血液学炎性指标与乳腺癌预后相关性的研究进展
Research Progress on the Relationship between Hematological Inflammatory Indexes and Prognosis of Breast Cancer
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2022.12121709, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 189  浏览: 304  国家自然科学基金支持
作者: 高 珊*, 王俊杰#:三峡大学附属仁和医院妇产科,湖北 宜昌;易慕华:南方医科大学附属东莞医院病理科,广东 东莞
关键词: 乳腺癌炎性指标预后Breast Cancer Inflammatory Index Prognosis
摘要: 乳腺癌是女性常见的恶性肿瘤之一。最新临床研究发现,炎性细胞的变化与乳腺癌细胞的增殖、侵袭和转移等活动密切相关,应用血液学炎性指标评估乳腺癌患者的预后状况简单可行,应用前景广阔。本文就影响乳腺癌预后的常见血液学炎性指标作一综述。
Abstract: Breast cancer is one of the common malignant tumors in women. The latest clinical studies have found that the changes of inflammatory cells are closely related to the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells. The application of hematological inflammatory indicators to assess the prognosis of breast cancer patients is simple and feasible, and has a broad application prospect. This article reviews the common hematological inflammatory indicators affecting the prognosis of breast cancer.
文章引用:高珊, 易慕华, 王俊杰. 血液学炎性指标与乳腺癌预后相关性的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(12): 11867-11872. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.12121709

1. 引言

乳腺癌是女性癌患者中最常见的类型,特别是在亚洲和非洲国家,全球每年新发乳腺癌病例超过230万例,死亡人数高达68万,并且,发病年龄也呈现出了年轻化趋势,给越来越多的女性患者带来了身体和心理上的负担 [1]。乳腺癌易复发和远处转移,因此,监测其预后在临床管理中具有重要的临床意义。某些免疫组织化学指标与乳腺癌的预后密切相关,但这些指标的结果不能及时获取且费用较高,不仅对患者无利也极大地限制了其临床应用 [2]。超声的形态学特征与乳腺癌的预后相关,但由于缺乏对图像特征的定量分析,导致重复性和客观性不足 [3]。最新临床研究表明,炎性反应是肿瘤微环境的重要组成部分,炎性细胞的变化影响着乳腺癌细胞的增殖、侵袭和转移等,与肿瘤的发生和发展密切相关 [4]。一些炎症相关指标可以预测患者治疗效果,可为肿瘤的个体化治疗方案的选择提供参考。本文就影响乳腺癌预后的常见血液炎性指标的相关研究进展作一综述。

2. C反应蛋白(C-Reactive Protein, CRP)

CRP是一种全身炎性标志物,在炎性反应、感染和组织损伤等环境下,由白细胞介素-6的转录控制产生。作为一种主要的急性期反应物和慢性低级别炎性的生物标志物,与癌变有着相关性。CRP与炎性细胞和介质一起,通过诱导DNA损伤和促进血管生成,为肿瘤生长创造了一个促肿瘤的环境,例如肿瘤生长诱导炎症因子和血浆C反应蛋白的存在,以及肿瘤本身可以产生炎症细胞因子,包括C反应蛋白、IL-6和IL-8 [5]。在乳腺癌中,循环CRP可以通过增加血管生长因子和白细胞介素的水平加速血管生成,通过结合炎性微环境中的整合素来促进肿瘤细胞侵袭和转移 [6]。Kaur [7] 等对年龄和性别1:1匹配的乳腺癌患者和健康者进行对比研究,发现乳腺癌患者CRP水平显著升高,并且与疾病有显著关联,同时也观察到其死亡率、转移率和复发率也与高水平的CRP相关。Arthur [8] 等研究发现,CRP与浸润性导管性乳腺癌的风险呈正相关,但与浸润性小叶性乳腺癌的风险不相关。然而,Robinson [9] 等通过孟德尔排序(Mendelian randomization, MR)分析发现,CRP对乳腺癌风险没有因果关系。笔者认为,原因可能是MR只是作为风险工具来评估基因变异,仪器局限于单个变种或单个基因区域,而乳腺癌存在多个遗传基因(例如:BRCA1、BRCA2、TP53、PTEN等)混淆而产生了偏差。以上结果表明,术前血清的CRP值可预测乳腺癌患者的预后,而且CRP的水平值越高,患者的预后越差。

3. 中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio, NLR)

过量的中性粒细胞计数可以通过释放信号转导子,STAT3转录因子和基质金属蛋白酶促进肿瘤细胞增殖、侵袭和转移 [10]。淋巴细胞是肿瘤特异性免疫应答的重要成分,在肿瘤细胞的免疫监测和杀伤中起着重要作用。而两者比值的改变可导致细胞微环境平衡被破坏,促进炎性反应发生并向肿瘤发展,导致预后不良 [4]。Cho [11] 等研究发现高NLR与乳腺癌的侵袭性显著相关,NLR持续升高与疾病特异性生存(Disease-specific survival, DSS)和无病生存(Disease-free survival, DFS)的恶化相关。Anwar [12] 等通过对1083名乳腺癌患者(其中老年患者仅83名)回顾性分析发现,高NLR值与乳腺癌进展风险显著相关。同时发现NLR在乳腺癌亚型之间没有差异。但Losada [13] 等对104名西班牙老年乳腺癌患者进行了研究,结果却显示肿瘤亚型与NLR显著相关。这提示,NLR在年轻和老年患者中可能有不同的作用,还值得进一步的研究。Huszno [14] 等评估了NLR在男性乳腺癌患者中的预后影响,发现较高的NLR与乳腺癌患者较差的总生存期(Overall survival, OS)相关。Wang [15] 等在乳腺癌骨转移患者中也发现了NLR与OS独立相关,但其值较先前研究中的NLR值低。笔者认为,其原因可能是NLR值低的研究对象是已经发生了骨转移的患者,免疫功能相对更低下。可见NLR在评估乳腺癌预后上有显著的临床意义。

4. 血小板与淋巴细胞比值(Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio, PLR)

血小板可以通过介导P2Y2受体促进肿瘤细胞经内皮迁移和转移,还可以通过PI3K/PKC信号通路来促进肿瘤细胞的增殖。另外,血小板分泌的多种生长因子也可以促进肿瘤生长和转移以及血管生成,其中释放的转化生长因子-β可导致显著的免疫抑制效应,从而导致淋巴细胞功能受损和淋巴细胞计数减少 [16]。Zhang [17] 等通过回顾性研究发现,高水平的PLR与乳腺癌不良预后有关,与肿瘤分期、淋巴结转移和远处转移也存在着关联。Morkavuk [18] 等探讨了早期乳腺癌中PLR与前哨淋巴结转移的关系,并通过ROC曲线选取139.45作为PLR的临界值,发现PLR ≥ 139.45的患者发生淋巴结阳性的风险是PLR低于该临界值的患者的0.43倍。同样,TAKADA [19] 等也研究发现,高PLR (相对于低PLR)是预测乳腺癌前哨淋巴结的独立因素,进一步说明了PLR可作为乳腺癌预测淋巴结转移预后的一项指标。

5. 淋巴细胞及单核细胞比值(Lymphocyte to Monocyte Ratio, LMR)

淋巴细胞的缺乏会导致CD4+辅助淋巴细胞减少和CD8+抑制细胞增多,从而降低机体抗肿瘤能力。此外,单核细胞可以通过巨噬细胞产生多种炎性介质(血管内皮生长因子、表皮生长因子和肿瘤坏死因子等),从而促进肿瘤细胞增殖、侵袭和转移,也能促进血管生成 [4]。Goto [20] 等研究LMR与接受新辅助化疗乳腺癌患者预后的关系,发现与高LMR组相比,低LMR组的OS和DFS都很差,同时多因素分析显示LMR是影响生存的独立预后因素。同样一项荟萃分析发现,低LMR与不良的OS和DFS显著相关 [21]。Ma [22] 等收集了203名乳腺癌患者的临床资料,结果显示低LMR与淋巴结转移和临床T分期显著相关,Kaplan-Meier生存曲线表明不同LMR水平的预后有显著差异。综上所述,LMR作为全身性炎性反应的重要生物学指标,其值与肿瘤进展以及预后显著相关,治疗前的LMR水平较低通常提示乳腺癌患者预后不良。

6. 红细胞分布宽度(Red Cell Distribution Width, RDW)

RDW是通常用来测量红细胞大小变异程度的实验室参数,作为一种易于测量的全身炎性反应的炎性标志物,RDW在致癌作用、肿瘤进展和预后中具有重要作用 [23]。Yao [24] 等通过回顾性研究发现,RDW与肿瘤体积、淋巴结转移率及肿瘤分期相关,多因素分析显示RDW是局部复发和远处转移的独立预测因素,且高RDW组预后较低RDW组差。Sun [25] 等将110例经病理诊断的乳腺癌患者和78例健康女性进行对比分析,结果显示乳腺癌组RDW水平显著高于对照组。目前的研究证据表明,RDW对乳腺癌的预后也有一定的预测价值,将RDW作为乳腺癌临床病理特征预测的血液标志物,将增加此类患者预后的可预测性。

7. 平均血小板体积(Mean Platelet Volume, MPV)

MPV是代表血小板大小和反映血小板活性的参数之一。在肿瘤中,恶性细胞激活的血小板表达粘附分子(如血管性血友病因子、血小板糖蛋白IIb/IIIa、纤维连接蛋白),将血小板锚定在肿瘤细胞上。肿瘤–血小板聚集体可促进血栓形成和转移形成 [26]。Gu [27] 等对340例乳腺肿瘤患者临床资料进行了回顾性分析,发现治疗前MPV水平与远处转移、肿瘤大小和淋巴结转移分期等临床病理参数显著相关;多因素Cox比例风险模型生存分析显示,MPV是影响乳腺癌预后的独立因素。Mutlu [28] 等通过ROC曲线分析MPV对局部晚期乳腺癌患者新辅助化疗后病理完全应答的预测价值,结果显示其敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为63.6%、60.9%、29.2%和86.9%,可见MPV可作为乳腺癌患者新辅助化疗的预测指标。Mutlu [28] 等研究发现与健康人相比,乳腺癌患者的MPV值显著增加,而且MPV是乳腺癌患者淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。所以,在一定程度上MPV可作为评估乳腺癌患者预后的有效指标。

8. 问题与展望

综上所述,血液学炎性指标如CRP、NLR、PLR、LMR、RDW和MPV等在预测乳腺癌预后上有一定的价值,为临床医师判断病情及指导临床治疗提供了进一步的证据。目前监测乳腺癌预后的常用方法有很多,如超声检查、影像学检查、病理学检查和外周血常规检查,由于外周血常规检查操作简单、价格便宜、获取便捷以及可重复性强,近年来成为了研究热点。不过目前的研究大多是回顾性研究,无法避免存在一些选择偏倚,因此未来期待更多前瞻性、多中心的大数据研究结果证实血液学炎性指标与乳腺癌预后的关系,为肿瘤的精准化治疗提供更多有价值的参考。

基金项目

湖北省教育厅指导性项目(B2021033),国家自然科学基金资助项目(81302269)。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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