(3 + 1)维修正KdV-ZK方程和(3 + 1)维KP方程的精确行波解
Exact Traveling Wave Solutions of the (3 + 1)-Dimensional Modified KdV-ZK Equation and the (3 + 1)-Dimensional KP Equation
摘要: 本文讨论了(3 + 1)维修正KdV-Zakharov-Kuznetsov方程和(3 + 1)维Kadomtsev-Petviashvili方程的精确行波解,得到了(3 + 1)维修正KdV-Zakharov-Kuznetsov方程的扭状孤波解和(3 + 1)维Kadomtsev- Petviashvili方程的双曲函数奇异解,并且利用Maple软件给出了解的3D和2D图,分析了解在特殊参数值下的动力行为。
Abstract: In this paper, we discuss the exact traveling wave solutions of the (3 + 1)-dimensional modified KdV-Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation and the (3 + 1)-dimensional Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation, the twisted solitary wave solutions of the (3 + 1)-dimensional modified KdV-Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation and the hyperbolic function singular solutions of the (3 + 1)-dimensional Kadomtsev- Petviashvili equation were obtained; the 3D and 2D plots of the solutions were given with Maple, analyzing the dynamic behavior of the solutions under the particular parameters value.
文章引用:曾职云, 张练, 叶飞筠. (3 + 1)维修正KdV-ZK方程和(3 + 1)维KP方程的精确行波解[J]. 应用数学进展, 2022, 11(3): 898-905. https://doi.org/10.12677/AAM.2022.113096

1. 引言

非线性发展方程在许多领域中有着广泛的应用,例如在流体力学、固体物理、生物和海洋工程、光纤、等离子体物理和化学物理等领域中,涌现出类似于薛定谔方程 [1] 、KdV方程 [2] 等许多重要的非线性发展方程。如今,人们提出了许多有效的方法去构造非线性发展方程的精确行波解,如 ( G / G , 1 / G ) 扩展法 [3] [4] ,正弦–余弦方法 [5] , e ( Φ ( ξ ) ) 函数法 [6] [7] ,Jacobi椭圆函数法 [8] [9] ,tanh函数法 [10] ,扩展的直接代数法及新的扩展的直接代数法 [11] [12] [13] , ( G / G ) 扩展法 [14] [15] ,F-扩展法 [16] [17] ,映射法和扩展映射法 [18] , ( 1 / G ) 扩展法 [19] [20] [21] [22] 等。

本文主要用 ( 1 / G ) 扩展法构造(3 + 1)维修正KdV-Zakharov-Kuznetsov方程 [14] (简称mKdV-ZK方程)

u t + α u 2 u x + u x x x + u x y y + u x z z = 0 (1)

和(3 + 1)维Kadomtsev-Petviashvili方程 [3] (简称KP方程)的精确行波解。

( u t + 6 u u x + u x x x ) x 3 u y y 3 u z z = 0 (2)

方程(1)中包含四项耗散效应 u t , u x x x , u x y y , u x z z 和一个对流过程 u 2 u x 。在均匀磁场存在的情况下,方程(1)控制弱非线性离子声波的行为,包括冷离子和热等温电子的等离子体。1970年,Kadomtsev和Petviashvili在研究散色和非线性介质中的非线性波动理论时提出了KP方程,该方程是描述浅水波和等离子声波的方程,且在很多领域都有重要的应用。Zhang Z Y [8] 利用Jacobi椭圆函数展开法得到了方程(1)精确的行波解;Uttam Ghosh [23] 利用修正分数阶子方程方法得到了方程(1)的精确解析解;Md. Nur Alam [24] 利用一种 ( G / G ) 扩展法获得了方程(1)一些新的和更一般的行波解。Ma W X [25] 总结了方程(2)的行波解和有理解;Zayed E M E [26] 利用 ( G / G , 1 / G ) 扩展法得到方程(2)的孤立波解和三角周期解;Lu D [27] 运用拟设法获得了方程(2)的孤立波解、冲击波解和奇异波解等。

本文结构为:在第二部分,给出 ( 1 / G ) 扩展法的具体步骤;在第三部分,利用 ( 1 / G ) 扩展法构造了(3 + 1)维修正KdV-Zakharov-Kuznetsov方程和(3 + 1)维Kadomtsev-Petviashvili方程的精确行波解;在第四部分,对行波解的图形性态进行分析;总结在第五部分。

2. ( 1 / G ) 扩展法的步骤

考虑如下非线性偏微分方程

F ( u , u t , u x , u y , 2 u x 2 , ) = 0 (3)

令行波变换

u = u ( ξ ) = u ( x , y , z , t ) , ξ = x + y + z c t , c 0 (4)

其中c是波速。在方程(3)中用行波变换(4)可得如下常微分方程

P ( U , U , U , ) = 0 (5)

= U ξ 。假定方程(5)有如下形式的解

U ( ξ ) = a 0 + i = 1 n a i ( 1 G ( ξ ) ) i (6)

其中 a i ( i = 0 , 1 , , n ) 为待定常数,n由齐次平衡原则确定, G = G ( ξ ) 满足二阶常微分方程

G + κ G + μ = 0 (7)

其中 κ , μ 是参数,方程(7)有如下形式的解 [19]

1 G ( ξ ) = 1 μ κ + A cosh ( ξ κ ) A sinh ( ξ κ ) (8)

U ( ξ ) 以及 U ( ξ ) 的各阶导数与方程(7)代入方程(5)中,合并 ( 1 G ) i ( i = 0 , 1 , , n ) 的次数,得到一个关于 a 0 , a 1 , , a n 的代数方程组,再借助解(8)可得出方程(3)的精确行波解。

3. 精确行波解

在本部分利用 ( 1 / G ) 扩展法构造(3 + 1)维修正KdV-Zakharov-Kuznetsov方程和(3 + 1)维Kadomtsev-Petviashvili方程的精确行波解。

3.1. mKdV-ZK方程的精确行波解

将行波变换(4)代入方程(1)可得

c u + α u 2 u + 3 u = 0 (9)

其中c是波速。对方程(9)积分一次,并令积分常数为零,则

c u + 1 3 α u 3 + 3 u = 0 (10)

根据最高阶导数项 u 与非线性项 α u 3 的平衡原则,可得 n = 1 。再由方程(6)可设方程(10)有如下形式的解

u ( ξ ) = a 0 + a 1 ( 1 G ) (11)

其中 a 0 , a 1 是待定常数,将方程(11)以及 u ( ξ ) 的相关导数与方程(7)代入方程(10),合并同类项令 ( 1 G ) i ( i = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ) 的系数为0,得到关于 a 0 , a 1 与c的代数方程组为:

( 1 G ) 0 : a 0 c + 1 3 α a 0 3 = 0 ( 1 G ) 1 : a 1 c + α a 0 2 a 1 + 3 a 1 κ 2 = 0 ( 1 G ) 2 : α a 0 a 1 2 + 9 a 1 κ μ = 0 ( 1 G ) 3 : 1 3 α a 1 3 + 6 a 1 μ 2 = 0 (12)

求解上述方程组可得:

a 0 = ± 3 c α , a 1 = 9 κ μ α a 0 , c = 3 κ 2 2 (13)

将方程(13)和方程(8)代入方程(11),得出方程(1)有如下形式的双曲函数解:

u 1 ( ξ ) = ± 3 2 α α i [ κ 2 + μ μ κ + A cosh ( ξ κ ) A sinh ( ξ κ ) ] (14)

( 1 / G ) 扩展法得到的双曲函数解(14)的3D、2D图如图1所示,其中 ξ = x + y + z + 3 κ 2 2 t κ , μ 为参数,i为虚数单位。

Figure 1. The 3D and 2D plots of solution (14)

图1. 解(14)的3D与2D图

3.2. KP方程的精确行波解

将行波变换(4)代入方程(2)可得

( c u + 6 u u + u ) 6 u = 0 (15)

其中c表示波速。对方程(15)积分两次,令积分常数为零,可得

c u 6 u + 3 u 2 + u = 0 (16)

考虑 ξ ± 时, | u | 0 ,根据最高阶导数项 u 与非线性项 u 2 的平衡原则,可得 n = 2 ,再由方程(6)可设方程(16)有如下形式的解

u ( ξ ) = a 0 + a 1 ( 1 G ) + a 2 ( 1 G ) 2 (17)

其中 a 0 , a 1 , a 2 是待定常数,将方程(17)以及 u ( ξ ) 的相关导数与方程(7)代入方程(16),合并同类项令 ( 1 G ) i ( i = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) 的系数为0,得到关于 a 0 , a 1 , a 2 与c的代数方程组为:

( 1 G ) 0 : a 0 c 6 a 0 + 3 a 0 2 = 0 ( 1 G ) 1 : a 1 c 6 a 1 + 6 a 0 a 1 + a 1 κ 2 = 0 ( 1 G ) 2 : a 2 c 6 a 2 + 3 a 1 2 + 6 a 0 a 2 + 3 a 1 κ μ + 4 a 2 κ 2 = 0 ( 1 G ) 3 : 3 a 1 a 2 + a 1 μ 2 + 5 a 2 κ μ = 0 ( 1 G ) 4 : a 2 2 + 2 a 2 μ 2 = 0 (18)

求解上述方程组,得出如下解的情况:

情况1. a 0 = 0 , a 1 = 2 κ μ , a 2 = 2 μ 2 , c = κ 2 6 (19)

将方程(19)和方程(8)代入方程(17),得出方程(2)有如下形式的双曲函数解:

u 2 ( ξ ) = 2 κ μ μ κ + A cosh ( ξ κ ) A sinh ( ξ κ ) 2 μ 2 ( μ κ + A cosh ( ξ κ ) A sinh ( ξ κ ) ) 2 (20)

其中 ξ = x + y + z ( κ 2 6 ) t

情况2. a 0 = 1 3 ( c + 6 ) , a 1 = 2 κ μ , a 2 = 2 μ 2 , c = ( κ 2 + 6 ) (21)

将方程(21)和方程(8)代入方程(17),得出方程(2)有如下形式的双曲函数解:

u 3 ( ξ ) = 1 3 ( c + 6 ) 2 κ μ μ κ + A cosh ( ξ κ ) A sinh ( ξ κ ) 2 μ 2 ( μ κ + A cosh ( ξ κ ) A sinh ( ξ κ ) ) 2 (22)

其中 ξ = x + y + z + ( κ 2 + 6 ) t

Figure 2. The 3D and 2D plots of solution (20)

图2. 解(20)的3D与2D图

Figure 3. The 3D and 2D plots of solution (22)

图3. 解(22)的3D与2D图

4. 图像分析

图1是方程(1)的解 u 1 10 x , t 10 区间内,当参数 μ = 1 , α = κ = y = z = 1 , A = 0.4 时的3D性态,以及 t = 1 时的2D性态。根据波向右传播,有一个波峰,且波的形状和速度保持不变,可知解 u 1 为方程(1)的扭状孤波解。图2是方程(2)的解 u 2 10 x , t 10 区间内,当参数 μ = κ = y = z = 1 , A = 0.4 , c = 5 时的3D和 t = 1 时的2D性态。可以看出解 u 2 有一个波谷,并且出现尖点,因此 u 2 为方程(2)的非光滑奇异解。图3是方程(2)的解 u 3 10 x , t 10 区间内,当参数 μ = κ = y = z = 1 , A = 0.4 , c = 7 时的3D和 t = 1 时的2D性态。可以观察到解 u 3 有一个波谷和尖点,因此 u 3 为方程(2)的非光滑奇异解。

5. 总结

本文主要用 ( 1 / G ) 扩展法构造了方程(1)和方程(2)的精确行波解,得到方程(1)的解为扭状孤波解,方程(2)的解为非光滑奇异解。做出了这些解在特殊参数值下的3D和2D图,并对这些解的性态进行了分析。

通过将解(14)与文献 [19] 中解(23)比较发现,若解(14)中令 α = 18 时,可得出解的形式为 u 1 ( ξ ) = κ 2 μ μ κ + A cosh ( ξ κ ) A sinh ( ξ κ ) ,而解(23)中令 a 1 = μ ,可得出相同形式的解。由此可见,

解(14)比解(23)更具有一般性。

致谢

我对本文进行审阅的各位老师表示由衷的感谢。

基金项目

贵州省科学技术厅基金[2019] (1162)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

参考文献

[1] Zayed, E.M.E. and Al-Nowehy, A.-G. (2017) New Extended Auxiliary Equation Method for Finding Many New Jacobi Elliptic Functions Solutions of Three Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations. Waves in Random and Complex Media, 27, 420-439.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17455030.2016.1259690
[2] Wang, M., Li, X. and Zhang, J. (2008) The (G’/G)-Expansion Method and Travelling Wave Solutions of Nonlinear Evolution Equations in Mathematical Physics. Physics Letters A, 372, 417-423.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2007.07.051
[3] Mamun Miah, M., Seadawy, A.R. and Shahadat Alietal, H.M. (2019) Further Investigations to Extract Abundant New Exact Traveling Wave Solutions of Some NLEEs. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science, 4, 387-394.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joes.2019.06.004
[4] Li, L., Li, E. and Wang, M. (2010) The (G’/G, 1/G)-Expansion Method and Its Application to Travelling Wave Solutions of the Zakharov Equations. Applied Mathematics—A Journal of Chinese Universities, 25, 454-462.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11766-010-2128-x
[5] Ali, K.K., Seadawy, A.R., Yokus, A., Yilmazer, R. and Bulut, H. (2020) Propagation of Dispersive Wave Solutions for (3+1)-Dimensional Nonlinear Modified Zakharov-Kuznetsov Equation in Plasma Physics. International Journal of Modern Physics B, 34, Article ID: 2050227.
https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217979220502276
[6] Arshed, S. (2020) New Soliton Solutions to the Perturbed Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation by Exp(-Φ(ξ))-Expansion Method. Optik, 220, Article ID: 165123.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.165123
[7] Elboree, M.K. (2021) Soliton Molecules and Exp(-Φ(ξ))-Expansion Method for the New (3+1)-Dimensional Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) Equation. Chinese Journal of Physics, 71, 623-633.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjph.2021.04.001
[8] Zhang, Z.Y. (2015) Jacobi Elliptic Function Expansion Method for the Modified Korteweg-de Vries-Zakharov-Kuznetsov and the Hirota Equations. Romanian Journal of Physics, 60, 1384-1394.
[9] Zhou, Q., Ekici, M., Mirzazadeh, M., et al. (2017) The Investigation of Soliton Solutions of the Coupled Sine-Gordon Equation in Nonlinear Optics. Journal of Modern Optics, 64, 1677-1682.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2017.1310318
[10] Abdel-All, N.H., Abdel-Razek, M.A.A. and Seddeek, A.A.K. (2011) Expanding the Tanh-Function Method for Solving Nonlinear Equations. Applied Mathematics, 2, 1096-1104.
https://doi.org/10.4236/am.2011.29151
[11] Vahidi, J., Zabihi, A., Rezazadeh, H., et al. (2021) New Extended Direct Algebraic Method for the Resonant Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation with Kerr Law Nonlinearity. Optik, 227, Article ID: 165936.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.165936
[12] Rezazadeh, H., Sabi’u, J., Jena, R.M., et al. (2020) New Optical Soliton Solutions for Triki-Biswas Model by New Extended Direct Algebraic Method. Modern Physics Letters B, 34, Article ID: 2150023.
https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217984921500238
[13] Rehman, H.U., Ullah, N. and Imran, M.A. (2021) Optical Solitons of Biswas-Arshad Equation in Birefringent Fibers Using Extended Direct Algebraic Method. Optik, 226, Article ID: 165378.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.165378
[14] Alam, M.N. and Li, X. (2019) Exact Traveling Wave Solutions to Higher Order Nonlinear Equations. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science, 4, 276-288.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joes.2019.05.003
[15] Durur, H. (2020) Different Types Analytic Solutions of the (1+1)-Dimensional Resonant Nonlinear Schrödinger’s Equation Using(G’/G)-Expansion Method. Modern Physics Letters B, 34, Article ID: 2050036.
https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217984920500360
[16] Yakup, Y. (2021) Optical Solitons with Biswas-Arshed Equation by F-Expansion Method. Optik, 227, Article ID: 165788.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.165788
[17] Li, C.C., Chen, L.W. and Li, G.H. (2020) Optical Solitons of Space-Time Fractional Sasa-Satsuma Equation by F-Expansion Method. Optik, 224, Article ID: 165527.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.165527
[18] Wen, X. (2010) Construction of New Exact Rational form Non-Travelling Wave Solutions to the (2+1)-Dimensional Generalized Broer-Kaup System. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 217, 1367-1375.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2009.05.058
[19] Asíf, Y., Hulya, D., Hijaz, A., et al. (2020) Construction of Exact Traveling Wave Solutions of the Bogoyavlenskii Equation by (G’/G,1/G)-Expansion and (1/G’)-Expansion Techniques. Results in Physics, 19, Article ID: 103409.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2020.103409
[20] Yokuş, A. and Durur, H. (2019) Complex Hyperbolic Traveling Wave Solutions of Kuramoto-Sivashinsky Equation Using (1/G’) Expansion Method for Nonlinear Dynamic Theory. Balíkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21, 590-599.
https://doi.org/10.25092/baunfbed.631193
[21] Durur, H. and Yokuş, A. (2019) (1/G’)-Açılım Metodunu Kullanarak Sawada-Kotera Denkleminin Hiperbolik Yürüyen Dalga Çözümleri. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 19, 615-619.
https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.559048
[22] Yokus, A., Durur, H., Ahmad, H. and Yao, S.-W. (2020) Construction of Different Types Analytic Solutions for the Zhiber-Shabat Equation. Mathematics, 8, 908.
https://doi.org/10.3390/math8060908
[23] Ghosh, U., Ali, M.R., Sarkar, S., et al. (2018) Formulation and Solution of Three Dimensional Space-Time Fractional KdV-Zakharov-Kuznetsov and Modified KdV-Zakharov-Kuznetsov Equation. International Journal of Applied Mathematics & Statistics, 57, 22-39.
[24] Nur Alam, Md. and Ali Akbar, M. (2015) A Novel (G’/G)-Expansion Method for Solving the (3+1)-Dimensional Modified KdV-Zakharov-Kuznetsov Equation in Mathematical Physics. International Journal Computing Science and Mathematics, 6, 404-415.
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCSM.2015.071812
[25] Ma, W.X. (2011) Comment on the 3+1 Dimensional Kadomtsev-Petviashvili Equations. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 16, 2663-2666.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2010.10.003
[26] Zayed, E.M.E., Ibrahim, S.A.H. and Abdelaziz, M.A.M. (2012) Traveling Wave Solutions of the Nonlinear (3+1)-Dimensional Kadomtsev-Petviashvili Equation Using the Two Variables (G’/G, 1/G)-Expansion Method. Journal of Applied Mathematics, 2012, Article ID: 560531.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/560531
[27] Lu, D., Tariq, K.U., Osman, M.S., et al. (2019) New Analytical Wave Structures for the (3+1)-Dimensional Kadomtsev-Petviashvili and the Generalized Boussinesq Models and Their Applications. Results in Physics, 14, Article ID: 102491.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102491