体,降低淋巴细胞毒性,抑制补体的结合和激活,调节和阻断Fc受体 [25] [26],控制细胞因子的分泌等多种途径促进妊娠维持 [27] [28],这可能是IVIG治疗对提高继发性RSA患者活产率有积极作用的原因。

按照用药时机将RSA患者分为妊娠前与妊娠后给予IVIG治疗两个亚组进行分析,活产率在两种给药方案间无统计学差异。相比于妊娠后给药,RSA患者可能从妊娠前给予IVIG治疗中获益。妊娠前给药组一共有3个RCT,共计156名RSA患者 [9] [13] [15]。Coulam CB 在1995年开始的研究中不清楚原发性RSA和继发性RSA在IVIG组和安慰剂组中分别所占比例。Stephenson MD在1998年开展的研究中IVIG组包括10名原发性RSA患者和10名继发性RSA患者,安慰剂组包括10名原发性RSA患者和11名继发性RSA患者。Stephenson MD在2010年开展的研究中52名入组对象均为继发性RSA。妊娠前给药组不仅纳入人数偏少,而且入组人群特征不统一。我们分别对原发性RSA和继发性RSA患者在妊娠前和确定妊娠后给药后活产率进行了亚组分析,结果显示无论是原发性RSA还是继发性RSA,活产率在两种给药方案之间无统计学差异。因受试者特征变量在各项实验内部存在较大变异,汇总的变量并不能代表个体真实水平,会存在一定偏移。另外纳入的研究个数少而实验特征又多,对每个特征进行多重分析,有可能出现假阳性结果,这是本篇meta分析的局限性所在。

总之,与安慰剂相比,IVIG治疗RSA患者的优势没有显著增加。相对于原发性RSA,IVIG治疗对提高继发性RSA患者活产率有积极作用。无论是原发性RSA还是继发性RSA,活产率在妊娠前或妊娠后输注IVIG这两种给药方案之间无统计学差异。因此,IVIG对妊娠结局的积极影响仍需要更多大样本、多中心、高质量的前瞻性研究,特别是针对适合人群、用药时机等方面进行深入探讨,从而为临床RSA的治疗提供科学依据。

利益冲突

所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

基金项目

云南省卫生健康委员会医学后备人才项目(H-2019048);云南省科技厅昆医联合专项(202001AY001(-129));云南省生殖妇产疾病临床医学中心开放基金资助项目(2022LCZXKF-SZ09)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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