消极家庭情绪表露对青少年外化问题行为的影响:有调节的中介模型
The Impact of Negative Family Expressiveness on Externalizing Problems of Adolescence: A Moderated Mediation Model
DOI: 10.12677/AP.2022.124125, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 502  浏览: 893  科研立项经费支持
作者: 段文劲, 高 慧:天津师范大学心理学部,天津;李 曼*:天津师范大学心理学部,天津;教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地天津师范大学心理与行为研究院,天津;学生心理发展与学习天津市高校社会科学实验室,天津
关键词: 家庭消极情绪表露抑郁友谊质量外化问题行为Negative Family Expressiveness Depression Friendship Quality Externalizing Problems
摘要: 目的:本研究旨在探讨消极家庭情绪表露对青少年外化问题的影响,以及抑郁的中介作用和友谊质量的调节作用。方法:采用家庭情绪氛围量表(FEQ),青少年自评量表(YSR),贝克抑郁量表第2版中文版(BDI-II-C)和关系网络问卷(NRI),对河北省某中学的398名七年级和八年级学生进行测量。结果:1) 消极家庭情绪表露对青少年外化问题行为有显著影响;2) 抑郁在消极家庭情绪表露与青少年外化问题行为之间起中介作用;3) 友谊质量在中介模型的前后路径中起调节作用。本研究提示消极家庭情绪表露和抑郁与青少年外化问题行为的增加有关,关注消极家庭情绪表露的负面影响并寻找更多的方法来应对消极家庭情绪表露至关重要,特别应当关注友谊质量较低的个体。
Abstract: Objective: The present study aimed to explore the effect of negative family expressiveness (NFE) on adolescents’ externalizing problems, as well as the mediating role of depression and the mod-erating role of friendship quality. Methods: A total of 398 middle school students in Hebei, China, were asked to provide demographic information and complete the Family Expressiveness Ques-tionnaire (FEQ), Youth Self-Report (YSR), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II-C), and the Net-work of Relationships Inventory (NRI). Results: 1) NFE had a significant effect on adolescent ex-ternalizing problems; 2) Depression played a mediating role between NFE and externalizing problems of adolescence; 3) Friendship quality played a moderating role in the front and back paths of the intermediary model. These findings demonstrated that NFE and depression were as-sociated with the increased externalizing problems of adolescence. It is important to pay attention to the negative impact of NFE, and find more ways to cope with NFE, especially for those with low friendship quality.
文章引用:段文劲, 高慧, 李曼 (2022). 消极家庭情绪表露对青少年外化问题行为的影响:有调节的中介模型. 心理学进展, 12(4), 1049-1060. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2022.124125

1. 引言

问题行为(Problem behavior)是指个体偏离通常的社会标准的行为,超过60%的青少年存在问题行为(Onyskiw, 2003)。外化问题行为是在儿童和青少年中普遍存在的过度活跃、冲动、对立的挑衅和攻击性行为(Kim et al., 2003; Van Heel et al., 2019)。研究表明,有问题行为的儿童很可能进一步发展为临床心理疾病(Kroes et al., 2002; Mesman & Koot, 2001; Petty et al., 2008),给家庭和社会带来巨大的负担。因此,对导致外化问题行为的风险因素进行深入研究至关重要。

生态系统理论侧重于描述和解释个体在不同环境系统下的心理与行为(Woodside et al., 2006)。家庭是微系统的重要部分,与个体身心发育直接相关(Bronfenbrenner & Ceci, 1994)。家庭情绪表露指家庭中主要的语言或非语言表达方式,是监护人情绪表达方式影响儿童情绪调节的主要途径(Meyer et al., 2014)。许多研究发现,消极家庭情绪表露是影响青少年外化问题的重要因素(Burk & Laursen, 2010; Han et al., 2012; Johnson et al., 2011)。然而,目前尚不清楚消极家庭情绪表露如何影响外化问题行为。本研究试图揭示一种可能的机制来解释消极家庭情绪表露和外化问题行为之间的联系,为减少青少年的外化问题行为提供理论支持。

研究表明,青少年抑郁与消极的家庭氛围相关(Crethar et al., 2004),亲子冲突越多孩子患抑郁症的可能性越大(杨菲,吴鑫德,2014)。减少父母的消极家庭情绪表露可以减少青少年的抑郁症状(McCleary & Sanford, 2002)。Cytryn和Mcknew (1972)发现抑郁可能导致过度活动和攻击性的外化问题行为。有研究者将外化问题和抑郁之间的关系解释为一个问题的存在导致了另一个问题,或是其在一段时间内相互作用的结果(Su et al., 2018)。研究还表明,个体通过观察和建模父母的情绪表达能力来理解自己和他人的情绪(McCoy & Raver, 2011)。因此,消极家庭情绪表露可以影响儿童的情绪调节,包括对情绪的理解、与情绪相关的生理反应、动机状态和相关行为的调节(Ford & Gross, 2019)。根据这一观点,消极的家庭氛围将养育情绪调节能力较差的个体,且由于其情绪调节能力较差可能对他人怀有敌意,经历更多的愤怒和抑郁,进而表现出外化问题行为(如源自这些情绪反应的攻击性行为) (Valiente et al., 2006; Eisenberg et al., 2005)。因此,本研究假设抑郁可能是消极家庭情绪表露影响外化问题的中介变量。

根据生态系统理论,同伴是个体发展过程中的另一个关键的微系统,当个体发展进入青春期时,就开始在亲子关系中寻求独立,同伴则逐渐成为青少年社会支持、安全和亲密关系的另一个重要来源(Linden-Andersen et al., 2008)。友谊质量是指同伴陪伴、帮助、亲密的程度(Peets & Hodges, 2017; Gauze et al., 1996)。高质量的友谊是青少年重要的发展优势,能够促进其心理–社会功能的发展(Tompkins et al., 2011),帮助个体适应社会(Young et al., 2005; Helsen et al., 2000)。研究者发现友谊可以缓冲由负面的家庭环境和抑郁所带来的消极影响(Bollmer et al., 2005; Fox & Boulton, 2006; Beyers & Seiffge-Krenke, 2007),糟糕的友谊质量将导致个体面对抑郁、焦虑和消极家庭情绪表露时缺乏社会支持和抵御外部负面因素的重要保护源,这可能进一步导致问题行为(Brendgen et al., 2000; Patterson et al., 2000; Lorence et al., 2019)。然而,以往研究很少关注家庭和友谊质量如何共同对青少年的心理健康(如抑郁)和行为(如外化问题)产生影响(Williams & Anthony, 2013)。因此,本研究拟考察消极家庭情绪表露、友谊质量、抑郁和外化问题行为之间的关系。本研究假设,友谊质量能够调节由消极家庭情绪表露引起的抑郁和外化问题。且当个体表现出抑郁症状时,低友谊质量的青少年相比高友谊质量的青少年更容易出现外化问题行为。

综上所述,本研究在前人研究的基础上,提出了一个有调节的中介模型(见图1)。本研究旨在探讨抑郁对消极家庭情绪表露和外化问题行为的中介作用,以及友谊质量的调节作用。本研究假设抑郁会中介消极家庭情绪表露和外化问题行为之间的关系,且中介效应会在友谊质量的不同水平上发生变化。期望本研究能够丰富消极家庭情绪表露通过抑郁影响外化问题行为的解释视角,为通过改善友谊质量和抑郁症状,从而减少消极家庭情绪表露环境下个体的外化问题行为提供重要参考。

Figure 1. Hypothetical model of the relationship among negative family expressiveness, depression, adolescents’ externalizing problems and friendship quality

图1. 消极家庭情绪表露、抑郁、青少年外化问题行为与友谊质量关系的假设模型

2. 方法

2.1. 被试

本研究采用整群抽样的方法,选取河北省某中学七年级和八年级的学生作为研究对象,共回收问卷480份,排除填写问卷时间少于60秒或填写明显重复的被试之后,有效问卷共计398份,有效回收率为82.9%。其中男生189人(47.5%),女生209人(52.5%)。被试年龄12~16岁,平均年龄13.71岁(SD = 0.732)。

2.2. 工具

2.2.1. 消极家庭情绪表露

采用家庭情绪氛围量表(Family Expressiveness Questionnaire, FEQ)的消极情绪氛围分量表评估消极家庭情绪氛围(Halberstadt, 1986)。FEQ包含20道题目(例如,“为家庭问题责备彼此”;“在不愉快的分歧后哭泣”)。采用1~9级评分(1表示“一点也不”,9表示“经常”)指出每种情绪表达在他们的家庭中发生的频率。量表得分越高,被试的消极家庭情绪氛围越严重。本研究中该量表消极情绪氛围的维度的Cronbach’s α系数为0.78。

2.2.2. 外化问题行为

采用Achenbach等(2014)编制的青少年自评量表(Youth Self-Report, YSR)简化版中的外化问题行为分量表进行测量。要求被试根据其过去六个月的情况对描述行为特征的项目进行评分,使用0~2级评分(0表示“一点都不符合”,1表示“有点符合或有时符合”,2表示“非常符合或比较符合”)。每个项目的分数累加得到外化问题行为分数。本研究中外化问题行为分量表的Cronbach’s α系数为0.84。

2.2.3. 贝克抑郁量表

采用贝克抑郁量表第2版中文版(Chinese Version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II, BDI-II) (杨文辉等,2014)。该量表共21个题目评估被试过去两周的抑郁症状(如,“我对我的生活感到满意”),采用1~5级评分(1表示“完全不符合”,5表示“完全符合”)。分数越高说明个体抑郁越严重。本研究中该量表的Cronbach’s α系数为0.87。

2.2.4. 友谊质量

采用关系网络问卷(Network of Relationships Inventory, NRI)测量友谊质量中的袒露、满意和冲突特征(Furman & Buhrmester, 1985)。包括8个项目(例如,“你和这个人能把心里话告诉对方吗”;“你对这个人满意吗”;“你和这个人争吵吗”),要求被试用1~5来评估所描述情况出现的频率。部分题目反向计分,被试在该量表上的总分越高,友谊质量越好。该评估方式已在前人研究中得到验证(Liu et al., 2015),本研究中该量表的Cronbach’s α系数为0.83。

2.3. 数据收集与分析

本研究由经过培训的研究生担任主试。施测前对主试进行集中培训,统一施测要求和注意事项,保证每位主试充分了解全部的施测的内容、流程、要求、注意事项和突发事件的应对方法等。在征得家长和学校、教师的同意后,由家长和学生共同签订知情协议书和保密协议,之后进行统一施测。采用现场自填问卷方式施测,学生完成问卷后当场回收。本研究经天津师范大学伦理委员会批准。

2.4. 统计工具

采用SPSS22.0进行数据录入、描述统计和相关分析,采用Hayes编写的PROCESS进行中介调节模型检验(Preacher & Hayes, 2008),并使用Bootstrap法分析该模型。采用层次多元回归分析抑郁在消极家庭情绪表露与外化问题行为之间的中介作用。在控制年龄和性别后,研究友谊质量在消极家庭情绪表露与抑郁、外化问题行为与抑郁、消极家庭情绪表露和外化问题行为之间的调节作用。最后,为了进一步解释友谊质量的调节作用,本研究将被试分为低友谊质量组(Z − 1SD)和高友谊质量组(Z + 1SD),采用简单斜率检验研究在不同的友谊质量水平下消极家庭情绪表露对抑郁的影响、消极家庭表现性对外化问题行为的影响以及抑郁对外化问题行为的影响。

3. 结果

3.1. 共同方法偏差检验

在数据收集过程中,对共同方法偏差进行程序控制,采用匿名作答、部分题目反向计分的方式。通过Harman单因子检验发现,未旋转主成分分析可得到27个特征根大于1的因子,第一因子的变异解释率为14.643%,小于40%的临界标准(周浩,龙立荣,2014),表明本研究不存在共同方法偏差。

3.2. 描述性统计与相关分析

各变量的皮尔逊积差相关系数、平均数以及标准差见表1。相关结果分析表明,消极家庭情绪表露和抑郁、外化问题行为均呈显著正相关,抑郁和外化问题行为呈显著正相关,而友谊质量与外化问题和抑郁呈显著负相关。

Table 1. Correlation coefficients, averages and standard deviations among the variables (N = 398)

表1. 各变量之间的相关系数、平均数及标准差(N = 398)

注:*p < 0.05,**p < 0.01,***p < 0.001。

3.3. 有调节的中介作用检验

有调节的中介作用检验结果如表2所示。在方程1中,在控制性别和年龄后,发现消极家庭情绪表露显著预测青少年外化问题(β = 0.06, SE = 0.02, t = 3.96, p < 0.01, 95%CI [0.03, 0.09]),抑郁显著预测青少年外化问题(β = 0.39, SE = 0.04, t = 11.05, p < 0.01, 95%CI [0.32, 0.46]),消极家庭情绪表露显著预测抑郁(β = 0.10, SE = 0.02, t = 4.95, p < 0.01, 95%CI [0.06, 0.15])。这些结果表明,抑郁在消极家庭表达与青少年外化问题的关系中起着中介作用。在方程2中,消极家庭情绪表露和友谊质量的交互项对抑郁有显著的预测作用(β = 0.02, SE = 0.01, t = 3.62, p < 0.01, 95%CI [0.01, 0.03])。在方程3中,抑郁和友谊质量的交互项对青少年外化问题行为有显著的负向预测作用(β = −0.01, SE = 0.01, t = −2.17, p < 0.01, 95%CI [−0.03, −0.00])。然而,对于青少年外化问题,消极家庭情绪表露和友谊质量的交互项不能显著预测青少年外化问题行为(β = 0.00,SE = 0.00, t = 0.75, p = 0.45, 95%CI [−0.00, 0.01])。综上,消极家庭情绪表露、外化问题行为、抑郁、友谊质量四者之间构成了一个有调节的中介效应模型。抑郁在消极家庭情绪表露和青少年外化问题行为之间起中介作用,友谊质量在模型的前、后路径上均起调节作用。

为进一步解释有调节的中介模型,本研究将友谊质量按照正负一个标准差分成高、低两组,采用简单斜率检验考察不同的友谊质量水平下,消极家庭情绪表露对抑郁、抑郁对青少年外化问题的影响。表3图2表明,当友谊质量较低时,消极家庭情绪表露对抑郁的预测作用不显著(β = 0.03, SE = 0.03, t = 0.91, p = 0.37, 95%CI [−0.03, 0.08]);当友谊质量较高时,消极家庭情绪表露对抑郁的正向预测作用显著(β = 0.17, SE = 0.03, t = 6.11, p < 0.01, 95%CI [0.11, 0.22])。表4图3表明,当友谊质量低时,抑郁对青少年外化问题的正向预测作用显著(β = 0.42, SE = 0.04, t = 9.83, p < 0.01, 95%CI [0.33, 0.50]);当友谊质量较高时,抑郁对青少年外化问题的正向预测作用显著减缓(β = 0.29, SE = 0.05, t = 5.90, p < 0.01, 95%CI [0.20, 0.39])。

Table 2. Test of mediating effect of negative family expressiveness on adolescent externalizing problems

表2. 消极家庭情绪表露对青少年外化问题行为的有调节的中介效应检验

注:X、U、M以及Y分别代表消极家庭情绪表露、友谊质量、抑郁以及外化问题行为;各预测变量95%置信区间采用Bootstrap方法得到。*p < 0.05,**p < 0.01。

Table 3. The moderating effect of friendship quality between negative family expressiveness and depression

表3. 友谊质量在消极家庭情绪表露对抑郁影响中的调节效应

Figure 2. The moderating effect of friendship quality between negative family expressiveness and depression

图2. 友谊质量在消极家庭情绪表露对抑郁影响中的调节效应

Table 4. The moderating effect of friendship quality between depression and externalizing problems

表4. 友谊质量在抑郁对青少年外化问题影响中的调节效应

Figure 3. The moderating effect of friendship quality between depression and externalizing problems

图3. 友谊质量在抑郁对青少年外化问题影响中的调节效应

4. 讨论

4.1. 消极家庭情绪表露、青少年外化问题、友谊质量和抑郁的关系

本研究发现,消极家庭情绪表露与抑郁和外化问题行为显著相关。当青少年长期暴露于消极的家庭环境中时,由于其不成熟的心理状态以及缺乏应对不良情况的策略,更容易出现抑郁症状(Crethar et al., 2004)和外化问题行为(Maggi et al., 2012; Bullock & Dishion, 2007)。友谊质量与外化问题行为和抑郁呈显著负相关。在儿童和青少年时期,友谊质量对身心健康的发展尤其重要,为个体提供了陪伴、安全、亲密、工具和情感支持(Helms et al., 2015; Miller et al., 2014; Palladino & Helgeson, 2012; Anthony & Stone, 2010; Jacobson & Newman, 2016)。较高水平的友谊质量可以预防和减轻青少年的抑郁(Gaertner et al., 2010)和外化问题行为(Reitz et al., 2006)。此外,抑郁与外化问题行为呈正相关。研究者认为,对于处在绝望情绪中的抑郁症患者来说,外化问题行为带来的惩罚的威慑作用可能会有所减少。此外,宣泄性的行为能够服务于个体的自我调节机制,即外化问题行为为个体带来的兴奋感能够抵消抑郁症的植物性症状。

4.2. 抑郁的中介作用

本研究结果表明,消极家庭情绪表露不仅可以直接预测青少年的外化问题行为,且可以通过抑郁的中介作用影响外化问题行为。Davies等人提出的情绪安全理论(Emotional Security Theory, EST)认为长期暴露于消极家庭环境的个体会将消极的压力情景概化到自身以及与他人的人际交往中,从而发展为情绪障碍和问题行为(Davies & Cummings, 1994; Valiente et al., 2006)。此外,消极家庭情绪表露影响青少年对自我和世界的认知图式,这可能通过影响个体的应对方式而导致抑郁(Dunsmore & Halberstadt, 1997)。在现实生活中,处于青春期的个体必须面对各种无法避免的压力(如适应生理变化的压力、人际压力、学业成绩压力等),而家庭作为个体日常学习生活的环境,消极的家庭氛围将会导致个体面对压力时情绪调节能力较差,面对生活学习上的失败更容易产生负面情绪(McCoy & Raver, 2011),根据Miller等人(2014)提出的挫折–攻击假说,挫折感(当个体为达到目标付出努力但失败时所产生的紧张感)会引发负面情绪和愤怒,从而导致产生攻击性行为,进而导致个体产生外化问题行为。

4.3. 友谊质量的调节

本研究发现,友谊质量仅在中介模型的前后路径中起调节作用,不能够调节消极家庭情绪表露和外化问题行为之间的关系。这些结果部分地证实了本研究的研究假设。当个体进入青春期,父母对个体外化问题行为的影响就会减弱,朋友的影响不断上升(Laird et al., 1998; Farley & Kim-Spoon, 2014),此时朋友所给予的社会支持能够减少个体的外化问题行为,但朋友给青少年带来社会支持的同时,若朋友自身存在外化问题行为也可能成为青少年学习的榜样(Granger et al., 2019)。本研究仅测量了个体友谊质量中的个人特征、满意度和冲突,但未对青少年所认定的朋友进行外化问题行为的评估。这可能解释了本研究中友谊质量不能够调节消极家庭情绪表露和外化问题行为之间的关系,而仅能够通过提供情感、社会支持等积极因素来调节中介模型的前后两条路径。这一问题应在后续的相关研究中得到改进,以提高科学研究的准确性。

本研究发现,友谊质量在消极家庭情绪表露对抑郁的影响中起着调节作用,高水平的友谊质量为青少年提供了情感和社会支持,有效地减轻了长期消极家庭氛围等压力情境引起的抑郁(La Greca & Harrison, 2005)。低水平的友谊质量不能为青少年提供足够的情感和社会支持(Helms et al., 2015),并增加抑郁的风险(Calhoun et al., 2014)。因此,在友谊质量较低的人群中,外化问题行为受消极家庭情绪表露的影响更显著。这一结果与前人的研究结果相一致(Crosnoe & Elder, 2004)。另一方面,抑郁和友谊质量交互项是青少年外化问题行为的一个重要预测因素。无论友谊质量水平如何,抑郁对青少年外化问题行为的积极影响都是显著的。然而,友谊质量的水平会影响抑郁对青少年外化问题行为的预测程度。即高水平的友谊质量将缓冲抑郁对外化问题行为的预测。低水平的友谊质量与高水平的友谊质量水平的个体相比抑郁对外化问题行为的影响更大。这表明友谊质量与“保护稳定”模型一致,该模型描述了一种模式,即当保护因素水平较低时,风险因素与适应症状之间的相关性显著;然而,当保护因子高(Lansford et al., 2003; Burk & Laursen, 2005)时,相关性不显著。综上所述,友谊质量调节了消极家庭的表达力和抑郁的负面影响,从而减少了负面因素对青少年外化问题行为的影响,增强了青少年的社会适应性。

4.4. 研究意义和不足

本研究探讨了消极家庭情绪表露、抑郁、友谊质量对青少年外化问题行为的影响,丰富了消极家庭情绪表露通过抑郁影响外化问题行为的解释视角,为青少年外化问题的预防和干预提供了实证支持和理论指导。从预防的角度来看,本研究建议父母注重创造积极的家庭氛围,密切关注青少年的心理健康。从干预的角度来看,对于青少年外化问题行为的干预,本研究从抑郁和友谊质量提供了两个新颖和可操纵的视角。研究发现,正念认知疗法(MBCT)可以有效减轻青少年女性的抑郁症状(Shomaker et al., 2007),也可以增强抑郁症患者的社会功能(Hick & Chan, 2010)。学校可以为学生组织正念训练,以提高其心理健康,减少外化问题行为。

本研究存在一些局限性,需要在未来的研究中加以改进和丰富。首先,本研究为横断研究,无法揭示变量之间明确的因果关系。未来的研究可以采用纵向研究或实验法来对本研究中的变量之间的关系加以验证。此外,本研究采取青少年自我报告法,在后续研究中,可采用多份报告和联合交叉验证来提高研究结果的有效性。最后,本研究采用方便取样,未来的研究可以采用更系统的抽样来提高样本的代表性。

5. 结论

本研究获得如下主要结论:

1) 消极家庭情绪表露和抑郁、外化问题均呈显著正相关。抑郁和外化问题行为呈显著正相关。友谊质量与消极家庭情绪表露、青少年外化问题和抑郁呈负相关;

2) 抑郁在消极家庭情绪表露与青少年外化问题关系中起中介作用;

3) 友谊质量在“消极家庭情绪表露→抑郁”和“抑郁→外化问题”两条路径上均起调节作用,即友谊质量作为保护因子可以有效地缓解消极家庭情绪表露与青少年外化问题的影响,并且通过提高友谊质量可以减少青少年外化问题。

致谢

感谢天津市教委科研计划专项任务项目(心理健康教育)的资金支持,感谢所有被试对本研究的参与。

基金项目

天津市教委科研计划专项任务项目(心理健康教育)重点课题(2021ZDGX11)资助。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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