膜性肾病合并抗肾小球基底膜病研究进展
Research Progress for Membranous Nephropathy Complicated with Anti-Glomerular Membrane Disease
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2022.127986, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 349  浏览: 592 
作者: 宋曦玉:空军军医大学基础医学院,陕西 西安;查 阳, 何丽洁*:空军军医大学西京医院肾内科,陕西 西安;何春艳:空军第九八六医院肿瘤血液科,陕西 西安
关键词: 膜性肾病抗肾小球基底膜病免疫性肾病Membranous Nephropathy Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease Autoimmune Nephropathy
摘要: 膜性肾病(membranous nephropathy, MN)的典型病理表现是上皮下存在免疫复合物,而在临床中观察到MN患者组织中有新月体的形成,这种情况是十分罕见的。引起新月体型MN的常见原因之一是MN合并了抗肾小球基底膜病(glomerular basement membrane, GBM)。近年来逐渐有MN合并抗GBM病的病例及相关研究报道。在这一类疾病中,MN和抗GBM病可同时出现或先后发生,因此该病例既有MN的临床表现,又有抗GBM病的临床表现,在这些病例的血清中均未发现原发性MN的特征性抗体,但均存在抗GBM抗体阳性。MN合并抗GBM病确切的机制尚不明确,患者的免疫学特点、人类白细胞抗原易感性以及基于动物实验等方面的研究能够为探寻该病的临床表现和发病机制提供一些线索。由于抗GBM抗体的致病性,使得合并抗GBM病的MN患者往往肾脏预后不良,但临床医师对这一类疾病的认识尚不足,本文通过回顾近年来MN合并抗GBM病的病例报道,相关领域的研究进展,对其发病机制、临床病理特征、治疗及预后进行综述。
Abstract: The typical pathology of membranous nephropathy (MN) is the presence of immune complexes un-der the epithelium, while the formation of crescent bodies in the tissues of patients with MN is ob-served clinically, which is very rare. One of the common causes of crescentic MN is the combination of MN with glomerular basement membrane disease (GBM). In recent years, cases of MN combined with anti-GBM disease and related studies have been gradually reported. The exact mechanism of MN combined with anti-GBM disease is not clear, and the immunological characteristics of the pa-tients, their human leukocyte antigen susceptibility, and the animal-based studies are not clear. The exact mechanism of MN combined with anti-GBM disease is not clear, and the immunological characteristics of patients, their susceptibility to human leukocyte antigens, and studies based on animal experiments can provide some clues to explore the clinical presentation and pathogenesis of the disease. Due to the pathogenicity of anti-GBM antibodies, MN patients with combined anti-GBM disease often have a poor renal prognosis, but clinicians are not yet aware of this group of diseases. In this paper, we review the pathogenesis, clinicopathological features, treatment and prognosis of MN combined with anti-GBM disease by reviewing the case reports of MN combined with anti-GBM disease in recent years, and the progress of research in related fields.
文章引用:宋曦玉, 查阳, 何春艳, 何丽洁. 膜性肾病合并抗肾小球基底膜病研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(7): 6837-6843. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.127986

1. 引言

膜性肾病(Membranous Nephropathy, MN)是成人肾病综合征常见的原因之一,其发病机制主要是机体内出现抗肾小球足细胞抗原的特异性抗体形成原位免疫复合物,随后激活补体系统引发损害 [1] [2]。因此,MN的典型病理学特征是肾小球基底膜(Glomerular Basement Membrane, GBM)外侧、上皮细胞下免疫复合物沉积伴GBM弥漫增厚 [3]。而抗GBM病是相对比较罕见的疾病,发病率仅为1.64/百万,该病的主要发病机制是因循环中的抗GBM抗体沉积在肾脏或肺脏而导致相应脏器的损害,可单独或同时累及 [4] [5]。典型的肾脏损害病理表现为光镜下弥漫新月体形成、纤维素样坏死;免疫荧光下免疫球蛋白沿GBM线样沉积 [6]。

近年来临床上报道发现罕见的MN伴发新月体的形成,而这些患者往往血清中可见抗GBM抗体阳性,这提示这些MN患者可能合并了抗GBM病 [7]。Troxell等介绍了一名49岁的男性病例,他临床表现为疲劳、腰痛、血尿和肾功能衰竭,血清学抗GBM抗体阳性,肾活检可见新月体肾小球肾炎,免疫荧光和电子显微镜显示出了抗GBM肾小球肾炎和膜性沉积物的证据 [8]。Speer等报告了一名活检证实患有原发性膜性肾病的55岁男性病例,他在患有膜性肾病8年后发展为具有抗GBM抗体的快速进展性肾小球肾炎,肾活检显示膜性肾病和抗GBM病同时存在 [9]。Patel等报道的一名59岁西班牙裔男子表现为急性恶心、呕吐、肾功能不全,肾活检结果显示抗GBM病伴潜在的膜性肾病 [10]。包等报告了一名青年男性患者,抗GBM抗体阳性,肾脏病理为膜性肾病合并有抗GBM病伴亚急性肾小管间质肾病 [11]。

目前国内外报道的这些MN合并抗GBM病的病例中,虽然循环抗GBM抗体检测阳性,但未检测到原发性MN中常见的特异性抗体;免疫荧光可同时观察到上皮下免疫复合物的沉积以及免疫球蛋白沿GBM线样沉积。尽管MN合并抗GBM病在世界范围内仍在被不断报道,但临床医师对于这种疾病的发病机制、病理特征、治疗方案选择及预后转归等的认识仍然不清晰。本文将通过文献回顾的方式,针对该病在上述几方面的情况和特点进行综述,以期为临床诊疗提供参考。

2. MN合并抗GBM病的发病机制

MN合并抗GBM病的确切发病机制尚不清楚,但是,可以从自身免疫反应、人类白细胞抗原(Human Leukocyte Antigen, HLA)、和一些动物实验中归纳出一些线索。

2.1. 自身免疫反应

原发性MN和抗GBM病都是典型的自身免疫反应疾病 [12]。原发性MN的主要致病抗体与足细胞上的特异性抗原结合后形成免疫复合物,激活补体系统引起足细胞结构和功能的改变。研究显示,上述一系列的自身免疫反应可能会导致GBM损伤,使原本处于遮蔽状态的抗GBM抗原暴露,诱导自身免疫应答产生抗体,随后导致抗GBM肾炎发病 [13] [14]。另一方面,GBM的通透性被抗GBM抗体改变,循环中的抗原更容易穿过GBM并在上皮下沉积,继而导致与MN类似的病理改变和临床表现 [8]。

抗GBM抗体在单一抗GBM病中发挥重要作用,其成分主要是免疫球蛋白G (IgG),其中IgG1和IgG3亚型与患者的肾功能进展有关 [15]。而在MN合并抗GBM病免疫学相关的研究中,患者体内循环抗体IgG1和IgG3水平较单一的抗GBM病更低 [16]。Junichi等报告了一例病理显示IgG4沉积而非IgG3沉积的MN合并抗GBM病患者,经单用激素方案治疗,肾功能恢复比较理想 [17]。抗GBM抗体识别的抗原主要为基底膜IV型胶原α3链的非胶原区[α3 (IV) NC1],该抗原存在于GBM及肺泡基底膜 [18]。单一抗GBM病中,抗GBM抗体可识别α1~5 (IV) NC1五种抗原,而在MN合并抗GBM病例中抗GBM抗体仅对α3链有反应,循环抗GBM抗体的靶抗原谱更窄,这可能是联合病例肾损害较轻,预后相对较好的一种解释 [16] [19]。

2.2. HLA抗原

HLA是人类主要组织相容性抗原系统,在人体的固有免疫和适应性免疫应答中起重要作用。研究发现,抗GBM病的遗传易感性与HLA-DR2密切相关,而原发性MN与HLA-DR3密切相关 [20] [21] [22]。Elder G等人报告的一例联合病例中,发现患者同时存在HLA-DR2和HLA-DR3抗原,且敏感性增加 [23]。此外,有研究报道,部分原发性MN的遗传易感性与HLA-DR2同样密切相关,与对照组(36%)相比,MN患者组HLA-DR2表型频率明显增加,达到80% [21]。上述这些发现为进一步探索并揭示MN合并抗GBM病发病机制提供了新思路,但是,仍然需要更多的研究来发现该病在遗传易感性方面的特点,从而为解释其发病机制提供帮助。

2.3. 动物实验

在MN动物模型(Heymann肾炎)中,诱导组织损伤的氧自由基脂质过氧化物在抗GBM抗体识别的α3 (IV) NC1上聚集,提示MN和抗GBM病可能有共同的发病途径 [24]。此外,膜糖蛋白gp330是Heymann 肾炎动物模型制作中的靶抗原,研究显示,抗GBM抗体血清可促进gp330特异性通路上抗原抗体的结合 [25] [26]。有趣的是,在利用与抗GBM病的致病表位序列相同的α3141-154线性肽诱导DBA/1小鼠产生抗GBM病时,发现小鼠同时产生了MN的临床和病理学特征 [27]。尽管在这些动物模型中的发现尚未在人类临床研究中得到证实,但为进一步探究MN合并抗GBM病的致病机制提供了方向。

3. 临床表现

回顾文献,合并抗GBM病患者的临床特点与单一的MN或抗GBM病既有相似之处,又有差异之处。男性发病率更高,这与MN、抗GBM病是相似的 [28]。通常情况下,联合病例临床表现轻重不一,当患者类似于MN的表现时,常见蛋白尿、水肿、低蛋白血症等肾病综合征的表现,不同之处在于联合病例的患者尿蛋白程度重于MN患者。

原发性MN患者可有镜下血尿,但通常无肉眼血尿,而联合疾病的患者大部分有肉眼血尿。肉眼血尿这一特点与单一的抗GBM病相似,如表1所示,尽管Jia等人报告的8例联合病例中均没有肉眼血尿 [16],但Ogawara等人回顾了除Jia等人报告的8例之外的32例患者中,62.5%患者中出现肉眼血尿 [29],Nikolopoulo等人报告的5例患者除1例无尿外均有肉眼血尿 [30]。

MN合并抗GBM病的患者有肾功能下降,但肾功能下降严重程度轻于抗GBM病,在Jia等人的研究中,单一的抗GBM病患者诊断时血清肌酐平均916.3 umol/L,而MN合并抗GBM病平均523.6 umol/L (P = 0.007) [16]。当MN合并抗GBM病累及到肺脏时,可有咳血,累及肺脏时可有咯血、呼吸困难等症状 [25] [29]。

在实验室检查中,以上45例病例患者循环中抗GBM抗体均为阳性,而PLA2R均为阴性。实验室检测到抗GBM抗体阳性有助于患者的快速诊断,但包等人报告了一例早期循环抗体阴性的MN合并抗GBM病的患者 [11] [31],因此实验室未检测到特征性抗体时,重复检测及肾脏活检是必要的。

在MN合并抗GBM病患者肾脏病理中,既能观察到MN的病理表现,亦能观察到抗GBM病的病理表现。其与MN及抗GBM病的病理相似之处分别在于电镜下可以观察到上皮下存在致密的电子复合物,以及于光镜下大部分可观察到新月体形成,但新月体的数量少于单一的抗GBM病,也存在无新月体形成的病例。免疫荧光下可观察到免疫球蛋白的沉积,主要是IgG、C3等,其既有在上皮下和膜内的沉积,又有沿GBM的线性沉积,MN患者病理观察到IgG沿GBM线性沉积是诊断MN合并抗GBM病的证据之一。IgG的亚型分类通常被作为疾病分类、严重程度的标准之一,单一的MN沉积的IgG亚类主要以IgG4为主,抗GBM病IgG亚类以IgG1为主,而就目前的文献而言,MN合并抗GBM病的IgG亚类都曾被报道,在Jia等人的研究中,4例MN合并抗GBM病的患者肾小球中均未发现IgG1和IgG4的沉积,但4例均有IgG3沉积、其中3例有IgG2沉积;Akira等报告的1例病例中IgG亚类分析显示IgG1呈线状和颗粒状染色,IgG4呈强粗颗粒染色,IgG2和IgG3呈弱颗粒染色;而较早的一例患者中IgG1和IgG4为主要沉积,仅见微量IgG3染色,未见IgG2染色。因此,IgG亚类分类与MN合并抗GBM病的关系有待进一步的研究 [16] [29]。

Table 1. Clinical data of patients with MN complicated with anti-GBM disease

表1. MN合并抗GBM病患者临床资料

GBM: Glomerular Basement Membrane; MN: Membranous Nephropathy; PLA2R: Phospholipase A2.

4. 治疗

MN合并典型的抗GBM病时,由于抗GBM抗体的致病性,因此治疗重点应集中于抗GBM抗体,阻止并清除自身抗体的形成,减少炎症反应 [32]。抗GBM病的标准治疗方案包括强化血浆置换同时给予糖皮质激素和环磷酰胺治疗 [12]。此外,免疫吸附疗法替代血浆置换,使用利妥昔单抗治疗,都是近年来治疗MN合并抗GBM病的新希望。Speer等人对一例MN合并抗GBM病的患者除使用激素及环磷酰胺治疗外,给予了免疫吸附疗法治疗,2周后患者血肌酐从369.51 µmol/L下降至221 µmol/L,并维持在141.44 µmol/L左右,考虑到免疫吸附疗法在单一的抗GBM病的治疗中的有效性,临床医生遇到联合病例疾治疗时除使用常规血浆置换外可谨慎考虑使用免疫吸附疗法 [9] [33]。同样在MN合并抗GBM病中,一位患者在经过类固醇、环磷酰胺,以及持续血浆置换等治疗后,临床症状未见明显减轻。首次诊断2月后尝试使用利妥昔单抗治疗,显著降低了抗GBM抗体滴度,患者停止血浆置换治疗,MN及抗GBM病达到缓解。利妥昔单抗在治疗单一的原发性MN或抗GBM病时,都产生了积极的效果,能够有效降低血肌酐水平、尿蛋白量,以及PLA2R抗体或抗GBM抗体滴度。因此,结合近期的研究,我们认为对于MN合并抗GBM病的治疗,尤其是标准治疗效果不佳或失败的患者,利妥昔单抗可能会提供新的治疗策略 [12] [34] [35] [36]。

5. 预后

现有报道表明,MN合并抗GBM病与单一的抗GBM病对比,可能有更好的肾脏结局 [15]。在Jia等人的研究中,8例MN合并抗GBM病的患者中,5例(62.5%)在治疗后恢复肾功能,3例仍依赖透析,而与之相比,在30例单纯的抗GBM患者中,86.7%进展为了终末期肾病 [16]。Ogawara等人回顾文献,对已报道的合并病例进行数据分析显示,在32例MN合并抗GBM病的病例中,56%最终导致死亡或终末期肾病,41%的患者保留了肾功能 [29]。除了上述免疫学特点外,一些研究发现,MN合并抗GBM病的发病顺序也许与预后相关,先发生MN的患者肾脏预后差,5例患者最终发展为终末期肾病;而先发生抗GBM病的5例患者中,4例肾功能得到了保留 [10] [29]。综上,尽管合并病例的预后可能好于单纯的抗GBM病,但对该类患者而言,早发现、早诊断、以及积极的治疗对预后仍是有益的。

6. 展望

MN是一种常见肾脏疾病,尽管单一的抗GBM病十分罕见,但许多病例已经报道了MN合并抗GBM病,因此两者的共存可能是相互联系的。通过回顾已有的病例及文献,本综述总结了MN合并抗GBM病的潜在发病机制、并存病例临床表现和单一疾病的相互联系与区别、治疗方式以及预后。当MN患者出现大量肉眼血尿时除考虑发生静脉血栓外,需警惕患者合并了抗GBM病,需要特别注意的是,对于怀疑合并抗GBM病但血清抗GBM抗体显示为阴性的MN患者,肾脏活检是必要的。尽管一些研究认为经过治疗达到缓解后的抗GBM病不会复发,但对于不明原因造成的MN患者应了解其相关抗GBM病史,给予更精准的治疗。

由于MN合并抗GBM病的发病率低,小样本量的回顾性研究能够为临床诊治提供依据,但仍旧缺乏确切的基础研究和大规模的临床随机对照研究,这也是未来研究者亟待解决的问题,以更加准确和深入地帮助临床医师对该病的理解。

利益冲突

所有作者均声明没有利益冲突。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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