原发性甲状腺鳞状细胞癌1例
Primary Thyroid Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2022.124407, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 230  浏览: 347 
作者: 席乃特, 曹明溶:暨南大学附属第一医院肝胆外科,广东 广州
关键词: 原发性甲状腺鳞状细胞癌甲状腺恶性肿瘤Primary Thyroid Squamous Cell Carcinoma Thyroid Malignancy
摘要: 原发性甲状腺鳞状细胞癌是一种极为罕见且进展迅速的恶性肿瘤,并且很容易被误诊为急性甲状腺炎、桥本甲状腺炎或其他的包括甲状腺乳头状癌、甲状腺髓样癌、甲状腺滤泡样癌在内的其他类型的甲状腺恶性肿瘤疾病。关于原发性甲状腺鳞状细胞癌的报道也非常稀少,而且其预后通常较差,同时缺乏有效的治疗手段。因此,迫切需要更多的病例资料来扩充人们对此疾病的认知。
Abstract: Primary thyroid squamous cell carcinoma is an extremely rare and rapidly progressive malignancy that can easily be misdiagnosed as acute thyroiditis, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, or other types of thy-roid malignancies including Papillary thyroid carcinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma. Reports of primary thyroid squamous cell carcinoma are also very sparse, and the prognosis is generally poor, and effective treatments are lacking. Therefore, more case data are urgently needed to expand people’s knowledge of this disease.
文章引用:席乃特, 曹明溶. 原发性甲状腺鳞状细胞癌1例[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(4): 2836-2841. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.124407

1. 临床资料

患者基本情况:女,72岁老年女性,因“甲状腺肿大2年余,颈部酸痛3天”入院。患者2年前无明显诱因出现甲状腺肿大,不伴疼痛、放射痛,不伴吞咽困难,不伴颈部活动受限,无咳嗽,咯血;无多汗、心悸;无胸闷、气促,无易饥、多食,患者当时未予重视,2021-01-04于外院检查甲状腺超声提示:甲状腺两侧叶异常回声结节,性质待查;近3天来患者感颈部酸痛,于我院就诊,患者无既往甲状腺相关病史。

查体:颈软,右甲状腺II度肿大,质硬,活动度可,左侧甲状腺I度肿大,质韧,活动度可;气管向左侧稍偏移。

检查:甲状腺功能六项 + 肿瘤八项检查:甲状腺过氧化酶抗体(ANTI_TPO):55.81 IU/mL (正常值:0~9 IU/mL),鳞状细胞癌相关抗原(SCC):2.7 ng/mL (正常值:0~1.5 IU/mL)。

行甲状腺超声检查:甲状腺右叶增大,腺体回声不均匀。右叶见一实性低回声结节,内见多个强回声光斑(T1-RADS 5级);甲状腺左叶大小正常,其内混合性结节,考虑结节性甲状腺肿可能性大(T1-RADS 2级)。双侧颈部III、IV、V、VI区未见明显肿大淋巴结回声。行胸部CT检查(图1):扫描所见甲状腺形态失常,甲状腺右叶增大,内密度欠均匀,可见多发结节状钙化影。

Figure 1. Preoperative CT showed that the right lobe of the thyroid was enlarged and uneven in density, contains more nodular calcifications, pushing the trachea to the opposite side

图1. 术前CT,于标记处可见甲状腺右叶增大,密度不均匀,含较多结节状钙化影,将气管推向对侧

治疗过程:于2021-03-11行甲状腺癌根治术;术中所见:双叶甲状腺肿大并可见多个结节,最大约30 mm * 40 mm;与气管粘连;术中取标本行术中冰冻病理检查。术后病理(图2(a)、图2(b)):镜下见肿瘤细胞呈鳞状细胞分化,浸润周围甲状腺组织及滤泡性腺瘤,间质纤维显著增生,肿瘤侵犯甲状腺被膜,免疫组化:CK5/6(+),P40(+),CK19(+),TTF-1(+),PAX-8(+),CEA(−),Galectin-3(弱+),calcitonin(−),ki67(约15%+)。符合(右叶甲状腺)甲状腺鳞状细胞癌(中分化);滤泡性腺瘤(左叶甲状腺),结节性甲状腺肿,伴局灶钙化。

(a) (b)

Figure 2. Postoperative pathological results after obtaining lesion tissue during operation

图2. 术中取得病变组织后的术后病理结果

术后拟行PD-1 + TP化疗方案;告知家属病情及治疗方案后,家属拒绝治疗;患者术后1月出现颈部皮肤破溃,复查甲状腺功能六项 + 肿瘤八项:甲状腺过氧化酶抗体(ANTI_TPO):35.79 IU/mL;复查颈部CT (图3):右侧及峡部甲状腺区低回声光团,性质待定。右侧颈部IV区多发低回声光团,考虑右颈部淋巴结转移复发。于颈部皮肤破溃处取病理送检,病理结果(图4(a),图4(b)):镜下见为上皮样细胞、角化物和肉芽组织;免疫组化:AE1/AE3(+),P40(个别+)。结合临床及免疫组化,所见上皮细胞为鳞状细胞癌癌细胞。行卡利瑞珠单抗200 mg治疗,治疗后出院。患者后续由于经济原因未行进一步治疗。

Figure 3. Postoperative CT scan of the neck revealed multiple enlarged lymph nodes in the right neck, which was considered to be the right neck lymph node metastasis of thyroid squamous cell carcinoma

图3. 术后复查颈部CT,于右颈部可见多个肿大淋巴结,考虑为甲状腺鳞状细胞癌右颈部淋巴结转移

(a) (b)

Figure 4. Pathology was obtained from the ulceration of the neck skin (a) and the cervical lymph nodes (b), and it was found to be thyroid squamous cell carcinoma skin metastasis with lymph node metastasis

图4. 于颈部皮肤破溃处(a)、颈部淋巴结(b)取病理,发现为甲状腺鳞状细胞癌皮肤转移伴淋巴结转移

2. 讨论

原发性甲状腺鳞状细胞癌(primary squamous cell carcinoma thyroid,PSCCT)是一类极为罕见的甲状腺原发恶性肿瘤,仅占所有甲状腺肿瘤的1%不到。已有的文献报道也多为个案或小样本研究。PSCCT好发于50岁以上的中老年女性,虽然PSCCT拥有较低的发病率,但其恶性程度通常较高,病程进展快、预后差,且极易侵犯周围器官组织,部分患者确诊时已存在淋巴结转移,中立生存期约为5~8个月左右,大部分患者在1年内死亡 [1] [2] [3]。PSCCT最常见的临床表现为颈部肿块,早期可无任何症状,常因此贻误病情,疾病进展后可伴有颈部疼痛、呼吸困难、吞咽困难、声音嘶哑等症状;疾病进展致晚期,可见周围组织浸润,以气管、食管及周围大血管多见。本例患者术前检查见甲状腺右叶肿块、纵膈淋巴结肿大,而未见颈部淋巴结转移,术后仅一月便出现颈部淋巴结转移复发

对于PSCCT的组织来源目前仍存在争议,因为正常甲状腺本身并不含有鳞状上皮组织 [4]。较为常见的假说有三种:1) 起源于良性疾病的鳞状上皮化生,例如在发生甲状腺炎时,炎症刺激导致甲状腺滤泡上皮化生为鳞状上皮,进而发生恶变 [5],在桥本甲状腺炎、结节性甲状腺肿或其他甲状腺癌患者的病理标本中均可观察到局灶性或广泛性鳞状化生 [6]。2) 来源于残留的胚胎组织,如甲状腺导管、颧弓、胼胝体后部或胸腺上皮等均含有鳞状上皮组织,残留组织的鳞状上皮组织移行于腺体内,恶变形成鳞状细胞癌 [7] [8];3) 可能来源于甲状腺其他恶性肿瘤的去分化 [9],Wiseman等发现甲状腺肿瘤细胞可以在基因水平上发生转变,乳头状癌细胞可以向未分化癌细胞转变,未分化癌细胞进而向鳞状癌细胞转变 [10]。

甲状腺疾病的首选检查方法依然是超声检查,与常见的甲状腺乳头状癌相比,PSCCT的超声检查通常以低回声或混合回声为主;形态更为不规则,多见蟹足样、毛刺洋改变;结界内多见钙化点,以粗大或簇状钙化为主;多见周围组织受累,多见穿支血流信号。PSCCT在CT表现为密度不均匀的甲状腺结节,形态极不规则,边缘模糊,常可见周围组织侵犯,以气管、周围淋巴组织受累最为常见;增强CT可见病灶内不均匀轻至中度强化,可能与肿瘤坏死、出血、囊变有关 [11]。PSCCT的确诊目前依靠的仍然是病理组织活检及,细针穿刺获得的细胞较少,可能被误诊为其他类型的甲状腺肿瘤或难以明确诊断,因此可选择粗针穿刺活检及免组化辅助诊断 [12]。常见的分子标记物包括:P63(+)、CK5/6(+)、TTF-1(−)、TG(−)、PAX-8(−)等 [12] [13],值得一提的是,有学者提出PAX-8仅在单纯的PSCCT中表现为阴性,而当鳞状细胞癌与乳头状癌或间变性甲状腺癌合并存在时,PAX-8常表现为阳性 [14]。p53和Ki67等标记物也许可以一定程度上预测PSCCT的预后,若出现这两种标记物阳性则可能是预后不良的指标 [15]。

由于PSCCT极为罕见,大部分病例仅以个案的形式被报道,缺乏大样本的系统性研究,且患病个体差异较大,因此目前对于PSCCT的标准治疗方法尚无定论,早期诊断尤为重要。手术治疗目前依然是大部分专家的首选,具体术式应依据患者病情来确定,要尽可能完整地切除肿瘤。早期手术以及能否完整切除肿瘤已经被认为是影响PSCCT预后的重要因素 [12] [16]。有文献报道,在手术治疗的基础上行化疗及放疗,可延长患者生存期,提高患者生存质量 [17] [18] [19]。

综上所述,原发性甲状腺鳞状细胞癌是一类恶性程度高、病程短、预后差的罕见临床疾病。应持有预防为主,治疗为辅的理念。做到早发现、早诊断、早治疗。在诊断方面,疾病的早期诊断尤为重要,针对一些慢性甲状腺疾病人应做到定期随访,防止其转变为PSCCT;仅通过影像学检查难以确诊,建议行粗针穿刺活检或术中冰冻病理检查。治疗方面,以手术及放化疗结合的综合治疗主,术中尽量完整切除肿瘤,保持切缘阴性,术后辅以放化疗延长病人生存期,提高患者生存质量。

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