放射性肺炎相关危险因素的研究进展
Research Progress of Risk Factors Related to Radiation Pneumonitis
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2022.1291213, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 235  浏览: 344 
作者: 白琴琴, 杨卫卫*, 高 波:延安大学附属医院,陕西 延安
关键词: 放射性肺损伤放射性肺炎放射治疗危险因素Radiation Lung Injury Radiation Pneumonitis Radiotherapy Risk Factors
摘要: 放射性肺炎是肺癌患者接受放疗后最常见的并发症之一,限制了临床使用更高、更有效的照射剂量以及联用其他方法治疗肿瘤,并且严重影响了患者的生活质量和生存期,严重的放射性肺炎甚至可危及生命。放射性肺炎是多因素参与的、复杂的病理生理过程,其相关危险因素涉及放射剂量学、年龄、性别、吸烟史、饮酒史、合并基础疾病、肿瘤自身因素、联合化疗等方面。本文就放射性肺炎相关危险的研究进展进行综述。
Abstract: Radiation pneumonitis is one of the most common complications in lung cancer patients after radi-otherapy, which limits the clinical use of higher and more effective radiation doses and combined with other methods to treat tumors, and seriously affects the quality of life and survival of patients. Severe radiation pneumonitis can even endanger life. Radiation pneumonitis is a complex patho-physiological process involving multiple factors. The related risk factors include radiation dosime-try, age, gender, smoking history, drinking history, underlying diseases, tumor factors, combined chemotherapy and so on. This article reviews the research progress on the risk of radiation pneu-monitis.
文章引用:白琴琴, 杨卫卫, 高波. 放射性肺炎相关危险因素的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(9): 8414-8418. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.1291213

1. 引言

目前肺癌已经成为全球范围内最为常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其发病率和死亡率均居恶性肿瘤的首位 [1]。放射治疗是癌症治疗的主流,用于治疗或姑息治疗50%的癌症患者 [2],目前已经广泛应用于胸部恶性肿瘤的治疗。而在原发性肺癌病程的不同时期,约有2/3的患者需要接受放射治疗 [3]。放射性肺损伤(Radiation-induced Lung Injury, RILI)是胸部放射治疗最为常见的并发症,发病率高达20% [4],其主要包括两种表现:早期的放射性肺炎(Radiation-induced Pneumonitis, RP)以及后期的放射性肺纤维化(Radiation-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis, RPF)。目前对放射性肺炎及其后形成的肺纤维化无特效治疗方法,所以,如何避免及减少RP的发生是肺癌放射治疗中必须考虑的问题。本文就目前RP的相关危险因素予以综述。

2. 放射剂量学

在常规分割方式及放疗剂量下,正常肺组织受量,尤其是平均肺剂量(mean lung dose, MLD)和V20是认可最广泛的与RP相关的剂量学参数 [5] [6]。Tsujino等 [7] 发现当V20 ≤ 20%、21%~25%、26%~30%以及V20 ≥ 31%时,发生 ≥ 2级RP的概率分别为8.7%、18.3%、51%及85%。Barriger等 [8] 发现当MLD < 18 Gy和≥18 Gy时,RP的发生率分别为2.2%和19%。

3. 临床因素

3.1. 年龄与性别

许多研究发现性别是影响RP发生的因素,Robnett等 [9] 发现女性严重的RP发生率明显高于男性,可能是大多数女性的肺容量更小(和更小的FEV1值),相同大小的照射野,女性肺损伤的风险更大。王静等 [10] 发现研究单因素分析显示由于男性吸烟患者多、肺功能较差并发其他呼吸系统疾病较多,故男性RP发生率较女性高。而且随着年龄的增加,人体的各个器官不断衰竭,导致机体对外界反应出现超敏或者低敏,目前研究发现年龄对放射性肺炎发生的不能作为独立因素 [11]。

3.2. 饮酒史与吸烟史

饮酒史患者较无饮酒史者易出现高级别RP,张爽等 [12] 发现其原因一方面可能为酒精暴露对肺的直接损伤,另一方面可能为酒精暴露通过抑制免疫系统间接损伤肺组织。目前为止吸烟史对RP的发生的影响没有统一的定论,Yamamoto等 [13] 发现吸烟患者行放射治疗可能会增加治疗后RP发生率,尤其是吸烟指数较高患者。但是Yorke等 [14] 表明肺癌患者进行性吸烟可减少放射性肺炎的发生。可能是吸烟引起的肺功能障碍增加了RP的发生,而长期吸烟患者的肺组织放疗后的炎性反应降低,使肺组织对射线的耐受作用增加,这需要进一步的研究 [15]。

3.3. 合并基础疾病

合并基础疾病分为合并肺内疾病和合并肺外疾病。合并肺内疾病中,Zhou Z等 [16] 研究的结果表明,肺气肿是明确接受放射治疗后局部晚期非小细胞肺癌患者的高危因素,尤其是鳞状细胞癌患者。肺气肿越严重,鳞状细胞癌患者RP的发生率就越高。王明臣等 [17] 研究表明肺部感染、肺不张、阻塞性肺炎等合并症可引起基础肺功能和全身状况降低,在此情况下进行放射治疗增加了肺损伤,易引发RP。合并肺外疾病以研究合并糖尿病最多,Kalman等 [18] 报道立体定向放疗后糖尿病患者RP的发生率为48%,而无糖尿病患者RP发生率仅25%;且在影像上糖尿病患者肺实质病变严重程度显著高于无糖尿病患者。

3.4. 肿瘤情况

肿瘤大小及肿瘤位置对RP的发生都有一定影响。Shi等 [19] 研究发现,肿瘤 > 2 cm的患者RP发生率明显高于肿瘤 ≤ 2 cm的患者。Song等 [20] 认为肺中下叶RP发生率相对较高,这可能与该部位体积较大,且呼吸动度大导致计划靶体积面积大,接受照射的正常肺组织较多。另外,下肺血液供应比上肺丰富,血气交换更活跃,在肺整体功能中作用显著。

4. 肺功能

有学者利用肺功能参数对远期发生肺纤维化及肺功能的RP患者进行预测,并肯定了其在放疗的应用价值。Torre-Bouscoulet [21] 等进行的一项多中心前瞻性研究指出所有接受CCRT的晚期NSCLC患者在治疗开始前必须接受肺功能检查(PFT)评估,以确定RP的高风险患者,提供密切随访,并考虑使用早期治疗来减少长期并发症。因此在日常工作中,对于接受常规分割放疗的患者,临床医生不仅需要关注其治疗前的肺功能基线水平,而且对于肺功能的动态监测纵向对比也必不可少;对于接受大分割放疗的患者,相关数据还较少,肺功能参数能否作为大分割放疗后RP发生的预测因素还有待研究。

5. 同步化疗

多个临床实验已经证实同步放化疗增加RILI的风险。但不同化疗药物及用法是否增加RILI的发生尚未有一致意见。Arrieta等 [22] 指出吉西他滨同步放疗与RP相关。Giroux Leprieur E等 [23] 回顾分析了47例局部晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)放疗患者,发现放疗前使用吉西他滨与急性RP相关,建议避免放疗前使用吉西他滨。2010年OUANTEC报告中认为,放疗同时应用顺铂、卡铂、紫杉醇、依托泊苷等药物增加RILI的风险有限,但吉西他滨和多西紫杉醇增加RILI风险较高。目前不同药物和放疗协同作用的机制尚不清楚,临床试验证据较少,尚需进一步探索。

6. 小结

尽管现在精准的放疗技术可以减少肿瘤周围组织的损伤,但是RP仍是接受放射治疗的肺癌患者所需面对的不良事件。总之,肺癌患者放疗所致放射性肺损伤系多因素综合作用的结果,需综合平衡肿瘤局部控制率和放射性肺损伤的关系,为临床提供参考指标,优化放疗计划。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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