闭合切口负压疗法在骨科手术中的应用进展
Advances in the Application of Closed Incision Negative Pressure Therapy in Orthopedic Surgery
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2022.12121677, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 180  浏览: 384  科研立项经费支持
作者: 范文豪, 常建豪, 王 涛*:青海大学附属医院,青海 西宁;邵一鸣:郑州大学第二附属医院,河南 郑州;郑州大学附属郑州中心医院,河南 郑州
关键词: 闭合切口负压疗法骨科并发症切口愈合Closed Incision Negative Pressure Therapy Orthopedic Complications Incision Healing
摘要: 外科手术中术后切口并发症的发生率高达25%,如何减少术后切口并发症、促进切口愈合,改善患者预后,一直都是骨科乃至整个外科领域研究的热门话题。闭合切口负压疗法(closed incision neg-ative pressure therapy, ciNPT)是目前临床广泛应用的一种切口管理方法,其主要目的是减小手术切口的侧向张力,减少血肿和浆液肿形成,有助于组织更快愈合,并降低切口感染和裂开的风险。本文拟综述近年来ciNPT在骨科手术中的应用,探讨其在临床应用的最新进展。
Abstract: The incidence of postoperative incisional complications in surgery is as high as 25%, and how to reduce postoperative incisional complications, promote incisional healing, and improve patient prognosis has been a hot topic of research in orthopedics and the entire surgical field. Closed inci-sion negative pressure therapy (ciNPT) is a widely used method of incision management that aims to reduce lateral tension in the surgical incision, reduce hematoma and plasmacytoma formation, contribute to faster tissue healing, and reduce the risk of incision infection and dehiscence. This ar-ticle intends to review the application of ciNPT in orthopedic surgery in recent years and discuss the progress of its clinical use.
文章引用:范文豪, 邵一鸣, 常建豪, 王涛. 闭合切口负压疗法在骨科手术中的应用进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(12): 11643-11648. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.12121677

1. 引言

手术部位感染(surgical site infection, SSI)是所有外科手术部位事件(surgical site occurrence, SSO)中最严重、最棘手的一种情况 [1]。SSI通常是非计划二次手术的主要原因,不仅会影响患者预后,还会给患者造成沉重的经济负担 [2]。值得注意的是,骨科手术中的SSI发生率高达30%,对内固定装置的保留、局部血运重建及骨折愈合都有明显的影响,如若处理不当还会导致患肢功能不良,预后不佳,甚至有截肢的风险 [3] [4] [5]。随着现有医疗条件的不断完善及医疗水平的进步,越来越多的医生及患者对骨科手术的预后提出了更高的要求,因此,如何减少术后切口并发症、预防SSI,最大程度减轻患者的痛苦及医疗花销,一直都是骨科乃至整个外科领域研究的热门话题。

负压创面治疗技术(negative pressure wound therapy, NPWT)是近二十年来开展的一种新型治疗方法,由德国外科医师Fleischmann博士 [6] 等最先提出用于开放性骨折的治疗,后被裘华德教授等人 [7] 改良并引入我国应用于创面感染的治疗。目前,由世界卫生组织最新发表的预防SSI措施的国际诊疗建议中提到,允许将NPWT应用于闭合切口,即闭合切口负压疗法(closed incision negative pressure therapy, ciNPT),主要目的是减少术后切口并发症,促进切口愈合,改善预后 [8]。已有证据表明,ciNPT可以减小手术切口的侧向张力,减少血肿和浆液肿形成,有助于组织更快愈合,并降低切口感染和裂开的风险 [3]。本文拟综述近年来ciNPT在骨科手术中的应用,探讨其在临床应用的最新进展。

2. ciNPT在临床中的应用

1) 应用指征:虽然近些年ciNPT在外科临床中广泛应用,但是对于其确切的应用指征并未有明确指南。目前临床普遍认为应对存在高危风险因素的手术切口应用ciNPT,比如切口张力大,软组织条件差,手术时间长等。在2017年发表的一份关于ciNPT临床应用的国际多学科共识建议中提出,恰当的使用ciNPT应综合考虑三个方面的因素:① 切口相关危险因素;② 患者相关危险因素;③ 手术操作的相关危险因素 [9]。

切口风险因素不仅包括软组织条件、手术时间和切口张力,还包括短期内多次手术的切口和伴有水肿或污染的切口 [9]。患者相关危险因素有糖尿病、ASA评分大于等于3分、高龄、肥胖、吸烟、低蛋白血症、酗酒、长期使用皮质类固醇药物、慢性肾功能不全、慢阻肺、合并血肿以及男性患者 [9]。手术操作的相关风险因素中,与骨科有关的包括行切开复位内固定术(open reduction and internal fixation, ORIF)的髋臼骨折、胫骨远端骨折(pilon骨折)、跟骨骨折、胫骨平台骨折、骨筋膜室综合征行筋膜切开术和膝关节周围截肢术 [9]。以上相关危险因素合并的越多,则越推荐使用ciNPT。

虽然该建议中并未提及关节置换术与脊柱手术,但是仍有部分研究数据表明,ciNPT在关节置换术及脊柱手术中的应用也取得了令人满意的疗效 [10] [11]。但目前尚缺乏高水平的证据来界定关节置换术及脊柱术后应用ciNPT的具体适应症范围。

2) 技术与方法:ciNPT有两个常用的技术,分别是1993年由Fleischmann等提出的封闭负压引流技术(vacuum sealing drainage, VSD) [6] 和1997年Argenta和Morykwas提出的封闭负压辅助闭合技术(vacuum assist closure, VAC) [12]。VSD和VAC原理相同,即负压封闭吸引,但二者在选材、方法与适应证等方面存在一定差异。选材方面VSD使用的是白色聚乙烯醇泡沫,孔隙较致密,亲水性好,组织相容性高,但当渗液过多时容易发生管道堵塞,因此使用时需要生理盐水配合冲洗;VAC使用的是黑色聚氨酯泡沫,孔径较大,疏水性好,因而适用于渗出液较多的切口 [7] [13]。

临床上常用的VAC负压大小一般为持续的−75至−125 mmHg,VSD则一般为持续的−125至−175 mmHg,放置时间一般为5~7天 [3] [13]。当下持续负压吸引模式仍然是临床上的主要应用模式,间歇负压吸引模式、循环负压吸引模式的具体应用指征、参数设置还有待进一步研究探索 [13]。

近年来,随着NPWT装置的不断发展,ciNPT已不仅仅局限于医院,各种小型、便携的NPWT装置已被投入临床使用,比如PICO一次性负压切口治疗系统 [14]、Navova负压创面护理系统 [13]、SNAP创面护理系统 [15] 等,相较于传统的NPWT装置,它们体积更小、便利性高,大大的提升了患者的依从性及满意度。且有部分研究数据表明,相较于传统ciNPT,新型的NPWT装置在预防手术部位感染、切口裂开和缩短住院时间方面具有显著优势 [14]。

3. ciNPT的作用机制

目前ciNPT作用机制的研究主要集中在增加切口部位血流量、刺激毛细血管及肉芽组织形成、减少细菌数量、减小切口侧向张力及血肿和浆液肿的形成等方面 [16]。ciNPT对于局部微循环的影响目前尚存在争议,在志愿者完整皮肤上应用ciNPT的研究发现,ciNPT组的局部组织血氧饱和度及血流量有所增加 [17],然而另一项在动物模型上应用ciNPT的研究发现表皮组织的血流量略有下降 [18]。有研究显示,ciNPT一方面可通过减少组织水肿、增加切口处血流灌注量和VEGF的分泌从而促进切口愈合 [19] [20],另一方面还可以通过增加不同负压下中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞和角质形成细胞(keratinocyte, KC)中的γ干扰素、白介素17 (Interleukin, IL-17)、Cdc42、表皮细胞生长因子(epidermal growth factor, EGF)和表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)的分泌,影响切口的细胞生物学活性,调节炎症反应,从而促进细胞增殖和上皮化 [19] [21] [22]。另外,ciNPT的屏障作用还可以保护切口免受外来细菌的侵扰,从而降低SSO的发生 [20] [23]。

4. ciNPT在骨科手术应用中的有效性

1) 骨盆和髋臼骨折:该类骨折的治疗非常复杂,手术时间通常很长,而SSI的增加与手术时间的延长又密切相关 [24]。ciNPT的应用成功的降低了该特定患者群体中SSI的风险。为了评估ciNPT在骨盆及髋臼骨折手术中的有效性,Reddix等人 [25] 评估了19名合并感染高危风险因素的髋臼骨折行ORIF的患者,在这项小型回顾性研究中,未报告任何术后切口并发症。随后,他们又对比了66名接受标准术后敷料治疗与235名接受ciNPT治疗患者的预后情况,结果显示ciNPT治疗组的SSI显著降低(P < 0.05) [26]。然而,Crist等人 [27] 在一项前瞻性随机试验中发现,与纱布敷料相比,ciNPT并未降低髋臼骨折患者SSI的发生率。

2) 下肢骨折:胫骨远端骨折、胫骨平台以及跟骨部位的骨折通常由高能量损伤导致,且常伴有严重的软组织损伤,此类患者术后发生SSO的风险极大 [28]。Gomoll等人 [29] 在2006年首次将ciNPT应用于35例伴有高危感染风险的下肢骨折患者中,所有患者术后均随访3个月以上,结果疗效显著,无一例出现SSI。Stannard等人 [30] 进行了一项前瞻性随机多中心临床试验,他们将249名下肢骨折的患者(其中跟骨骨折39%,胫骨pilon骨折17%,胫骨平台骨折44%)随机分配到A组(标准辅料组)或B组(ciNPT组),其中A组的122例中有23例发生了SSI,B组的144例中发生SSI的有14例,结果存在显著差异(P < 0.05),且A组患者发生SSI的相对风险是B组患者的1.9倍。因此下肢高能量损伤患者术后合并高危风险因素的切口应考虑应用ciNPT进行预防。

3) 关节置换:尽管初次行全髋关节置换(total hip arthroplasty, THA)或全膝关节置换(total knee arthroplasty, TKA)的SSI发生率相对较低,然而一但发生感染,其后果十分严重。研究发现在THA或TKA术后应用ciNPT可以显著降低SSO,使用ciNPT治疗的患者发生切口并发症的可能性降低了约4倍 [31]。多项临床观察了股骨颈骨折患者行THA术后应用ciNPT的临床疗效,结果显示应用ciNPT治疗的患者术后切口引流量、切口分泌物、换药间隔时间及次数均有所减少,且术后血肿发生率及血肿体积变小 [11] [32]。Manoharan等人 [33] 对行TKA的33名患者进行了前瞻性研究,结果显示在伤口愈合方面没有差异,但ciNPT组患者在生活质量、切口引流和切口保护方面优于普通敷料。Cooper等人 [34] 还对69名THA和TKA术后假体周围骨折的患者进行了回顾性分析,结果表明,ciNPT组的切口并发症、SSI及再手术率均显著降低。

全踝关节置换(total ankle arthroplasty, TAA)大多数采用前侧入路,已证明其切口并发症发生率高达28%,Alexandra等人 [35] 对28例行前路TAA患者进行了回顾性分析,结果表明ciNPT组的切口并发症和SSI显著减少,因此建议在所有前侧入路TAA手术中使用ciNPT。

4) 脊柱手术:Nordmeyer等人 [36] 比较了脊柱骨折术后应用ciNPT和普通敷料的临床效果,结果ciNPT组术后血肿更少,所需护理的时间更短。一项长达2年的前瞻性研究随机将274例行脊柱手术的患者分为普通敷料组(n = 156)与ciNPT组(n = 118),结果显示,ciNPT 组的SSI率显著降低 [37]。

5. 总结与展望

目前,ciNPT在临床中的应用越来越广泛,并且已经成为切口管理中的一项重要技术。随着相关国际指南及全球专家共识的相继发布,其临床适应症也逐渐明确,临床应用趋于规范化。与传统敷料相比,ciNPT在预防切口并发症、促进切口愈合、提高患者预后及肢体功能方面具有积极意义。而且随着ciNPT装置的不断发展,更多小型、便携、低成本的设备被投入临床应用,届时将进一步降低应用成本,提高临床普及率。

然而与NPWT的大量研究相比,ciNPT研究数量偏少,已有的相关文献数据结果总体证据程度较低,还需要更大样本量和前瞻性研究确定其临床应用的有效性。另一方面,其作用机制尚需进一步深入阐明,比如在细胞、分子和生化水平上的切口变化,不同负压大小的疗效对比,持续负压与间断负压的作用机制及疗效对比等。应多措并举,久久为功,标准化ciNPT治疗,致力于降低SSO,改善临床患者预后。

基金项目

青海省科技基金项目(2019-SF-136)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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